Digital Commons Network^™

Safety Of Brucella Abortus Strain Rb51 Vaccine In Non-Target Ungulates And Coyotes, Terry J. Kreeger, Thomas J. Deliberto, Steven C. Olsen, William H. Edwards, Walter E. Cook

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

Brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA; USA). It is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the GYA to reduce disease transmission. Should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. To assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis; n=10), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana; n=9), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; n=11), moose (Alces alces shirasi; n=10), and …

Wildlife Diseases: Crying Wolf Or Crying Shame?, Robert G. Mclean

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Diseases of North American wildlife are causing serious problems for wildlife, and some wildlife diseases pose health threats to humans and domestic animals. Information will be presented at this wildlife disease session to alert resource managers enough to consider disease as an important issue when managing wildlife populations. It will be a crying shame if appropriate actions are not taken to monitor diseases adequately and to prevent or control them to protect our wildlife resources.

Growth Response Of Velvetleaf To Three Postemergence Herbicides, Cheryl A. Murphy, John L. Lindquist

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Knowledge of how reduction in the rate of herbicide application or rotation of their mode of action influences weed growth will provide insight into how successful these practices will be in an integrated weed management program. Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to quantify velvetleaf growth response to three postemergence herbicides, each with a different mode of action. A monoculture of velvetleaf was treated with halosulfuron, dicamba, and flumiclorac at 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 X the labeled rate for weed control in corn. Percent plant mortality increased with rate of application; the greatest mortality occurred …

Combinatorial Control Of Yeast Fet4 Gene Expression By Iron, Zinc, And Oxygen, Brian M. Waters, David J. Eide

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Acquisition of metals such as iron, copper, and zinc by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is tightly regulated. High affinity uptake systems are induced under metal-limiting conditions to maintain an adequate supply of these essential nutrients. Low affinity uptake systems function when their substrates are in greater supply. The FET₄ gene encodes a low affinity iron and copper uptake transporter. FET₄ expression is regulated by several environmental factors. In this report, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation. First, we found that FET₄ expression is induced in iron-limited cells by the Aft1 iron-responsive transcriptional activator. Second, FET …

Manure As Carbon Source For Soil Improvement And Crop Production: Site-Specific Application, Bahman Eghball, Daniel Ginting, Charles A. Shapiro, James S. Schepers, Christopher J. Bauer

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Manure, a renewable resource, is an excellent source of nutrients that can be substituted for synthetic types of fertilizers. The C in manure can enhance the physical and chemical properties of soils, especially infertile soils, as these soils typically contain low levels of organic matter and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of C and nutrients in manure on soil C dynamics and crop production. The treatments included applications of site-specific manure (SSM), uniform manure (UM), uniform commercial fertilizer, and a no treatment check. Field strips 40 ft (16 corn rows) wide and 2200 ft …

Ft-Nir Spectroscopic Analysis Of Nitrogen In Cotton Leaves, Mark R. Riley, Loreto C. Canaves

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Near-infrared spectroscopy was evaluated as a means to quantify the nitrogen content- in fresh cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. Delta Pine 90) subjected to a factorial design experiment of varying nitrogen and water applications. Absorbance spectra were collected in the 10000-4000 cm^-1 (1000-2500 nm) region from fresh cotton leaves over a two month portion of the growing season. Total nitrogen content was quantified by a wet chemistry Kjeldahl method for validation purposes. Partial least-squares regression analysis, using an automated grid search method, selected the spectral region 6041 to 5651 cm^-1 (1650-1770 nm) for analysis based on having …

Valuing The Arts: A Contingent Valuation Approach, Eric Thompson, Mark Berger, Glenn Blomquist, Steven Allen

College of Business: Faculty Publications

Government funding of the arts has received considerable attention in the United States in recent years. Efforts to cut funding to the National Endowment for the Arts and declining budgets for state arts agencies have raised questions about how much individuals value the arts. This paper applies the contingent valuation method to assess this value, using surveys of random households and of arts patrons. Our analysis estimated a mean willingness to pay (WTP) among all Kentucky households from $6 to $27, depending on the estimation technique used and on whether the scenario discussed is to increase arts performances by 25 …

Rabd, A Dictyostelium Rab14-Related Gtpase, Regulates Phagocytosis And Homotypic Phagosome And Lysosome Fusion, Ed Harris, James Cardelli

