Building Interprofessional Competency-Based Education Into Graduate Program Clinical Experiences: A Childhood Apraxia Of Speech And Sensory Processing Disorder Case Study Analysis, Kate Nealon, Zahava L. Friedman

Teaching and Learning in Communication Sciences & Disorders

Abstract

Supporting interprofessional competency-based education requires embedding educational opportunities within coursework and clinical experiences. This education prioritizes student engagement and learning from, with and about other professionals to support collaboration and communication amongst clinicians (CAIE, 2020). While the provision of interprofessional clinical opportunities is recommended, it is challenging to implement effectively in professional and pre-professional settings. Academic settings have the unique ability to provide interprofessional collaborative clinical experiences for students. This pilot study focuses on Speech Language Pathology (SLP) and Occupational Therapy (OT) clinical assessment experiences, specifically in the context of pediatric motor speech and sensory processing disorders. These disorders …

Understanding The Political Profile Of Long Island’S Central American Electorate: A Case Study Of Long Island’S Majority-Latino Towns, Brett J. Patrick

Binghamton University Undergraduate Journal

As Salvadoran and Guatemalan migrants settled en masse across Long Island from the 1980s to the 2010s, seven Latino-majority towns emerged, each with distinct voting patterns that diverge from broader national Latino trends and from one another. This study examines how and why these Central American communities vote by integrating precinct-level election returns with the U.S. Census’ American Community Survey data. Using variables such as income, population density, education, citizenship status, and language, it identifies correlations between demographic conditions and partisan vote share. This approach reveals how socioeconomic factors shape political behavior within Salvadoran-American and Guatemalan-American enclaves in Nassau and …

Pahdf: A Privacy-Aware Hybrid Detection Framework With Class-Aware Weighted Stacking Ensemble (Cawse) For Fake Instagram Account Detection, Sura Jasim Mohammed, Safa Saad Abbas, Suhad Hatem Jihad

Journal of Intelligent Informatics, Networking, and Cybersecurity

The rapid growth of social media platforms has intensified concerns regarding online privacy, data security, and fraudulent activities that driven by fake accounts. This paper proposes a Privacy-Aware Hybrid Detection Framework (PAHDF) to detect Instagram fake account that integrates privacy preservation with high-performance machine learning. Unlike existing approaches that treat privacy and detection as separated objectives, therefore, the proposed framework jointly addresses both objectives by relying exclusively on publicly available, low-sensitivity profile metadata. PAHDF combines a deep learning model for latent feature representation with a Random Forest classifier for behavioural pattern learning through a Class-Aware Weighted Stacking Ensemble (CAWSE), where …

From Detection To Segmentation: Adapting Yolo26 For Surface Crack Delineation, Mohammed Al-Mustafa, Israa H. Ali

Journal of Intelligent Informatics, Networking, and Cybersecurity

Surface crack delineation plays an important role in infrastructure inspection because accurate pixel-level mapping of cracks can support condition assessment, maintenance planning, and automated monitoring of roads and other civil surfaces. However, recent crack segmentation methods often depend on heavy network designs or prompt-based foundation models. It also remains unclear how a lightweight detection-oriented model behaves across different data organizations and unseen images. This study therefore investigates whether YOLO26m-seg, the medium segmentation variant of the recent YOLO26 family, can be adapted into an effective and practical pipeline for surface crack delineation. The proposed workflow has four main steps. First, binary …

Simotang Oral Liquid Alleviates Functional Dyspepsia-Related Motility Dysfunction Through Ca²⁺-Dependent Smooth Muscle Contraction And Nrf2/Nf-Κb Modulation, Guo Mao, Chunxiang He, Jiaqin Liu, Dahua Wu, Puhua Zeng, Ye Mao

