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Paul Berg, John Owens

John Owens: Speeches and Appearances

A native of Brooklyn, New York, Paul Berg attended New York City schools, served in the United States Navy, and earned his baccalaureate degree in biochemistry from Pennsylvania State College and his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from Western Reserve University. He served as a faculty member at Washington University School of Medicine and at the Stanford University School of Medicine where he also served as Chair of the Department of Biochemistry. Currently, he is Cahill Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at the Stanford University Medical Center and Director Emeritus of Stanford's Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine.

Gene "Therapy": A Test Case For Research With Children, M. Therese Lysaught

Institute of Pastoral Studies: Faculty Publications and Other Works

No abstract provided.

Jacques Barzun: From Dawn To Decadence Study Guide, Steven Alan Samson

Faculty Publications and Presentations

No abstract provided.

Frederic Bastiat: The Law Study Guide, Steven Alan Samson

Faculty Publications and Presentations

No abstract provided.

Fact Book 2004-05, Western Michigan University

Western Michigan University Fact Books

• General Information
• Enrollment Information
• Institutional Comparison
• Student Information
• Faculty Information
• Budgets and Resources

Land For Maine's Future Program: Increasing The Return On A Sound Public Investment, Richard Barringer, Hugh Coxe, Jack Kartez, Catherine Reilly, Jonathan Rubin

Economics and Finance

Maine is nowhere a more special place than in the quality of its landscape and the traditions of its land use. Among the mo st privately-owned of all the states, Maine’s natural diversity and beauty combine with its traditions of resource stewardship, open access, and appreciation of nature to distinguish it in the public mind and national imagination. In recent decades, however, these traditions have come under assault from the forces of economic and social change; and the people of Maine have responded. In 1986, Governor Joseph Brennan’s Special Commission on Outdoor Recreation recognized the growing threats to Maine’s natur …

Sample Learning Issues Linked To Texts With Answers, Jonathan Eldredge

Foundations of Research Methodologies

No abstract provided.

Open Access, Sparc

Open Access Resources

SPARC, Open Access

Biology Of PrpSc Accumulation In Two Natural Scrapie-Infected Sheep Flocks, Patrick Caplazi, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Cynthia Wolf, Daniel Shaw, Timothy V. Baszler

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Sheep scrapie is a prion disease that requires interaction of exogenous prions with host prion protein (PrP) supporting prion formation. Disease is associated with deposition of a host-generated conformational variant of PrP, PrP^sc, in a variety of tissues, including brain, resulting in fatal spongiform encephalopathy. Efficiency of PrP^sc formation is determined by polymorphisms in the PrP-coding sequence. This article adds to previous data of natural sheep scrapie, concentrating on the effect of host genotype and age on PrP^sc accumulation patterns during preclinical and clinical disease. Two entire scrapie-infected, predominantly Suffolk-cross, sheep flocks euthanized for regulatory purposes …

Biogeochemical Transformation Of Fe Minerals In A Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifer, John M. Zachara, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Paul L. Gassman, Alice Dohnalkova, Jim K. Fredrickson, Todd Anderson

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The Bemidji aquifer in Minnesota, USA is a well-studied site of subsurface petroleum contamination. The site contains an anoxic groundwater plume where soluble petroleum constituents serve as an energy source for a region of methanogenesis near the source and bacterial Fe(III) reduction further down gradient. Methanogenesis apparently begins when bioavailable Fe(III) is exhausted within the sediment. Past studies indicate that Geobacter species and Geothrix fermentens–like organisms are the primary dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria at this site. The Fe mineralogy of the pristine aquifer sediments and samples from the methanogenic (source) and Fe(III) reducing zones were characterized in this study to …

Reduction Of Tco4- By Sediment-Associated Biogenic Fe(Ii), James K. Fredrickson, John M. Zachara, David W. Kennedy, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, James P. Mckinley, Steve M. Heald, Chongxuan Liu, Andrew E. Plymale

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The potential for reduction of ⁹⁹TcO₄^-_(aq) to poorly soluble ⁹⁹TcO₂ · nH₂O_(s) by biogenic sediment-associated Fe(II) was investigated with three Fe(III)-oxide containing subsurface materials and the dissimilatory metal-reducing subsurface bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. Two of the subsurface materials from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford and Oak Ridge sites contained significant amounts of Mn(III,IV) oxides and net bioreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) was not observed until essentially all of the hydroxylamine HCl-extractable Mn was reduced. In anoxic, unreduced sediment or where Mn oxide bioreduction was incomplete, exogenous biogenic TcO_{2 …}

Cryogenic Laser Induced Fluorescence Characterization Of U(Vi) In Hanford Vadose Zone Pore Waters, Zheming Wang, John M. Zachara, Wassana Yantasee, Paul Gassman, Chongxuan Liu, Alan Joly

