Digital Commons Network^™

Cargo Integration Test Equipment, John C. Romaine

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Cargo Integration Test Equipment (CITE) is a high fidelity electrical and mechanical simulation of the orbiter cargo bay. The CITE provides the capability to test cargo-to- orbiter interface compatibility prior to installing the cargo in the orbiter cargo bay. This paper describes the technical concept and application of the CITE system. The CITE has two facilities in operation at Kennedy Space Center; one in the Operations and Checkout (O&C) building and another in the Vertical Processing Facility (VPF).

Laboratory In Space, Michael I. Yarymovych

Space Congress® Proceedings

The manned space station is growing in prominance as the potential next manned space flight project. The NASA plans and studies in the area of advanced manned earth orbital systems are discussed. The requirements for an Orbital Research Laboratory and its uses in the biomedical, scientific and engineering research areas are highlighted. Potential concepts of orbital laboratories ranging from minimum modifications of the Apollo spacecraft to a large 24-man space station are compared.

The Application Of Microprocessor Technology In Flight Simulation, Robert L. Schwing

Space Congress® Proceedings

At periods of time which historically have occurred at ten-year intervals it has been necessary for training simulator manufacturers to break completely with their past practices and evolve new simulator architectures in order to deal with the increasing capabilities required of the simulator. It has happened that in each of the two noteworthy preceding cases, such a decision to make a basic change in simulator architecture has coincided with the availability of new technology with which to implement the change .

The Effects Of Zero-Gravity Environment On The Crossing Over Mechanism Of Yeast Chromosomes: Recombination In Outer Space, Ava L. Rhodes

Space Congress® Proceedings

By collecting the meiotic products of yeast strains that undergo meiosis in a zero-gravity environment and conducting tetrad analysis tests of the resultant spores, it will be possible to determine some of the effects of zero gravity on recombination of gamete alleles (enhanced mutation).

Space Transportation System Cargo Abort And Recovery Operations, Dwight J. Easterly, L. E. Henshaw

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Space Transportation System era has produced a new operational consideration with unique problems: payload/cargo recovery following an aborted mission. This paper addresses: types of aborts, landing sites, classes of payloads, recovery operations, and cargo impacts.

Space Transportation System planning has concentrated on the Orbiter; however, the emphasis is now being focused on payload/ cargo concerns. Extensive contingency planning has to be accomplished many months prior to launch. Recovery equipment and personnel have to be identified for all situations. Each payload presents different recovery requirements which must be satisfied. Recovery of flight hardware, data, experiments, and the safing and deservicing …

Is Diamagnetic Oxygen Present In Space?, Jennifer L. Keedy

Space Congress® Proceedings

The formation of the oxygen dication, 02 is predicted to occur in significant quantities in the earth's upper atmosphere and in space. This species is diamagnetic and has been detected in various experiments on earth. It is very reactive. Cosmic rays may provide the energy needed to form the dication from the uncharged molecule. The vacuous environment of space could insure a measurable lifetime for the ion. Properties and uses of diamagnetic oxygen are discussed.

Uncertainty, Risk And Investment Decisions, Joel S. Greenberg

Space Congress® Proceedings

Many government-sponsored applied research, development, demonstration and incentive programs are specifically undertaken to develop technology or create an environment that will lead to commercial ventures which will be in the public interest. The current Administration's emphasis on commercialization has brought to the forefront joint endeavor or government/industry cooperative agreements and proposals for divesting operational capabilities to the private sector. The common thread between all these activities is the need for government agencies to plan and evaluate the private sector business ventures that may result. In the case of the joint endeavor agreements and divestiture situations, the evaluation of private sector …

The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System And Its Use In Orbital Operations, Savi S. Sachdev, Brian R. Fuller

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS) has been successfully flight tested during STS-2, 3 and 4 and declared operational. It has been flight qualified for light payloads with extrapolation by simulations for larger payloads. Testing of the RMS will continue with STS-7 and STS-11 and the RMS will see operational usage during the deployment of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) and the Solar Max Mission (SMM) retrieval and repair on STS-13. This paper, includes a description of the RMS and the STS-2 to STS-4 Flight Tests.