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder of gut-brain interaction involving heterogeneous motor, sensory, immune, and oxidative stress-related mechanisms. Simotang oral liquid (SMT), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used for dyspeptic and gastrointestinal motility-related symptoms, has not been evaluated with an integrated clinical, functional, and molecular framework. This single-arm prospective pre-post study assessed gastric emptying by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test, gastric electrical activity by electrogastrography, postprandial tolerance by nutrient drink testing, symptom scores, serum biomarkers, and gastric antral tissue markers in patients with FD. FD-like mice were used for charcoal meal transit, smooth muscle strip tension, calcium channel blockade, and …

Assessment Of The Rutting And Moisture Susceptibility Of Sbs-Sasobit-Modified Asphalt Mixtures, Aqeel Y. Alkhafaji, Hasan H. Joni, Basim H. Al-Humeidawi

Engineering and Technology Journal

High temperatures and heavy traffic loads are major factors causing rutting in asphalt pavements. In the presence of moisture, these conditions significantly contribute to pavement deterioration, leading to moisture-related deformations. The combined impact of high hot-season temperatures and heavy traffic axle loads, especially in Iraq, accelerates rutting and reduces pavement lifespan. This study aims to assess the balanced performance of asphaltic mixtures produced utilizing a selected modified bitumen containing 3.0% styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and 2.0% Sasobit wax. The modified mixture was compared with the unmodified and 3% SBS-modified reference mixtures. All mixes were designed using the Superpave methodology. The indirect tensile …

Local Ramp Metering Strategies: Recommendation For Implementation Ramp Metering In Baghdad, Iraq, Ali S. Saleh, Ali E. Jehad

Engineering and Technology Journal

Ramp metering is one of the most widely used traffic management practices to alleviate congestion on freeways. Although the use of such algorithms has proven effective in developed transportation systems, this adaptation and installation of suitable ramp metering algorithms can still be a problem in developing countries, especially when traffic characteristics, data availability and institutional capacity differ greatly from the developed ones. This paper is a systematic review of local responsive ramp metering strategies covering more than ninety publications from 1991-2026. The review identifies four categories of strategies: threshold-based, feedback-based (such as ALINEA and its variations), optimization-based and AI-based. The …

Antibacterial Activity Of Galangin And Quercetin Against Multidrug Resistant Infections Of Gram Negative Bacteria From Patients Under Acute Myeloid Leukemia Conditions, Iraq, Mustafa Suhel Mustafa, Rana Mujahid Abdullah

Al-Bahir

Galangin and quercetin can be used as a promise route against infections of Gram negative bacteria (GNB) which recorded high incidence in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to their immunocompromised state. This study assessed the antibacterial activity of galangin and quercetin against four species of GNB collected from AML patients by determining of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of these flavonoids. Then, the sub-MICs of both flavonoid agents were applied to evaluate their antibacterial effect on gene expression levels targeting four of porin encoding genes included ompK36 for Klebsiella pneumoniae, ompA for Escherichia coli, oprD2 for Pseudomonas …

Analysis Of The Influence Of Anthropometric Dimensions Of Postural Ergonomics Using Multiple Linear Regression, Gashbeen Faisal Najmaddin, Edrees Muhammed Tahir Harki

Al-Bahir

Ergonomics is the study of designing and arranging a workspace or product to optimize the “fit” between people and their work, ensuring safety, comfort, and efficiency. The scientific literature indicates that ergonomic perspectives on the workplace are connected to the anthropometrics of societies. This study primarily aims to create a model that integrates multiple predictive variables to estimate the target variable. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to identify how different anthropometric dimensions predict postural ergonomics during prolonged sitting. Based on the regression models’ results, the predicted can be calculated using user anthropometry and existing chair dimensions. Furthermore, the primary …

Predicting Student Performance In Introduction To Information Technology Using Regression-Based Learning Analytics And Instructional Intervention Data, Masyitah Abu, Nur Azlina Mohamed Mokmin, Ummu Salmah Mohamad Hussin, Hafirda Akma Musaddad