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Ambient and liquid helium temperature laser-induced time-resolved uranyl fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to study the speciation of aqueous uranyl solutions containing carbonate and phosphate and two porewater samples obtained by ultracentrifugation of U(VI)-contaminated sediments. The significantly enhanced fluorescence signal intensity and spectral resolution found at liquid helium temperature allowed, for the first time, direct fluorescence spectroscopic observation of the higher aqueous uranyl complexes with carbonate: UO₂(CO₃)₂ ^2-, UO₂(CO₃)₃ ^4-, and (UO₂)₂(OH)₃CO₃ ^-. The porewater samples were non-fluorescent at room temperature. …

Microscale Distribution Of Cesium Sorbed To Biotite And Muscovite, James Mckinley, John M. Zachara, Steven Heald, Alice Dohnalkova, Matthew Newville, Steve Sutton

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Individual 1-3 mm biotite and muscovite clasts from Hanford sediment were contacted with 0.08 M CsNO₃. They were examined using electron or X-ray microprobe methods, as intact specimens or sectioned perpendicular to their basal planes. Cs+ was observed to preferentially sorb to mica edges, steps on mica surfaces, or fractured regions. The localization of Cs conformed to hypothesized strong binding to frayed edge sites in preference to sites on basal planes. In section, Cs⁺ was found to penetrate the mica interior, forming discrete zones of concentration, particularly in muscovite. In biotite, Cs was more abundant, permeating the …

Spectroscopic And Diffraction Study Of Uranium Speciation In Contaminated Vadose Zone Sediments From The Hanford Site, Washington State, Jeffrey Catalano, Steven Heald, John M. Zachara, Gordon Brown Jr.

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Contamination of vadose zone sediments under tank BX-102 at the Hanford site, Washington, resulted from the accidental release of 7-8 metric tons of uranium dissolved in caustic aqueous sludge in 1951. We have applied synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to characterize the speciation of uranium in samples of these contaminated sediments. U L_III-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopic studies demonstrate that uranium occurs predominantly as a uranium- (VI) silicate from the uranophane group of minerals. XAFS cannot distinguish between the members of this mineral group due to the near identical local coordination environments of uranium in …

Biogeochemical Transformation Of Fe Minerals In A Petroleum-Contaminated Aquifer, John M. Zachara, Ravi K. Kukkadapu, Paul Gassman, Alice Dohnalkova, James K. Fredrickson, Todd Anderson

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The Bemidji aquifer in Minnesota, USA is a well-studied site of subsurface petroleum contamination. The site contains an anoxic groundwater plume where soluble petroleum constituents serve as an energy source for a region of methanogenesis near the source and bacterial Fe(III) reduction further down gradient. Methanogenesis apparently begins when bioavailable Fe(III) is exhausted within the sediment. Past studies indicate that Geobacter species and Geothrix fermentens–like organisms are the primary dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria at this site. The Fe mineralogy of the pristine aquifer sediments and samples from the methanogenic (source) and Fe(III) reducing zones were characterized in this study to …

Chromium Speciation And Mobility In A High Level Nuclear Waste Vadose Zone Plume, John M. Zachara, Calvin Ainsworth, Gordon Brown Jr., Jeffery Catalano, James Mckinley, Odeta Qafoku, Steven Smith, James Szecsody, Sam Traina, Jeffrey Warner

United States Department of Energy: Publications

Radioactive core samples containing elevated concentrations of Cr from a high level nuclear waste plume in the Hanford vadose zone were studied to assess the future mobility of Cr. Cr(VI) is an important subsurface contaminant at the Hanford Site. The plume originated in 1969 by leakage of self-boiling supernate from a tank containing REDOX process waste. The supernate contained high concentrations of alkali (NaOH ≈ 5.25 mol/L), salt (NaNO₃/NaNO₂ >10 mol/L), aluminate [Al(OH)₄ ⁻ = 3.36 mol/L], Cr(VI) (0.413 mol/L), and ¹³⁷Cs⁺(6.51 X 10^-5 mol/L). Water and acid extraction of the oxidized …

Scintillator Detectors For Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopes At The Advanced Light Source, S. Fakra, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, Tolek Tyliszczak

United States Department of Energy: Publications

The choice of x-ray detectors presents a challenge for scanning transmission x-ray microscopes (STXM). The ultimate detector for the ALS STXMs should have a very high efficiency over a wide energy range, single photon counting capabilities up to 1GHz, high rejection of red laser light, fast response, and work in both vacuum and at atmospheric pressure. The results of an investigation using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) with a number of different scintillators are presented. The PMT is used in photon counting and analog modes. Scintillators used for this study include commercially available phosphor powders and various single crystals.