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

RabD, a Dictyostelium Rab14-related GTPase, localizes in the endo-lysosomal pathway and contractile vacuole system of membranes. Cell lines expressing dominant-negative RabD were defective in endocytosis, endosomal membrane flow and homotypic lysosome fusion. In support of a role for RabD in fusion, cells overexpressing constitutively active RabD^Q67L accumulated enlarged hydrolase-rich acidic vesicles ringed with GFP-RabD, consistent with RabD directly regulating lysosome fusion. To determine whether RabD also regulated phagocytosis and/or homotypic phagosome fusion (a process stimulated by many intracellular pathogens), cells overexpressing dominant-active (RabD^Q67L) or dominant-negative (Rab^N121I) RabD were analyzed microscopically and biochemically. The rate of …

Selenoprotein R Is A Zinc-Containing Stereo-Specific Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase, Gregory V. Kryukov, R. Abhilash Kumar, Ahmet Koc, Zhaohul Sun, Vadim N. Gladyshev

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Selenoprotein R (SelR) is a mammalian selenocysteine-containing protein with no known function. Here we report that cysteine homologs of SelR are present in all organisms except certain parasites and hyperthermophiles, and this pattern of occurrence closely matches that of only one protein, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA). Moreover, in several genomes, SelR and MsrA genes are fused or clustered, and their expression patterns suggest a role of both proteins in protection against oxidative stress. Consistent with these computational screens, growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SelR and MsrA mutant strains was inhibited, and the strain lacking both genes could not grow, in …

Life History Response Of Mediterranean Fruit Flies To Dietary Restriction, James R. Carey, Pablo Liedo, Lawrence G. Harshman, Ying Zhang, Hans-Georg Müller, Linda Partridge, Jane-Ling Wang

Lawrence G. Harshman Publications

The purpose of this study was to investigate medfly longevity and reproduction across a broad spectrum of diet restriction using a protocol similar to those applied in most rodent studies. Age-specific reproduction and age of death were monitored for 1,200 adult males and 1,200 females, each individually maintained on one of 12 diets from ad libitum to 30% of ad libitum. Diet was provided in a fixed volume of solution that was fully consumed each day, ensuring control of total nutrient consumption for every fly. Contrary to expectation and precedence, increased longevity was not observed at any level of …

Food Pulses Increase Longevity And Induce Cyclical Egg Production In Mediterranean Fruit Flies, James R. Carey, Pablo Liedo, Lawrence G. Harshman, X. Liu, Hans-Georg Müller, Linda Partridge, Jane-Ling Wang

Lawrence G. Harshman Publications

1. Inasmuch as virtually all studies on mortality and reproduction in insects are conducted under conditions in which food availability is constant, little is known about the demographic response of insects to variable food environments. For example, it is not known if and to what extent the life expectancy of insects subjected to shortages of high-quality food will increase and/or whether this increase is associated with major decreases in lifetime reproduction.

2. Therefore cohorts of 100 individual female medflies were subjected to different sets of conditions of protein availability (interspersed with sugar-only diets) including ad libitum sugar-only (no protein), ad …

A Comparative Study Of Geometric Rule Learning By Nutcrackers (Nucifraga Columbiana), Pigeons (Columba Livia), And Jackdaws (Corvus Monedula ), Juli E. Jones, Elena Antoniadis, Sara J. Shettleworth, Alan Kamil

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Three avian species, a seed-caching corvid (Clark’s nutcrackers; Nucifraga columbiana), a non-seed-caching corvid (jackdaws; Corvus monedula), and a non-seed-caching columbid (pigeons; Columba livia), were tested for ability to learn to find a goal halfway between 2 landmarks when distance between the landmarks varied during training. All 3 species learned, but jackdaws took much longer than either pigeons or nutcrackers. The nutcrackers searched more accurately than either pigeons or jackdaws. Both nutcrackers and pigeons showed good transfer to novel landmark arrays in which interlandmark distances were novel, but inconclusive results were obtained from jackdaws. Species differences in this …

Development Of The Muskox Lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus Pallikuukensis (Protostrongylidae), In Gastropods In The Arctic, Susan J. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, John Nishi, Lydden Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Development of the muskox protostrongylid lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis, in its slug intermediate host, Deroceras laeve, was investigated under field conditions in the Arctic. Every two weeks, from 19 June to 28 August 1997, groups of ten experimentally infected slugs were placed in tundra enclosures in a mesic sedge meadow near Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. First-stage larvae (L1) infecting slugs on or before 17 July developed to third-stage larvae (L3) in 4–6 weeks. Intensity of L3 in slugs peaked at 6–8 weeks post infection (PI) and then progressively declined by 10, 12, and 48–50 weeks PI. Abundance of L3 in …