Al-Bahir

This study examines student performance across three instructional intervention strategies in an Introduction to Information Technology subject at a Malaysian private university in Perak. The dataset was obtained from the university system and involved a seven-week short-semester teaching period. A total of 308 diploma students were included and divided into three existing class groups: traditional lecture-based learning (n = 103), multimedia-assisted learning (n = 100), and blended learning (n = 105). Each group was exposed to a different instructional approach delivered by a different lecturer. Student performance was assessed through quizzes, assignments, midterm examination, and final examination. The study analyzed …

Can Artificial Seagrass Meadows Reduce Pathogenic Bacteria In Coral Reef Ecosystems- A Mesocosm Study, Hewa Pathirannahelage Athri Thathsarani Weerakoon, Jimmy Kuo, Pi-Jen Liu, Kwee Siong Tew

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Seagrass meadows provide essential coastal ecosystem functions by stabilizing sediments, enhancing water quality, and shaping nutrient and microbial dynamics. With global seagrass losses accelerating due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures, artificial seagrass (ASG) has been proposed as a nature-based alternative to mimic these functions. However, its ability to replicate biological interactions, particularly microbial regulation and pathogen suppression, remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a six-week mesocosm experiment comparing natural Thalassia hemprichii and ASG within coral reef-associated habitats in southern Taiwan. Physicochemical parameters, sedimentation rates, nutrient concentrations, and planktonic and benthic bacterial communities were analyzed. Sedimentation rates and nutrient …

Investigation Of Masseter Muscle Thickness In Individuals With And Without Bruxism: An Ultrasonographic Study, Thalib R. Attamimi, Acing H. Mude, Eri H. Jubhari, Ike D. Habar, Yukinori Maruo, Muthia M. Bachtiar, Ian A. Sudarman

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between bruxism and masseter muscle thickness, as measured by ultrasonography, in university students.
Materials and Methods: This analytical observational case-control study included 48 students (mean age, 21.19 ± 0.61 years). Participants were classified into two groups based on a validated questionnaire and clinical examination: 24 with bruxism and 24 without bruxism. Bruxism was assessed using the Winocour questionnaire, while masseter muscle thickness was measured by ultrasonography under both relaxation and contraction conditions. Differences between the groups were analyzed using an independent t-test.
Results: Individuals with bruxism exhibited significantly greater masseter muscle thickness …

Evaluation Of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor In Various Periodontal Conditions With Their Diagnostic Ability, Suzan A. Salman, Lubaba A. Abdulameer, Nadia M. Kadhim, Zainab J. Raheem, Hadeel M. Akram, Raghad F. Abbass

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objectives: To profile the concentration of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in periodontal health, biofilm-induced gingivitis, and periodontitis, and to evaluate its ability to discriminate between these periodontal conditions.
Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study in which GCF samples were collected from three groups: gingivitis, periodontitis, and periodontal health (control). Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were measured as full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters. Gingival crevicular fluid macrophage migration inhibitory factor was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The concentration of (MIF) in the …

Association Of Frenal Attachment Morphology With Orthodontic And Esthetic Outcomes: A Systematic Review, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti, Radhika Thakkar, Vijaya Lakshmi Pavani Molli, Digvijaysinh Parmar, Abhishek Jahagirdar, Subramanya Shetty M

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Background: Although individual studies have investigated the clinical significance of frenal attachments, no recent systematic review has comprehensively synthesized the evidence regarding the association between frenal attachment morphology, orthodontic treatment considerations, and esthetic outcomes. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to address this knowledge gap.
Methods: Electronic database searches were conducted through December 31, 2025, and studies published between January 2014 and December 2025 were eligible for inclusion.Eligible observational and clinical studies reporting orthodontic or esthetic outcomes associated with frenal attachment morphology were included. Study selection, data extraction, and CASP-based quality assessments were performed independently by two reviewers. Twelve studies …

Preview; Johnson V. Spire Home Inspection: A Debate On Judicial Resources Through Manufactured Finality, Madison Blank-Plautz

Montana Law Review Online

No abstract provided.