Relating Size Of Juveniles To Survival Within And Among Populations Of Chinook Salmon, Richard Zabel, Stephen Achord

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Understanding relationships between the size of individuals and their subsequent survival can not only provide insights into mechanisms of mortality, but can also identify traits to measure for monitoring at-risk populations. We analyzed a data set of more than 54 000 juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from 15 populations over five years. The juveniles were tagged during the summer in their freshwater rearing habitats and then recaptured at downstream sites the following spring after an extended rearing and overwintering period. We measured the length and weight of fish at tagging and computed a ‘‘condition index’’ that determined how …

Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria—What Is Their Significance In Drinking Water?, Martin J. Allen, Stephen C. Edberg, Donald J. Reasoner

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

While the literature documents the universal occurrence of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria in soils, foods, air, and all sources of water, there is a lingering question as to whether this group of organisms may signal an increased health risk when elevated populations are present in drinking water. This paper reviews the relevant literature on HPC bacteria in drinking water, the lack of clinical evidence that elevated populations or specific genera within the HPC flora pose an increased health risk to any segment of the population, and the appropriate uses of HPC data as a tool to monitor drinking water …

Mutagens In Contaminated Soil: A Review, Paul A. White, Larry D. Claxton

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The intentional and accidental discharges of toxic pollutants into the lithosphere results in soil contamination. In some cases (e.g., wood preserving wastes, coal-tar, airborne combustion by-products), the contaminated soil constitutes a genotoxic hazard. This work is a comprehensive review of published information on soil mutagenicity. In total, 1312 assessments of genotoxic activity from 118 works were examined. The majority of the assessments (37.6%) employed the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100. An additional 37.6% of the assessments employed a variety of plant species (e.g., Tradescantia clone 4430, Vicia faba, Zea mays, Allium cepa) to assess mutagenic activity. …

Microbial Responses To In Situ Chemical Oxidation, Six-Phase Heating, And Steam Injection Remediation Technologies In Groundwater, Ann Azadpour-Keeley, Lynn A. Wood, Tony R. Lee, Susan C. Mravik

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The evaluation of microbial responses to three in situ source removal remedial technologies— permanganate-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), six-phase heating (SPH), and steam injection (SI)—was performed at Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida. The investigation stemmed from concerns that treatment processes could have a variety of effects on the indigenous biological activity, including reduced biodegradation rates and a long-term disruption of community structure with respect to the stimulation of TCE (trichloroethylene) degraders. The investigation focused on the quantity of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and its distribution to determine the immediate effect of each remedial technology on microbial abundance and …

Monitored Natural Attenuation Forum: A Panel Discussion, Bob Norris, Lenny Siegel, Stephen Lester, Hal White

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

In the spring 2004 issue of Remediation, we presented the question that appears below to three of our MNA panel members. As discussed in the previous issue, “MNA should be used very cautiously as the sole remedy” (Fran Kremer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA]). It should be the lowest importance compared to other natural attenuation processes and “public involvement is particularly important in cases where dilution plays a substantial role in the remediation strategy” (Barbara Bekins, U.S. Geological Survey). “Definitions and evaluation strategies must explicitly address what processes are acting and the footprints of those processes. Failing to …

Antioxidant Supplementation And Nasal Inflammatory Responses Among Young Asthmatics Exposed To High Levels Of Ozone, J. J. Sienra-Monge, M. Ramirez-Aguilar, H. Moreno-Macias, N. I. Reyes-Ruiz, B. E. Del Río-Navarro, M. X. Ruiz-Navarro, G. Hatch, K. Crissman, R. Slade, R. B. Devlin, I. Romieu

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The inflammatory response to ozone in atopic asthma suggests that soluble mediators of inflammation are released in response to oxidant stress. Antioxidants may alleviate additional oxidative stress associated with photochemical oxidant pollution. This study investigates the impact of antioxidant supplementation on the nasal inflammatory response to ozone exposure in atopic asthmatic children. We conducted a randomized trial using a double-blinded design. Children with asthma ( n = 117), residents of Mexico City, were given randomly a daily supplement of vitamins (50 mg/day of vitamin E and 250 mg/day of vitamin C) or placebo. Nasal lavages were performed three times during …

Analysis Of Functional Effects Of A Mixture Of Five Pesticides Using A Ray Design, Chris Gennings, W. Hans Carter Jr., Michelle Casey, Virginia Moser, Richard Carchman, Jane Ellen Simmons

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

The protection of human health from the adverse effects of cumulative environmental exposure to chemical mixtures is an important issue. Of particular interest is the detection and characterization of interaction among chemicals in complex mixtures. Response surface methodology, often supported by factorial designs, is the classical statistical experimental approach. Fixed-ratio ray designs, which may include the use of single chemical data in addition to data along mixture ray(s), have been proposed as an alternative approach. Such designs permit a reduction in the amount of experimental effort when the region of interest can be restricted to exposure-relevant mixing ratios. A ‘single …

Sustainable Futures: Encouraging Risk Screening Of Industrial Chemicals At The R&D Stage, Maggie Wilson

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

U.S. EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) has developed computerized methods for predicting the risk of industrial chemical toxicity based on an analysis of chemical structure. Under the Sustainable Futures Pilot Project, industry is beginning to realize tangible business and pollution prevention benefits from the use of these methods.

