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2008

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Comparative Study Of Transport Processes Of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Herbicides To Streams In Five Agricultural Basins, Usa, Joseph L. Domagalski, Scott Ator, Richard Coupe, Kathleen Mccarthy, David Lampe, Mark Sandstrom, Nancy Baker Jan 2008

Comparative Study Of Transport Processes Of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Herbicides To Streams In Five Agricultural Basins, Usa, Joseph L. Domagalski, Scott Ator, Richard Coupe, Kathleen Mccarthy, David Lampe, Mark Sandstrom, Nancy Baker

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Agricultural chemical transport to surface water and the linkage to other hydrological compartments, principally ground water, was investigated at five watersheds in semiarid to humid climatic settings. Chemical transport was affected by storm water runoff , soil drainage, irrigation, and how streams were linked to shallow ground water systems. Irrigation practices and timing of chemical use greatly affected nutrient and pesticide transport in the semiarid basins. Irrigation with imported water tended to increase ground water and chemical transport, whereas the use of locally pumped irrigation water may eliminate connections between streams and ground water, resulting in lower annual loads. Drainage …

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Babbling, Chewing, And Sucking: Oromandibular Coordination At 9 Months, Roger W. Steeve, Christopher A. Moore, Jordan R. Green, Kevin J. Reilly, Jacki Ruark Mcmurtrey Jan 2008

Babbling, Chewing, And Sucking: Oromandibular Coordination At 9 Months, Roger W. Steeve, Christopher A. Moore, Jordan R. Green, Kevin J. Reilly, Jacki Ruark Mcmurtrey

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Purpose: The ontogeny of mandibular control is important for understanding the general neurophysiologic development for speech and alimentary behaviors. Prior investigations suggest that mandibular control is organized distinctively across speech and nonspeech tasks in 15-month-olds and adults and that, with development, these extant forms of motor control primarily undergo refinement and rescaling. The present investigation was designed to evaluate whether these coordinative infrastructures for alimentary behaviors and speech are evident during the earliest period of their co-occurrence.
Method: Electromyographic (EMG) signals were obtained from the mandibular muscle groups of 15 typically developing 9-month-old children during sucking, chewing, and speech.
Results: …

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Respiratory Treatment History Predicts Suck Pattern Stability In Preterm Infants, Meredith Poore, Steven M. Barlow, Jingyan Wang, Mereditch Estep, Jaehoon Lee Jan 2008

Respiratory Treatment History Predicts Suck Pattern Stability In Preterm Infants, Meredith Poore, Steven M. Barlow, Jingyan Wang, Mereditch Estep, Jaehoon Lee

Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders: Faculty Publications

Sensory deprivation and motor restriction associated with extensive oxygen therapy may lead to poor oromotor control in preterm infants. Non-nutritive suck is one of the first complex oromotor behaviors infants perform. This study determined the spatiotemporal variability of non-nutritive suck (NNS) pressure trajectories in three preterm groups with differing oxygen histories—one control group with minimal or no O2 therapy, and two Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) groups with either a mild/moderate (RDS1) or moderate/severe (RDS2) O2 history. The Non-nutritive Suck Spatiotemporal Index (NNS STI) quantifies spatial and temporal variability across kinematic trajectories, and was calculated from digital representations of …

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The Threat Of The Non-Native Neotropical Rust Puccinia Psidii To Hawaiian Biodiversity And Native Ecosystems: A Case Example Of The Need For Prevention, Lloyd Loope, Janice Uchida, Loyal Mehrhoff Jan 2008

The Threat Of The Non-Native Neotropical Rust Puccinia Psidii To Hawaiian Biodiversity And Native Ecosystems: A Case Example Of The Need For Prevention, Lloyd Loope, Janice Uchida, Loyal Mehrhoff