The RMS, in addition to handling payloads can perform other orbital operations such …

X-Ray Examination Of Possible Qso Models, Karen Milewski

Space Congress® Proceedings

The purpose of this project is to design an experiment which will be launched aboard the Space Shuttle via a canister provided by the Canaveral Council of Technical Societies installed in the cargo bay.The experiment will collect data from large X-ray sources in the galaxy. The objects to be studied are amoung the 100 brightest X-ray objects known. The data collected will be used in the evaluation of quasar models. Since quasars cannot be observed directly with equipment currently available for space travel objects within the galaxy which show various characteristics of quasars such as neutron stars, pulsars, blazers, and …

Workload Assessment Of A Trajectory Guidance Display, Barbara A. Bernabe

Space Congress® Proceedings

The present study evaluated the utility of a Flight Test Trajectory controller, a special purpose display, in improving pilot performance and reducing workload during difficult test maneuvers. Algorithmic controlled indicators presented focally and in an integrated manner, information about pitch and roll stick control and Mach error. The display thus functioned as a flight guidance system, with the pilot's task being to reduce the error signal.

In two simulated maneuvers, performance, as measured by time to achieve condition and elapsed time on condition, was facilitated by the trajectory controller when compared with performance using conventional instrumentation. In addition, pilot workload, …

The Role, Rationale, And Economics Of A Shuttle Derived Cargo Vehicle, Frank L. Williams, J. R. Tewell

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Space Transportation System is now operational and a new evolution of space activities is emerging. Space is an international frontier and will be pursued by many nations, individually and collectively. Commercial exploitation of space systems is increasing with international breadth.

Launch services, formerly a government provided function, also are encountering an evolution. International competition is keen and plans proliferate for private industry involvement in this vital element of the space flight scenario.

The United States has made good its commitment to develop and bring into operational status a STS to meet its own need as well as to provide …

Space Simulation In The Next 20 Years, Michael J. Knorre

Space Congress® Proceedings

This is a brief overview of logically expected advancements in the area of space simulation over the next twenty years. Current NASA Space Shuttle simulations will be upgraded to support more complex payload and on-orbit tasks. This includes the ability to integrate various remote ground facilities with a real time space mission simulator and an expanded use of efficient part-task simulations. Software compatibilities between simulators will increase and each simulator will have a more combined training and engineering role. Software development processors will be increasingly internetted to an integrated data processing system.

The Shuttle Mission Simulator Computer-Generated Imagery, Thomas H. Henderson

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Shuttle Mission Simulator utilizes four CGI (Computer Generated Image) systems. Orbit simulation includes earth scenes, stars, sun glare, and payloads. Approach and landing visual imagery for eight STS (Space Transportation System) landing sites are simulated. STS Night landing runways and visual aids are described along with their simulation in the SMS. Future SMS visual simulation plans and challenges are discussed for SPACE - THE NEXT TWENTY YEARS.

Area Of Interest Display In Visual Simulation, A. M. Spooner

Space Congress® Proceedings

Visual simulation to provide effective training for airplane flight in a wide field of view, high detail environment presents problems of cost and adequate detail. Research and development to meet these problems is addressing various techniques for concentrating high image detail in an area of interest (AOI) which is set within a larger field of view of comparatively low resolution and detail. This paper reviews the various AOI techniques and suggests possible future benefits to visual simulation for the space program.

Space Nuclear Power And Man's Extraterrestrial Civilization, Joseph A. Angelo, David Buden

Space Congress® Proceedings

Operational flights of the Space Shuttle have initiated an exciting new era of space util,- zation and habitation. In fact, the start of the Third Millennium will be highlighted by the establishment of man's extraterrestrial civilization. There are three technical cornerstones upon which human expansion into space will depend: 1) compact energy systems, especially power and propulsion modules;

2) the ability to process extraterrestrial materials anywhere in heliocentric space; and

3) the development of permanent human habitats in space.

