Digital Commons Network^™

The Potential Role Of Contraception In Reducing Abortion, John Bongaarts, Charles F. Westoff

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Since the 1960s the proportion of couples practicing contraception has risen rapidly, particularly in the developing world, and the mix of methods is now dominated by modern methods. Despite these trends, the incidence of unintended pregnancy remains high mainly because the number of children desired has declined. Worldwide there are almost as many unintended as intended pregnancies each year (not counting miscarriages, which are excluded in this analysis) and more than half of these unintended pregnancies end in abortion. This study examines the potential role of further increases in contraceptive prevalence and effectiveness in reducing abortion rates. The model used …

Unmet Need For Family Planning In Developing Countries And Implications For Population Policy, John B. Casterline, Steven W. Sinding

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Unmet need for family planning has been a core concept in international population discourse for several decades. In this paper we reevaluate its utility. We review the history of unmet need and the development of increasingly refined methods of its empirical measurement. We then turn to the main questions that have been raised about unmet need during the past decade, some of which concern the validity of the concept and others its role in the post-ICPD environment. The discussion draws heavily on empirical research conducted during the 1990s, much of it localized, in-depth studies combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, that …

Socialization To Gender Roles And Marriage Among Egyptian Adolescents, Barbara Mensch, Barbara L. Ibrahim, Susan M. Lee, Omaima El-Gibaly

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

Using nationally representative survey data, this paper explores gender role socialization and attitudes toward marriage among unmarried Egyptian adolescents aged 16-19 years. We examine the daily activities of adolescent boys and girls, views about age at marriage and desirable qualities in a spouse, and various indicators of gender role attitudes including opinions about whether wives should defer to husbands, about sharing household decisionmaking, and about responsibility for domestic tasks. Our findings reflect strong gender differentiation: girls have much less free time than boys, are much less mobile, are much less likely to participate in paid work, and have heavier domestic …

Future Trends In Contraception In The Developing World: Prevalence And Method Mix, John Bongaarts, Elof D.B. Johansson

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

The main objectives of this study are to review existing methodologies for projecting future trends in contraception, evaluate the validity of the assumptions underlying these projections, propose methodological improvements, and assess the prospects for new methods of contraception in the coming decade. The prevalence of contraception in the developing world has increased dramatically over the past several decades from near zero to around 60 percent in 2000. Demand for contraception can be expected to continue to rise rapidly for the next few decades as population size continues to grow and fertility declines further to near the replacement level. As a …

Some Preconditions For Fertility Decline In Bengal: History, Language Identity, And An Openness To Innovations, Alaka Malwade Basu, Sajeda Amin

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This paper argues that looking solely for the immediate causes of reproductive change may fail to take into account not only the impact of policies and programs but the societal decision to adopt these policies and programs to begin with. The paper examines the historical origins and spread of ‘modern’ ideas in Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. It concludes that a colonial history in which education and modernization processes took hold very early among the elite in the larger Bengal region was paradoxically accompanied by a strong allegiance to the Bengali language. This strong sense of …

Adolescent Girls' Livelihoods. Essential Questions, Essential Tools: A Report On A Workshop [Arabic], Carey Meyers

Poverty, Gender, and Youth

This report, co-published by the Population Council and the International Center for Research on Women, describes a workshop convened in Cairo in 1999 to learn more about the nature of both younger and older adolescents' work experience, differentiate the particular needs and potentials of adolescent girls, and identify programs and policies that might have promise for supporting them.

Nebraska Plea-Based Convictions Practice: A Primer And Commentary, Alan G. Gless

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. Appellate Justice and the Precipitation of United States Supreme Court Activity ... A. Federalization of Constitutional Criminal Procedure: Denial of the Right to Counsel and the Fundamental Fairness Approach ... B. Right to Counsel Cases ... C. General Validity of Plea-Based Convictions under United States Supreme Court Cases ... 1. Voluntariness of Pleas ... 2. Paper Trail Requisite to Presumptive Voluntariness of Pleas ... 3. Other Considerations in Plea-Based Convictions ... III. Effect of Pleading Guilty or No Contest in Nebraska ... A. General Rules ... B. Defenses Not Waived by Plea of Guilty and No Contest …

First Amendment Freedoms And The Encryption Export Battle: Deciphering The Importance Of Bernstein V. United States Department Of Justice, 176 F.3d 1132 (9th Cir. 1999), David Mcclure

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction: Where Encryption Meets the First Amendment

II. Encryption and Its Importance Today ... A. Modern Encryption At Work ... B. Encryption Regulations

III. Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice

IV. The Battle and the First Amendment's Effect on It ... A. The Battle Lines ... B. Which Side Should the First Amendment Favor? ... C. Future Implications

V. Conclusion: The Greater Importance of Bernstein

Academic Freedom In K-12 Education, Donald F. Uerling

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. The Concept of Academic Freedom … Endorsing the Concept … Locus of Academic Freedom

III. Constitutional Contours of Academic Freedom Expressed … Authority of School Officials … Role of Teachers … A First Amendment Right … School Authority and Teacher Rights … Forum Analysis … Legitimate Pedagogical Concern … School Policies … Adequate Notice … Vagueness and Overbreadth

IV. Constitutional Contours of Academic Freedom Applied … Inadequate Notice … Protecting the Educational System … Protecting the Teacher … First Amendment Protections Acknowledged, But School Authority Prevails … Forum Analysis … Legitimate Pedagogical Concerns … No First Amendment …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Physics

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

2000-2001 Accounting Faculty Directory, James R. Hasselback

Individual and Corporate Publications

No abstract provided.