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The threat of invasive species to natural areas presents enormous challenges, but there are opportunities for working toward solutions, often in conjunction with agricultural and forestry perspectives. There is a growing awareness of the danger to botanical biodiversity and conservation from “emerging infectious diseases” that have increased in incidence, geographical distribution, or host range/pathogenicity; have newly evolved characteristics; and/or have been newly discovered (Anderson et al. 2004). There is a heightened concern for forest health due to accelerating worldwide movement of plant pathogens (e.g., with ineffective quarantine measures) that negatively affect both biodiversity and commercial forestry (Wingfield 2003). An important …

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The Overmyer Mastodon (Mammut Americanum) From Fulton County, Indiana, Neal Woodman, Jon W. Branstrator Jan 2008

The Overmyer Mastodon (Mammut Americanum) From Fulton County, Indiana, Neal Woodman, Jon W. Branstrator

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

In June 1978 the partial skeleton of an American mastodon, Mammut americanum, was salvaged from a drainage ditch in Fulton County, north-central Indiana. The remains were recovered mostly from ca. 170–260 cm below the current land surface in marl overlain by peat and peaty marl. The stratigraphy of the site indicates that the remains were deposited in a small, open-water pond that subsequently filled. The skeleton, which is 41–48% complete, is that of a mature female, ca. 30–34 y old at death based on dental eruption and wear. Postcranial bone measurements indicate that this individual was relatively large for …

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A Model Of Plant Strategies In Fluvial Hydrosystems, G. Bornette, E. Tabacchi, C. Hupp, S. Puijalon, J . C. Rostan Jan 2008

A Model Of Plant Strategies In Fluvial Hydrosystems, G. Bornette, E. Tabacchi, C. Hupp, S. Puijalon, J . C. Rostan

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

1. We propose a model of plant strategies in temperate fluvial hydrosystems that considers the hydraulic and geomorphic features that control plant recruitment, establishment and growth in river floodplains.
2. The model describes first how the disturbance gradient and the grain-size of the river bed load affect the relative proportion of erosion and deposition processes, and how the frequency of flood disturbance affects the intensity of such processes.
3. Secondly, the model predicts plant strategies according to direct and indirect effects of floods (disturbances through erosion versus deposition processes, and associated nutrient excess or limitation).
4. The relevance of the …

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The Ecological Future Of The North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation Of Wildlife, Eric W. Sanderson, Kent H. Redford, Bill Weber, Keith Aune, Dick Baldes, Joel Berger, Dave Carter, Charles Curtin, James N. Derr, Steve Dobrott, Eva Fearn, Craig Fleener, Steve Forrest, Craig Gerlach, C. Cormack Gates, John E. Gross, Peter Gogan, Shaun Grassel, Jodi A. Hilty, Marv Jensen, Kyran Kunkel, Duane Lammers, Rurik List, Karen Minkowski, Tom Olson, Chris Pague, Paul B. Robertson, Bob Stephenson Jan 2008

The Ecological Future Of The North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation Of Wildlife, Eric W. Sanderson, Kent H. Redford, Bill Weber, Keith Aune, Dick Baldes, Joel Berger, Dave Carter, Charles Curtin, James N. Derr, Steve Dobrott, Eva Fearn, Craig Fleener, Steve Forrest, Craig Gerlach, C. Cormack Gates, John E. Gross, Peter Gogan, Shaun Grassel, Jodi A. Hilty, Marv Jensen, Kyran Kunkel, Duane Lammers, Rurik List, Karen Minkowski, Tom Olson, Chris Pague, Paul B. Robertson, Bob Stephenson

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Many wide-ranging mammal species have experienced significant declines over the last 200 years; restoring these species will require long-term, large-scale recovery efforts. We highlight 5 attributes of a recent range-wide vision-setting exercise for ecological recovery of the North American bison (Bison bison) that are broadly applicable to other species and restoration targets. The result of the exercise, the “Vermejo Statement” on bison restoration, is explicitly (1) large scale, (2) long term, (3) inclusive, (4) fulfilling of different values, and (5) ambitious. It reads, in part, “Over the next century, the ecological recovery of the North American bison will occur when …