The Implementation Of Sel-Based Interactive E-Modules To Enhance Mental Health Literacy, Muhammad Arif Budiman Sucipto, Mulyani Mulyani

Jurnal Kajian Bimbingan dan Konseling

The mental health crisis among Generation Alpha students is concerning, marked by stagnating life purpose and digital academic pressure. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of an interactive SEL-based E-Module in enhancing students' mental health literacy, offering an innovative solution responsive to the digital era. Employing a Classroom Action Research design integrated with ADDIE. Thirty-two tenth-grade students with low initial literacy scores (mean pre-test = 42.3) participated through purposive sampling. The two-cycle intervention utilized a digital module featuring Private Mode (encrypted emotional journal) and Emergency Button (direct link to counselors). Data were collected through literacy scales, observations, interviews, and …

Evaluation Of Deep Learning Techniques For Intrusion Detection In Cybersecurity, Doaa El-Shahat, Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelaziz, Waseem Akram, Muhammad Jabir Khan

Sustainable Machine Intelligence Journal

The increasing prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is also leading to a rise in potential cybersecurity risks. Therefore, it has become crucial to develop effective solutions using deep learning to enable us to discover the various vulnerabilities that may arise from continuous technological advancements, and to defend against the different types of attacks that fraudsters might use to exploit system weaknesses, such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, web attacks, and spoofing. Most model failures stem from their reliance solely on detecting spatial patterns and their failure to focus on detecting temporal patterns, resulting in poor performance …

Haf-Bitrans: A Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Bilstm-Transformer Framework For Privacy-Preserving Detection Of Multi-Stage Apt Behaviors In Iot Networks, Tareef S Alkellezli, Nariman A. Khalil

Sustainable Machine Intelligence Journal

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are difficult to detect in heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) environments because malicious behavior can unfold across reconnaissance, scanning, command-and-control, denial-of-service, and exfiltration stages. Centralized intrusion-detection pipelines also create privacy, communication, and latency concerns when traffic originates at distributed edge devices. This study presents HAF-BiTrans, a heterogeneity-aware federated BiLSTM-Transformer framework for privacy-preserving detection of multi-stage APT-like behavior. At each client, a bidirectional long short-term memory encoder captures temporal dependencies, a lightweight Transformer models broader contextual relationships, and a class-balanced focal objective addresses class imbalance. At the server, Heterogeneity-Aware Contribution-Trust Aggregation (HACTA) weights client updates using sample …

Comparative Evaluation Of Robusta Coffee Fruit Skin And Bean Skin Nanoparticle Edible Films: Physicochemical, Antibacterial, Mucoadhesive, And Immunomodulatory Properties, I Dar. Dewanti, I Da. Susilawati, Didin E. Indahyani, Eri H. Jubhari

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science

Objective: This study aimed to compare the physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial activity, mucoadhesive strength, and immunomodulatory properties of edible films containing Robusta coffee fruit skin or bean skin nanoparticles for oral wound therapy.
Materials and Methods: Edible films containing 2% Robusta coffee fruit skin or bean skin nanoparticles were prepared using carbomer, kappa carrageenan, glycerin, stevia, and sodium benzoate. The physicochemical properties of the samples were evaluated by measuring pH, scanning electron microscopy, and organoleptic assessment. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was determined using the colony-forming unit method. Mucoadhesive strength was measured using a texture analyzer, and immunomodulatory activity was …

Spatiotemporal Variations Of Tidal Asymmetry Along The Coast Of Taiwan: Characteristics And Implications, Ting-Chieh Lin, Tai-Wen Hsu, Tzu-Chun Huang, Chun-Yuan Lin

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study presents the first systematic investigation into the spatiotemporal characteristics and evolutionary trends of tidal asymmetry along the coast of Taiwan from 2003 to 2022, employing a moving window method combined with the S_TIDE toolbox.  By quantifying the skewness of the Main Tidal Asymmetry Combinations (MTAC) and their temporal variations, the study reveals significant regional disparities between the eastern and western coasts.  The western coast is primarily dominated by the M2-M4 combination, with the northwestern region exhibiting a flood dominance pattern and the southwestern region characterized by ebb dominance.  Conversely, the eastern coast, attributed to its open topography and …