The manned and unmanned space missions of the future will demand first kilowatt, then megawatt, and eventually even gigawatt levels of …

Fuels Of The Future, Albert M. Momenthy

Space Congress® Proceedings

The increasing cost and decreasing supply of petroleum will eventually lead to widespread use of alternative aviation fuels and require the development of new concepts for using available forms of energy. This paper looks at future fuels and energy systems ranging from the more conventional kerosene type synthetics derived from oil shale and coal to speculative uses of solar and fusion power. Possible applications of these alternatives and advances in technology needed for their development are discussed. The aim of the discussion is to stimulate the imagination toward innovative development rather than to serve as a guideline for future events.

Cancer Observation In Zero G, Andrea M. Brylanski

Space Congress® Proceedings

This is a proposal for an experiment observing cancer cell activity when exposed to zero gravity. A step by step outline of the process of the experiment 1s Included. Diagrams of basic construction of the experiment and the equipment Illustrate the process. Explanations of pre-experlments and parallel experiments are discussed. Types of cells, wash solvents, and culture material are given in the discussion.

Cargo Integration, George R. Faenza

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper discusses aspects of cargo integration as applied to the shuttle transportation system and is intended to familiarize the STS user with the applicable, significant features of the integration process. The development of the mixed cargo carrying capability and extended orbit time of the STS has introduced a variety of new aspects to the processing and integration of cargos at the launch and landing site.

STS cargo integration and flight operations dictate that the integration process for each cargo validates compliance with the established requirements. All payloads assigned to fly in the shuttle orbiter as cargo must be designed …

A Comparison Of Manned And Unmanned Orbital Construction And Maintenance, Bruce W. Webbon

Space Congress® Proceedings

Future space missions will require a capability for construction, assembly, maintenance, and repair of objects in orbit. A number of options exist to perform the required tasks. These include manual operations by space-suited astronauts, operations performed by autonomous robot machines, and machine performed operations with "man-in-the-loop" control. Such orbital operations are in many ways similar to those now performed by .commercial and military divers and marine construction companies. This paper will examine these different approaches to perform a given task and present guidelines to select the best approach for several work scenarios.

Spacelab Program Preparations For First Flight And Projected Utilization, James C. Harrington

Space Congress® Proceedings

The initial flight of the European built Spacelab Pressure Module will introduce to the Space Transportation System capability a shirt sleeve laboratory environment that will serve a broad range of Science and Technology users. This paper provides a brief description of the maiden mission and a status report on the preparations for that mission. The planned utilization of the European provided Spacelab hardware, as reflected by the Spacelab Mission Manifest, will be discussed along with plans for developing dedicated discipline laboratories, a mixed cargo Spacelab pallet system and a capability for opportunity payloads and experiments.

Biomedical Requirements For Space Cabin Environment, William B. Dye

Space Congress® Proceedings

In this paper I plan to discuss the physiological needs ol space crews that must be provided for by the life support systems of space craft. I will make no effort to define how the space crew's physiological needs will be met. This is a task for the designers of life support systems, one involving all of the scientific disciplines and a subject far too broad and technical for me, as a physician, to attempt. I can only hope to present the more urgent physiological requirements of space crews for which provision must be made when man travels in space.

Design Of Microgravity Space Environments To Enhance Crew Health, Morale, And Productivity, Larry Bell

Space Congress® Proceedings

This paper discusses habitability issues and design concepts which apply to large and small space stations. Special emphasis is placed upon opportunities and constraints posed by microgravity and upon special problems and needs associated with long-term isolation under confined conditions. Designed concepts are illustrated through photographs of drawings and models. (Many more are presented in the live talk than in this publication). Types of functional areas addressed include crew quarters, food preparation/dining areas, work areas, and exercise/recreation facilities.

Building For The Future, Rocco Petrone

Space Congress® Proceedings

It is an honor and a challenge for me to speak to this distinguished gruup representing the space community and to undertake an extremely ditiicult task - which is to attempt to substitute for Dr. Kurt Debus, Director oi the John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA.