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Home Range And Movements Of Feral Cats On Mauna Kea, Hawai‘I, Daniel M. Goltz, Steven C. Hess, Kevin W. Brinck, Paul C. Banko, Raymond M. Danner Jan 2008

Home Range And Movements Of Feral Cats On Mauna Kea, Hawai‘I, Daniel M. Goltz, Steven C. Hess, Kevin W. Brinck, Paul C. Banko, Raymond M. Danner

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Feral cats Felis catus in dry subalpine woodland of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i, live in low density and exhibit some of the largest reported home ranges in the literature. While 95% fixed kernel home range estimates for three females averaged 772 ha, four males averaged 1 418 ha, and one male maintained a home range of 2 050 ha. Mean daily movement rates between sexes overlapped widely and did not differ significantly (P = 0.083). Log-transformed 95% kernel home ranges for males were significantly larger than those of females (P = 0.024), but 25% kernel home ranges for females were larger …

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Movements Of Wintering Dunlin Calidris Alpina And Changing Habitat Availability In An Agricultural Wetland Landscape, Oriane W. Taft, Peter M. Sanzenbacher, Susan M. Haig Jan 2008

Movements Of Wintering Dunlin Calidris Alpina And Changing Habitat Availability In An Agricultural Wetland Landscape, Oriane W. Taft, Peter M. Sanzenbacher, Susan M. Haig

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Few studies have assessed how the dynamics of wetland bird movements relate to changing resource availability, particularly at more than one spatial scale. Within western Oregon’s Williamette Valley, we examined winter resident Dunlin Calidris alpina movements in relation to a decrease in availability of preferred shorebird foraging habitat from early to late winter of 1999–2000. By tracking movements of 15 (early winter) and 12 (late winter) radiomarked individuals, we calculated home ranges and characterized presence/absence of a preference for shorebird foraging habitat during each winter period. Between periods, we compared: (1) percentage of shorebird habitat in home ranges to its …

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Boselaphus Tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), David M. Leslie Jr. Jan 2008

Boselaphus Tragocamelus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), David M. Leslie Jr.

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas, 1766) is a bovid commonly called the nilgai or blue bull and is Asia’s largest antelope. A sexually dimorphic ungulate of large stature and unique coloration, it is the only species in the genus Boselaphus. It is endemic to peninsular India and small parts of Pakistan and Nepal, has been extirpated from Bangladesh, and has been introduced in the United States (Texas), Mexico, South Africa, and Italy. It prefers open grassland and savannas and locally is a significant agricultural pest in India. It is not of special conservation concern and is well represented in zoos and …

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Site Fidelity Is An Inconsistent Determinant Of Population Structure In The Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes Cucull Atus): Evidence From Genetic, Mark–Recapture, And Comparative Data, John M. Pearce, Peter Blums, Mark S. Lindberg Jan 2008

Site Fidelity Is An Inconsistent Determinant Of Population Structure In The Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes Cucull Atus): Evidence From Genetic, Mark–Recapture, And Comparative Data, John M. Pearce, Peter Blums, Mark S. Lindberg

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The level of site fidelity in birds is often characterized as “high” on the basis of rates of return or homing from mark–recapture data. For species that exhibit site fidelity, subsequent biological assumptions have included population structure, demographic independence, and that the extirpation of a site-faithful group might be irreversible because of low immigration. Yet several genetic studies have observed patterns of population differentiation that are incongruous with strong site fidelity, which suggests recent isolation, gene flow, or both. Using a 13-year live-recapture and dead-recovery data set, as well as nuclear and mitochondrial DNA collected across the range of the …

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Management And Conservation Note: Conserving Waste Rice For Wintering Waterfowl In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Jennifer P. Kross, Richard M. Kaminski, Aaron T. Pearse Jan 2008

Management And Conservation Note: Conserving Waste Rice For Wintering Waterfowl In The Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Jennifer P. Kross, Richard M. Kaminski, Aaron T. Pearse