Evaluating The Readability Of Online Patient Education Materials For Avascular Necrosis, Gabriella B. Smith, Grady H. Hofmann, Anna V. Gussner, Nicole S. Pham, Nneoma O. Duru, Kevin G. Shea

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a progressive pathology affecting pediatric and adult patients. Given the risks of joint collapse and surgery, patients frequently research their condition online. The average reading level in the United States is approximately the eighth-grade level. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend that patient materials be written at or below a sixth-grade level. This study aimed to assess the readability and quality of online AVN resources.

Methods: A Google search using the terms “avascular necrosis” and “osteonecrosis” was conducted, and firstpage results were aggregated. Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, and Flesch Reading Ease tests …

A Mixed Methods Study Of Inpatients’ Experiences, Priorities, And Health-Related Quality Of Life During High- Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy, Cintamani H. Ellsworth, Rebecca S. Bartlett

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Purpose: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an oxygen delivery method with numerous benefits for severely ill patients. There is a paucity of research focused on the perspectives of patients receiving HFNC oxygen therapy. This study aimed to engage with patients to gain a clearer understanding of their experiences, priorities, and health-related quality of life.

Methods: A cross-sectional, mixed methods study was completed with 10 adult inpatients who had received HFNC oxygen therapy during their hospital admission. Semi-structured interviews and the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health Scale were used to identify participant perceptions of their physical and …

Under Pressure And Underrecognized: The Role Of Social Workers And Case Managers In Screening For Social Determinants Of Health In The United States, Melissa L. Habrat, Lindsay D. Nelson, David A. Nelson

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Social determinants of health (SDOH) screening is increasingly embedded in clinical care, yet the work of asking, documenting, and responding to social needs often falls to social workers and nurses or professional case managers who operate under significant time, staffing, and system constraints. We conducted a narrative review to examine how SDOH influence outcomes, identify systemic and emotional barriers to effective screening, and synthesize evidence-informed strategies that support implementation. Across included sources, findings clustered into three domains: challenges in integrating screening (policy and accreditation pressure, staffing and resource constraints, EHR documentation and interoperability limits, closed-loop referral and cross-sector partnership gaps, …

Reliable Performance Analysis Of Polyurea Coatings Used In Offshore Wind Turbines, Yu-Chang Lin, Yen-Fu Liu, I-Ming Pan, Ming-Yuan Lin, Kang-Yu Liao, Hung-Hua Sheu, Hung-Bin Lee

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

This study explores the weather resistance, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of polyurea coatings in marine environments. The relevant analysis results can be used as a reliability assessment of offshore wind turbine structural coatings during their service life under the influence of marine environments. The long-term experiment uses seawater and 70°C thermal aging conditions as coating reliability assessment items. The microstructure of the samples that have been immersed in seawater for a long time and thermally aged is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the surface of the 100 and 125 series polyurea coatings is …

Identifying The Causality And Criticality Of Factors Influencing The Promotion Of Asian Island-Hopping Cruise Tourism In Taiwan, Hsiao-Chuan Liu, Gin-Shuh Liang, Feng-Ming Tsai, Yu-Ling Lien

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the global tourism industry has steadily recovered since 2022. Island-hopping cruises have gained increasing attention for enhancing regional connectivity and diversifying marine travel experiences; however, their development in Asia remains limited compared with that in Europe and the Caribbean due to fragmented policy coordination, inadequate port infrastructure, and uneven technological readiness. Although Taiwan possesses a geographic advantage and can serve as a strategic hub linking Asian island destinations, systematic planning and stakeholder coordination remain insufficient, resulting in unclear mechanisms that drive or constrain island-hopping cruise tourism. Existing studies mainly focus on market demand or passenger behavior, …

A Reflection On Growing Up With Hyperacusis, Jemma-Tiffany Rosewater, Katherine Melton