Representing Systems Of Exponentials And Projection On Initial Data In The Cauchy Problem, Yu. F. Korobeinik

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

The Cauchy problem for the equation \begin{equation} Mw\equiv \sum_{j=0}^m\sum_{s=0}^{l_j}a_{s,j}\frac{\partial^{s+j}w(z_1,z_2)}{\partial z_1^s\partial z_2^j}=0 \end{equation} \begin{equation} \frac{\partial^nw(z_1,z_2)}{\partial z_2^n}\mid_{z_{2}=0}=\varphi_n(z_1), n=0,1,\ldots , m-1 \end{equation} is investigated under the condition $l_j\leq l_m, j=0,1,\ldots,m-1$. It is shown that the operator of projection of solution of (1) on its initial data (2) in a definite situation has a linear continuous right inverse which can be determined effectively with the help of representing systems of exponentials in the space of initial data.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

No abstract provided.

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Mathematics

No abstract provided.

The Role Of Classification In Knowledge Representation And Discovery, Barbara H. Kwasnik

School of Information Studies - Faculty Scholarship

The link between classification and knowledge is explored. Classification schemes have properties that enable the representation of entities and relationships in structures that reflect knowledge of the domain being classified. The strengths and limitations of four classificatory approaches are described in terms of their ability to reflect, discover, and create new knowledge. These approaches are hierarchies, trees, paradigms, and faceted analysis. Examples are provided of the way in which knowledge and the classification process affect each other.

Cybershopping Levels The Playing Field In Global Retailing, Charles D. Mccullough

Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology

Today's business environment has an ever-changing landscape. The environment is no longer just local, regional, or national. It is a global environment. The most successful businesses will have to be able to meet the needs of its customers before its competitors. Many people do not like huge stores and crowded aisles. Also, the element of customer service seems to be vanishing. This has led to customer dissatisfaction. Customers are increasingly looking for a new format in which they can buy their goods. They have increasingly turned to the Internet. The future of the Internet looks bright. Retailers are making their …

A Manager's Guide To Diagnosing Conflict: The 3-D Approach, Suresh Gopalan, David Summers

Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology

Conflict is a natural part of organizational life (e.g., Caudron, 1998; Guttman, 1999; Jameson, 1999; Lippitt, 1982)). Managers struggle daily to effectively manage or resolve conflict (e.g., Cottringer, 1997; Robbins, 1974). As management educators and consultants we found ourselves constantly responding to requests by students and practicing managers for suggestions on how to more effectively deal with conflict. As a response to the many requests, we have developed the 3-D Approach to conflict management and/or resolution. The 3-D approach is based on a framework that enables mangers and students to systematically:

• diagnose the source, scope and type of conflict
• describe …

The Use Of Collaborative Learning As A Tool For Skill Integration: The Problem Of Group Self-Selection, Mark Linville

Mountain Plains Journal of Business and Technology

This study examines whether instructor intervention in group formation is necessary to achieve diversity. Consistent with prior studies, diverse groups are found to out-perform groups without diversity. Yet, without instructor intervention, groups are unlikely to achieve diversity in terms of ability and ethnic composition.

Vytis, Volume 86, Issue 1 (January 2000), Knights Of Lithuania

Vytis: The Newsletter of the Knights of Lithuania

Newsletter of the Knights of Lithuania national organization (United States); digitized and made available with the permission of the organization. Content may be protected by copyright.

Front Matter, Bird Observer

Bird Observer

No abstract provided.

Back Matter, Bird Observer

Bird Observer

No abstract provided.

Open-And-Shut: Senate Impeachment Deliberations Must Be Public, Marjorie Cohn

UC Law Journal

During President William Clinton's impeachment trial, Chief Justice William Rehnquist denied a request to open the deliberations to the public, relying on Senate tradition and ambiguous rules of procedure. This article examines the current Senate impeachment rules in the context of an historical tradition of Senate secrecy, and argues for rule changes to create a clear rule of openness at all stages of an impeachment trial, including deliberations.

Professor Cohn argues the rules adopted in the 19th century need to be modified to conform to 21st century America. Differences discussed include popularly elected senators, increased accountability of government stemming largely …