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV), USA, is an internationally important migration and wintering region for North American waterfowl (Reinecke et al. 1989). The Lower Mississippi Valley Joint Venture (LMVJV) assumes food availability is the primary factor influencing carrying capacity of wintering waterfowl in this region (Reinecke and Loesch 1996). Because much of the MAV was converted from a seasonally flooded bottomland-hardwood ecosystem to a landscape dominated by agriculture, the LMVJV has incorporated estimates of the abundance of agricultural seeds such as rice into habitat conservation plans (Reinecke et al. 1988, Fredrickson et al. 2005). Biologists designed these plans to provide …

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Helminths Of Small Mammals (Chiroptera, Insectivora, Lagomorpha) From Mongolia With A Description Of A New Species Of Schizorchis (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), David S. Tinnin, Scott Lyell Gardner, Sumiya Ganzorig Jan 2008

Helminths Of Small Mammals (Chiroptera, Insectivora, Lagomorpha) From Mongolia With A Description Of A New Species Of Schizorchis (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), David S. Tinnin, Scott Lyell Gardner, Sumiya Ganzorig

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Fifty-eight individuals belonging to 10 species of bats, insectivores, and pikas were examined for helminths from 4 collection sites in Mongolia in 1999. Two species of bats (Vespertilio murinus and Eptesicus gobiensis) were infected with a single species of trematode (Plagiorchis vespertilionis), which represents a new record for the country. One individual of E. gobiensis also harbored 1 unidentified filaroid nematode. The acanthocephalan Moniliformis moniliformis was found in the hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus. Cestodes in the genus Catenotaenia and the herein described Schizorchis mongoliensis n. sp. were recovered from pikas belonging to the species Ochotona alpina …

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Omtvedt Innovation Award Winners, John Owens Jan 2008

Omtvedt Innovation Award Winners, John Owens

John Owens: Speeches and Appearances

It is a wonderful pleasure to have this opportunity today to present, two Omtvedt Innovation Awards to Institute colleagues whose outstanding work is a source of tremendous pride and inspiration for us all.

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Casnr Salute To Graduates, John Owens Jan 2008

Casnr Salute To Graduates, John Owens

John Owens: Speeches and Appearances

We appreciate your being with us this afternoon as we celebrate the accomplishments of tomorrow's graduates from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Thank you for attending and, congratulations to the class of 2008! This ceremony has become both a fixture and a tradition in the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. As a matter of fact, it took the national "First Place Award" in a 2006 competition that was open to all universities in the United States.

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Ianr Research And Extension Centers And Their Associated Districts, John Owens Jan 2008

Ianr Research And Extension Centers And Their Associated Districts, John Owens

John Owens: Speeches and Appearances

It's a pleasure to have this opportunity to speak with you about the University’s four strategically placed Research and Extension Centers and their associated extension districts, all part of the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

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Non-Lethal Management To Reduce Conflicts With Winter Urban Crow Roosts In New York: 2002 - 2007, Richard B. Chipman, Travis L. Devault, Dennis Slate, Kenneth J. Preusser, Mark S. Carrara, Joshua W. Friers, Timothy P. Algeo Jan 2008

Non-Lethal Management To Reduce Conflicts With Winter Urban Crow Roosts In New York: 2002 - 2007, Richard B. Chipman, Travis L. Devault, Dennis Slate, Kenneth J. Preusser, Mark S. Carrara, Joshua W. Friers, Timothy P. Algeo

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

American crow populations have increased steadily since 1966 in many parts of the U.S. Large winter congregations of crows in urban environments have resulted in an increased number of requests for assistance in managing nocturnal roosts in New York. In 2002, the USDA APHIS Wildlife Services program initiated a large-scale non-lethal winter roost dispersal program in Troy, New York. Since that time, similar programs have been implemented in 4 other cities in New York to manage crow roosts ranging in size from 8,000 - 63,000 individuals. The goals of the programs were to minimize noise, accumulations of crow feces around …