This article discusses the development of the Sustainable Futures program and highlights some of the benefits to business, regulators, and the environment.

National Water Quality Inventory: Report To Congress 2004 Reporting Cycle

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Publications

Table of Contents

Section Page

List of Figures.............................................................................................................................iv List of Tables...............................................................................................................................iv List of Acronyms..........................................................................................................................v Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................1

I. Background...................................................................................................................5

About the Water Quality Assessment and TMDL Information Database (ATTAINS)..........................................................................................................................5

Assessing Water Quality................................................................................................................................7

II. Findings.......................................................................................................................13 Rivers and Streams...........................................................................................................................13 Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs.......................................................................................................................16

Bays and Estuaries.........................................................................................................................20 Other Waters..............................................................................................................................23 Coastal Resources.......................................................................................................................23

Great Lakes.....................................................................................................................24 Wetlands..........................................................................................................................24

III. Probability Surveys of Water Quality.......................................................................26

National Coastal Assessment....................................................................................26

The Wadeable Streams Assessment.......................................................................27

Survey of the Nation’s Lakes.......................................................................................29

National Rivers and Streams Assessment.............................................................30

National Wetland Condition Assessment...............................................................30

State-Scale Statistical Surveys..................................................................................31

South Carolina..............................................................................................................32 Indiana............................................................................................................................33 Florida.............................................................................................................................34 IV. Future Reporting......................................................................................................36

V. References………………………………………………………………………….37

Distribution Of North Pacific Right Whales (Eubalaena Japonica) As Shown By 19th And 20th Century Whaling Catch And Sighting Records, Phillip J. Clapham, Caroline Good, Sara E. Quinn, Randall R. Reeves, James E. Scarff, Robert L. Brownell Jr.

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica) were extensively exploited in the 19th century, and their recovery was further retarded (severely so in the eastern population) by illegal Soviet catches in the 20th century, primarily in the 1960s. Monthly plots of right whale sightings and catches from both the 19th and 20th centuries are provided, using data summarized by Scarff (1991, from the whale charts of Matthew Fontaine Maury) and Brownell et al. (2001), respectively. Right whales had an extensive offshore distribution in the 19th century, and were common in areas (such as the Gulf of Alaska and Sea …

Monitoring Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Aqueous Environments With Passive Low-Density Polyethylene Membrane Devices, Mark G. Carls, Larry G. Holland, Jeffrey W. Short, Ron A. Heintz, Stanley D. Rice

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Low-density polyethylene membranes, typically filled with triolein, have been previously deployed as passive environmental samplers designed to accumulate nonpolar hydrophobic chemicals from water, sediments, and air. Hydrocarbons in such samplers, known as semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), diffuse through pores in the membranes and are trapped in the central hydrocarbon matrix, mimicking uptake by living organisms. Here, we describe laboratory and field verification that lowdensity polyethylene membrane devices (PEMDs) without triolein provide reliable, relatively inexpensive, time-integrated hydrocarbon sampling from water. For comparison, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake in SPMDs and pink salmon eggs also was studied. Total concentrations of PAH accumulated …

Maternal Age As A Determinant Of Larval Growth And Survival In A Marine Fish, Sebastes Melanops, Steven A. Berkeley, Colin Chapman, Susan M. Sogard

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

Relative body size has long been recognized as a factor influencing reproductive success in fishes, but maternal age has only recently been considered. We monitored growth and starvation resistance in larvae from 20 female black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), ranging in age from five to 17 years. Larvae from the oldest females in our experiments had growth rates more than three times as fast and survived starvation more than twice as long as larvae from the youngest females. Female age was a far better predictor of larval performance than female size. The apparent underlying mechanism is a greater provisioning …

Lopsided Fish In The Snake River Basin – Fluctuating Asymmetry As A Way Of Assessing Impact Of Hatchery Supplementation In Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha, Orlay Johnson, Kathleen Neely, Robin Waples

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

The use of developmental instability (an individual’s failure to produce a consistent phenotype in a given environment) was evaluated to detect the effects of outplanting hatchery fish on wild salmon. Juvenile chinook salmon were collected in 1989, 1990, and 1991 from five drainages in the Snake River Basin. In each drainage we attempted to collect fish from streams with no hatchery supplementation (wild), naturally spawning fish from streams with hatchery supplementation (natural), and fish collected at a hatchery. Forty fish were collected per site and the number of elements in bilateral characters were counted on each side of the fish. …