Implications Of Single-Particle Experiments For Track Theory, Therapy And Radiation Protection, Robert Katz, Francis Cucinotta

Robert Katz Publications

‘‘Because the predominant exposure of cells in humans is to single isolated tracks, a critical question is what effects a single track is capable of producing and with what probabilities.’’ ‘‘Most of the current biophysical models. . . make the clear prediction that a single track can produce virtually all of the detrimental stochastic effects of interest.’’ ‘‘But one model, in particular (the amorphous track model of Katz and coworkers), disagrees fundamentally that a single low LET track has the ability to cause the cellular changes.’’ ‘‘This model leads to very dramatic differences in the predicted risk at low doses. …

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator For Acute Ischemic Stroke, Amira R. Al-Buhairi, Mohammed M. Jan

Saudi Medical Journal

Stroke is a leading cause of serious and long-term disability and death worlwide, with approximately 750,000 strokes occuring annually in the United States of America. The risk of stroke doubles each decade for people over 55 years. Cerebral angiography conducted soon after the onset of stroke demonstrates arterial occlusion in 70%-80% of cases. Recanalization of an occluded cerebral artery may assist in the recovery of reversibly ischemic tissue and limit the neurological disability. In June 1996, the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was approved as a safe and an effective intravenous treatment for acute ischemic stroke, especially if given within 3 …

Biomedical Research In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia (1982-2000), Ghazi O. Tadmouri, Nisrine B. Tadmouri

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Utilization Of Emergency Services In A Community Hospital, Saima Siddiqui, Danny O. Ogbeide

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Over utilization of emergency room services by patients with non-urgent complaints is a global problem. It results in a waste of resources, stress among the emergency room staff and an increase in waiting time for patients requiring attention. This study was carried out to establish the extent of inappropriate emergency room attendance in a Saudi community. METHODS: Data was collected from the emergency room register, regarding the age, sex, presenting complaints, time of presentation and disposal of patients, from January 1st 1999 to March 31st 1999 at Al-Kharj Military Hospital, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patients were classified in …

Caries Prevalence In Saudi Primary Schoolchildren Of Riyadh And Their Teachers' Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude And Practices, Amjad H. Wyne, Bandar M. Al-Ghorabi, Yahia A. Al-Asiri, Nazeer B. Khan

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to determine the caries prevalence and severity in primary school children Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to assess the oral health knowledge, attitude and practices of their teachers. METHODS: A random sample of primary schoolchildren was examined for dental caries utilizing World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of caries. The information regarding oral health knowledge, attitude and practices in schoolteachers was collected through an especially designed self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries among the sample was 94.4%. The mean decayed, missing and filled score for primary teeth of the sample …

Prevalence Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus In Central Saudi Arabia, Abdurhman S. Al-Arfaj, Suliman R. Al-Balla, Abdullah N. Al-Dalaan, Salman S. Al-Saleh, Sultan A. Bahabri, Mohammed M. Mousa, Mohammed A. Sekeit

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Although systemic lupus erythematosus of varying severity has been seen in our clinics, there is no information regarding the prevalence of the disease among Saudi nationals. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Al-Qaseem region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A community survey of towns and villages in the Al-Qaseem area of central Saudi Arabia was conducted in 3 phases to determine the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the region. RESULTS: Of the 10,372 studied, 2 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus were identified using the criteria set for the diagnosis …

Patient Satisfaction Of The Obstetric And Gynecology Unit At King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Rajakumari Ravi, Titilola O. Filani

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Etiology Of End-Stage Renal Disease In Najran, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Latif A. Khan

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Going Beyond The Curriculum To Promote Medical Education And Practice., Mohamed A. Daw, Sherine Shawky

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Insulin Therapy For Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Abdelaziz Elamin, Latif A. Khan

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Zinc On The Treatment Of Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria In Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial, F. Sempertegui, B. Estrella, F.R. Toapanta, D.S. Torres, D.E. Calahorrano, K. Yeboah-Antwi, E. Addo-Yobo, P. Arthur, S. Newton, Zul Premji, M. Hubert, C.S. Makwaya, F. Ssengooba, J. Konde-Lule, E. Mukisa, D.H. Hamer, W. Macleod, C. Duggan, W. Fawzi, J. Simon, V. Mwanakasale, M. Mulenga, T. Sukwa, J. Tshiula

Pathology, East Africa

Background: Zinc supplementation in young children has been associated with reductions in the incidence and severity of diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, and malaria.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the potential role of zinc as an adjunct in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria; a multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was undertaken.