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Anatomy Of The Cape Cod Oral Rabies Vaccination Program, Timothy P. Algeo, Richard B. Chipman, Brian M. Bjorklund, Monte D. Chandler, Xingtai Wang, Dennis Slate, Charles E. Rupprecht Jan 2008

Anatomy Of The Cape Cod Oral Rabies Vaccination Program, Timothy P. Algeo, Richard B. Chipman, Brian M. Bjorklund, Monte D. Chandler, Xingtai Wang, Dennis Slate, Charles E. Rupprecht

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Rabies remains a globally significant zoonotic disease, but rabies control is achievable under certain circumstances. Canine rabies has been eliminated from the U.S.; however, approximately 55,000 humans die annually worldwide from the disease. In the U.S., economic losses continue to be substantial and the risk to humans and domestic animals has not been eliminated. As an example of the complexity of rabies management, we describe a local rabies control program and efforts to restore Cape Cod, MA to terrestrial rabies-free status, after a 2004 oral rabies vaccination (ORV) barrier breach following 10 years of rabies-free status. The emergence of raccoon …

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Downside Risk Of Wildlife Translocation, R. Chipman, D. Slate, C. Rupprecht, M. Mendoza Jan 2008

Downside Risk Of Wildlife Translocation, R. Chipman, D. Slate, C. Rupprecht, M. Mendoza

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Translocation has been used successfully by wildlife professionals to enhance or reintroduce populations of rare or extirpated wildlife, provide hunting or wildlife viewing opportunities, farm wild game, and reduce local human-wildlife conflicts. However, accidental and intentional translocations may have multiple unintended negative consequences, including increased stress and mortality of relocated animals, negative impacts on resident animals at release sites, increased conflicts with human interests, and the spread of diseases. Many wildlife professionals now question the practice of translocation, particularly in light of the need to contain or eliminate high profile, economically important wildlife diseases and because using this technique may …

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Evaluation Of An Integrated Non-Lethal Canada Goose Management Program In New York (2004 - 2006), Stacy E. Preusser, Tom W. Seamans, Allen L. Gosser, Richard B. Chipman Jan 2008

Evaluation Of An Integrated Non-Lethal Canada Goose Management Program In New York (2004 - 2006), Stacy E. Preusser, Tom W. Seamans, Allen L. Gosser, Richard B. Chipman

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

New York State has an estimated population of 249,702 resident Canada geese. Human-goose conflicts are increasing, including unacceptable accumulation of goose feces in public parks, overgrazing of landscaped lawns, noise, and aggressive behavior of individual geese. An integrated Canada goose management program was conducted and evaluated at 8 sites in Orange County, New York from 2004 to 2006. The program, conducted from March through November each year, consisted of egg oiling (300-470 eggs oiled a year), hazing to reduce local goose populations using multiple techniques, public outreach/education, and program monitoring. The monitoring component included goose movement and population surveys using …

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Criminal Manifestos And The Media, Arlen Pyenson Jan 2008

Criminal Manifestos And The Media, Arlen Pyenson

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Allergenicity Assessment Of Genetically Modified Crops—What Makes Sense?, Richard E. Goodman, Stefan Vieths, Hugh A. Sampson, David Hill, Motohiro Ebisawa, Ronald Van Ree Jan 2008

Allergenicity Assessment Of Genetically Modified Crops—What Makes Sense?, Richard E. Goodman, Stefan Vieths, Hugh A. Sampson, David Hill, Motohiro Ebisawa, Ronald Van Ree

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

GM crops have great potential to improve food quality, increase harvest yields and decrease dependency on certain chemical pesticides. Before entering the market their safety needs to be scrutinized. This includes a detailed analysis of allergenic risks, as the safety of allergic consumers has high priority. However, not all tests currently being applied to assessing allergenicity have a sound scientific basis. Recent events with transgenic crops reveal the fallacy of applying such tests to GM crops.