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

I, the first author, explore here my personal experiences growing up with severe hyperacusis pain, a rare condition that significantly affected my childhood but also gave me a deeper understanding of how medical professionals interact with children. I discuss the many ways my condition was dismissed or misunderstood by doctors, and I examine the broader negative implications that this dismissal had on both my physical health and day-to-day life. This article also emphasizes the power and sway that the words of medical professionals hold compared to the voices of children. I reflect on how outdated yet common misconceptions about hyperacusis, …

Differential Equation Modeling For Sustainable Resource Management: A Steady-State Optimal Harvesting Approach, Iordanka N. Panayotova, Aleksei Talonov

CODEE Journal

Mathematical models based on differential equations provide a powerful framework for connecting real-world data to informed decision-making. In this work, we present a student-accessible project that uses an optimal-control framework to study the sustainable management of biological resources.

Motivated by fisheries management, we examine a predator--prey system in which harvesting decisions must balance ecological and economic considerations. The model is formulated as an optimal control problem that seeks to maximize the total discounted net revenue from harvesting. Rather than solving for the complete time-dependent harvesting trajectory, we restrict the analysis to positive controlled coexistence equilibria and characterize an interior stationary …

Dinamika Spasial Dengue Di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan: Fragmentasi Spasial Tanpa Hotspot Persisten, Nurul Muthiah Salahuddin, Trisari Anggondowati, Syifa Nurhakiki

Jurnal Biostatistik, Kependudukan, dan Informatika Kesehatan

Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) masih menjadi masalah utama kesehatan masyarakat di Sulawesi Selatan, dengan pola penularan yang bervariasi secara spasial maupun temporal. Pada tahun 2024, provinsi ini mencatat insidens DBD sebesar 66,04 per 100.000 penduduk, di mana hanya 12,5% kabupaten/kota yang mencapai target nasional (≤10 per 100.000). Belum diketahui pola spasial yang membentuk klaster yang persisten atau berubah antar waktu, sehingga dilakukan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pola spasiotemporal serta persistensi klaster spasial kejadian DBD di Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan studi ekologi dengan pendekatan repeated cross-sectional menggunakan data surveilans DBD tingkat kabupaten/kota periode 2021–2024 yang mencakup 24 kabupaten/kota. Analisis meliputi …

Technical Analysis And Market Liquidity In Sale-And-Purchase Transactions Of Second-Hand Oil Tankers, Chih-Chung Cheng, Po-Yin Wang, Heng-Chih Chou

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

In addition to using second-hand oil tankers to fulfil immediate shipping needs, shipowners can leverage price fluctuations in the tanker market to make vessel sale-and-purchase (S&P) transactions. Given that the profitability of vessel S&P transactions depends primarily on timing decisions, in this study, technical analysis was applied to identify the optimal transaction timing for 5-, 10-, and 15-year-old second-hand Aframax tankers. In a simulation, an S&P strategy based on technical analysis outperformed a benchmark buy-and-hold strategy, particularly for newer tankers, possibly due to the higher price volatility and lower market efficiency in the markets for these vessels. However, the lack …

Corrosion Testing And Simulation Of Taiwan Offshore Wind Foundations, Yao-Hung Fan, Yen-Fu Liu, I-Ming Pan, Chih-Chung Wen, Hsiu-Chen Yeh, Chien-Ming Lo, Tai-Liang Kuo, Hung-Hua Sheu, Hung-Bin Lee

Journal of Marine Science and Technology–Taiwan

Taiwan is located in the subtropical zone, with high relative humidity and high salinity in the air, and there are marine organisms attached to structures in the sea. This study will analyze the durability of the corrosion structure materials of the underwater foundation of offshore wind turbines based on the local chemical environment and paint materials. The offshore wind turbine underwater infrastructure is placed in the small boat dock area of the National Taiwan Ocean University in Taiwan. Nine kinds of coatings certified by NORSOK M501 were used to prepare specimens, and the metal exposure test was carried out by …