Design: Children (n = 1087) aged 6 mo to 5 y were enrolled at sites in Ecuador, Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Children with fever and ≥ 2000 asexual forms of Plasmodium falciparum/μL in a thick blood smear received chloroquine and were randomly assigned to …

Detection Of Giardia Duodenalis Antigen In Coprolites Using A Commercially Available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves, Adauto Araújo, Rosemere Duarte, Joaquim Pereira Da Silva, Karl Reinhard, Françoise Bouchet, Luis Fernando Ferreira

Karl Reinhard Publications

The objective of this experiment was to assess the utility of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for diagnosis of giardiasis in archaeological human remains. The kit, a monoclonal antibody assay, is used to detect the presence of Giardia-specific antigen 65 (GSA65) in human feces. We utilized the assay in ancient fecal material. The material included desiccated feces found in mummies or in archaeological sites, and sediments from latrines. A total of 83 specimens, previously examined microscopically for parasites, were examined. The ELISA detected 3 positive samples, dated to about 1200 AD, 1600 AD, and 1700 AD. …

Multidisciplinary Coprolite Analysis, Karl Reinhard, Dennis R. Danielson, Mark Daniels, Sérgio Augusto De Miranda Chaves

Karl Reinhard Publications

Coprolite analysis, as reviewed by Reinhard and Bryant (1992), contributes unique and detailed information regarding diet and parasitic disease. We present here an analysis of dietary components of coprolites from Bighorn Cave using macroscopic remains, pollen concentrations, and phytoliths. In addition, we analyzed Bighorn Cave coprolites for evidence of parasitic organisms, especially intestinal worms. Such analyses of coprolites have become important methods for reconstructing past dietary and medicinal practices. Pollen concentration and phytolith quantification techniques have recently been developed, but until this report no known attempt has been made to synthesize pollen, macroscopic, and phytolith data from a single coprolite …

Foundations For An Integrative Parasitology: Collections, Archives, And Biodiversity Informatics, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Burgeoning awareness about biodiversity emphasizes the fundamental importance of museum collections and the contributions of systematists and taxonomists in documenting the structure and history of the biosphere. An essential role is served by this infrastructure in collecting, preparing, analyzing, and disseminating information about the specimens that represent species, document a range of complex biological associations from symbioses to parasitism, and form the tapestry and the myriad facets of biodiversity (e.g., Wilson, 2000). As parasitologists we can examine how we may contribute to this broader documentation and understanding of global biodiversity, and we can articulate and communicate our role as vital …

Protostrongylus Stilesi (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae): Ecological Isolation And Putative Host-Switching Between Dall’S Sheep And Muskoxen In A Contact Zone, Eric P. Hoberg, Susan J. Kutz, John Nagy, Emily Jenkins, Brett Elkin, Marsha Branigan, Dorothy Cooley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The occurrence of Protostrongylus stilesi in a population of introduced muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus wardi, on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Yukon Territory (YT) and Northwest Territories (NT), Canada, is consistent with a contemporary colonization event from Dall’s sheep, Ovis dalli dalli, which indicates that host specificity may be ecologically based and contextual for this parasite. Colonization of muskoxen by P. stilesi may be a predictable event in zones of sympatry with Dall’s sheep; exposure to infection may coincide with occupation of winter ranges of Dall’s sheep by muskoxen during the summer season. Disruption of contemporary ecological isolating barriers can …

Defining The Cultural Milieu For Implementing Faculty Practice In Pakistan, Michele J. Upvall, Zeenatkhanu Kanji, Salma Jaffer, Khurshid Khowaja, Rubina Barolia, Yasmin Amarsi

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Faculty practice can promote a collaborative partnership mutually beneficial to both nursing education and service. However, little is known about its implementation in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential for introducing faculty practice within the cultural milieu of Karachi, Pakistan. Focus groups of nursing faculty, staff and students were conducted in various settings: government, semi government and private institutions to elicit the data. Data analysis revealed that a more comprehensive definition of faculty practice is needed that will provide the foundation for a culturally acceptable model of faculty practice in Pakistan. Hierarchy dominates the …

Relating Net Nitrogen Input In The Mississippi River Basin To Nitrate Flux In The Lower Mississippi River: A Comparison Of Approaches, Gregory F. Mcisaac, Mark B. David, George Z. Gertner, Donald A. Goolsby

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NO_y (inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model …