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Implementing A Forensic Educational Package For Registered Nurses In Two Emergency Departments In Western Australia, Christine M. Michel Jan 2008

Implementing A Forensic Educational Package For Registered Nurses In Two Emergency Departments In Western Australia, Christine M. Michel

Theses

The results of violence are a major public health problem that infiltrates hospital emergency departments (ED) daily. Often, ED nurses are the first healthcare professionals to see patients, speak with family members, handle personal property and collect laboratory specimens. Such actions can be of extreme importance to the 27 different categories of forensic patients. To adequately address forensic patient issues, ED nurses need exposure to forensic education. The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a clinical forensic education package on ED nurses’ perceptions, knowledge and care of forensic patients. To accomplish this aim, this …

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A Defense Of Patenting Human Gene Sequences Under U.S. Law: Support For The Patenting Of Isolated And Purified Substances, Lauren M. Nowierski Jan 2008

A Defense Of Patenting Human Gene Sequences Under U.S. Law: Support For The Patenting Of Isolated And Purified Substances, Lauren M. Nowierski

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Kant On Copyright: Rights Of Transformative Authorship, Kim Treiger-Bar-Am Jan 2008

Kant On Copyright: Rights Of Transformative Authorship, Kim Treiger-Bar-Am

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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What The Sioux Should Do: Lanham Act Challenges In The Post-Harjo Era, Jason Finkelstein Jan 2008

What The Sioux Should Do: Lanham Act Challenges In The Post-Harjo Era, Jason Finkelstein

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Three-Dimensional Objects As Marks: Does A "Dark Shadow" Loom Over Trademark Theory?, Amir H. Khoury Jan 2008

Three-Dimensional Objects As Marks: Does A "Dark Shadow" Loom Over Trademark Theory?, Amir H. Khoury

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Nestlé Schweiz Ag V. Masterfoods Ag; Swiss Federal Supreme Court, No. 4p.222/2006, Decision Of December 21, 2006, Tom Braegelmann, Neil Conley Jan 2008

Nestlé Schweiz Ag V. Masterfoods Ag; Swiss Federal Supreme Court, No. 4p.222/2006, Decision Of December 21, 2006, Tom Braegelmann, Neil Conley

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

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Asas Centennial Paper: Net Energy Systems For Beef Cattle – Cattles, Application, And Future Models, Calvin Ferrell, J. W. Oltjen Jan 2008

Asas Centennial Paper: Net Energy Systems For Beef Cattle – Cattles, Application, And Future Models, Calvin Ferrell, J. W. Oltjen

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Development of nutritional energetics can be traced to the 1400s. Lavoisier established relationships among O2 use, CO2 production and heat production in the late 1700s, and the laws of thermodynamics and law of Hess were discovered during the 1840s. Those discoveries established the fundamental bases for nutritional energetics and enabled the fundamental entity ME = retained energy + heat energy to be established. Objectives became: 1) to establish relationships between gas exchange and heat energy, 2) to devise bases for evaluation of foods that could be related to energy expenditures, and 3) to establish causes of energy expenditures. …

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A Putative Quantitative Trait Locus On Chromosome 20 Associated With Bovine Pathogenic Disease Incidence, E. Casas, G. Snowder Jan 2008

A Putative Quantitative Trait Locus On Chromosome 20 Associated With Bovine Pathogenic Disease Incidence, E. Casas, G. Snowder

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to detect QTL associated with the incidence of multiple pathogenic diseases in offspring from half-sib bovine families. Four F1 sires were used to produce offspring: Brahman × Hereford (BH; n = 547), Piedmontese × Angus (PA; n = 209), Brahman × Angus (n = 176), and Belgian Blue × MARC III (n = 246). Treatment records for bovine respiratory disease, infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye), and infectious pododermatitis (footrot) were available for all of the offspring from birth to slaughter. The incidences of these 3 microbial pathogenic diseases were combined into a single binary trait …

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