Dr. Debus asked me to extend his sincere regrets. You may know that Mrs. Debus recently underwent major surgery in Nashville. While she is recuperating nicely, Dr. Debus could not speak to you at this time.

Teleoperator Maneuvering System (Tms) Mission Applications And Benefits, David C. Cramblit, James R. Turner

Space Congress® Proceedings

The Teleoperator Maneuvering System (TMS) is a Shuttlelaunched, free-flying, remotely controlled, reusable orbital support vehicle capable of providing a wide range of placement, maneuvering, retrieval, and maintenance/repair "user" services for future satellites and for large space systems being planned for the late 80's and beyond. The TMS will greatly extend the operating range and altitudes provided by the basic Space Transportation System (STS) in low Earth orbit; similar capabilities are also provided at geosynchronous altitudes when the TMS is delivered to that location with the Centaur or alternative upper stages.

Basic TMS capabilities for both long duration and short term …

Kennedy Space Center Polygeneration Facility, Gary P. Gutkowski

Space Congress® Proceedings

This is a report on the status of the polygeneration feasibility study conducted by the Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Polygeneration is an innovative approach to reducing cost per flight for the Shuttle by reducing propell ant and other costs. Cost of LH2 is expected to be adversely affected by sharp increases in natural gas pricing as well as other costs such as electricity and transportation. The polygeneration concept is to produce liquid hydrogen (LH2) for the Shuttle and gaseous nitrogen (GN2), electricity and thermal energy to meet KSC requirements by means of an integrated coal gasification plant. Conclusions of the …

Hydrogen From Renewable Energy: Photovoltaic/Water Electrolysis As An Exemplary Approach, Robert J. Sprafka, Raymond R. Tison, William J. Escher

Space Congress® Proceedings

Potential large-scale production of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from water using photovoltaic solar energy conversion at the NASA Kennedy Space Center is examined in this paper. The example non-optimized, stand-alone facility described produces about 5.76 million pounds of liquid hydrogen per year, and 8 times that much liquid oxygen, which could support about 18 Space Shuttle launches per year.

A 100-MWp flat-plate photovoltaic array, neasuring 1.65 square miles, is required. The full array is made up of 249 modular 400-kWp arrays with several electrical/gas product "grids" considered. Hydrogen and oxygen are produced with either dispersed or central water electrolyzers. …

The Operation Of The Solar Powered Stirling Engine In Space, Jon Ramer

Space Congress® Proceedings

The major requirement for every space system is power. Without portable electrical energy mankind cannot reach into space. Each satellite and space ship launched must have its own internal power supply. The most commonly used energy sources today are small nuclear reactors, panels of photovoltaic cells, and hydrogen/ oxygen electrolysis cells. A system that could combine the best of each of these systems would be extremely useful. Such a system is the solar powered Stirling engine. It has the reliability of a nuclear reactor, an unlimited energy source like photovoltaic cells, and is completely clean like electrolysis cells. Unlike these …

Sts Science And Applications Payloads: An Evolving Perspective, Michael J. Sander

Space Congress® Proceedings

NASA is now in the early operational phase of the Shuttle Program. The STS-5 mission has, for the first time, conducted reimbursable commercial satellite deployments, while STS-6, -7, -8, and -9 continue the process of settling into an "operational mode." With the onset of this phase of Shuttle operations, it is appropriate to reexamine the structure of the NASA R&D STS payload program. Throughout the years from 1975 to 1981, program office attention has been focused on the first few R&D payloads, notably the OSTA-1 payload which contained a collection of Earth resources-oriented experiments, flying on the second Shuttle flight; …

Gsfc Network Operations With Tracking And Data Relay Satellites, Robert Spearing, David E. Perreten

Space Congress® Proceedings

Since the first flights into space, the Goddard Space Flight Center has been providing various levels of support to Users of its data acquisition network. The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) Network (TN) has been developed as part of an evolving network program to continue to meet the increased communications and orbit determination needs of Users with advanced spacecraft in near-earth orbits. The extensive changes to the various network elements are nearing completion of their implementation, integration and test phases in preparation for the series of Tracking Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) launches beginning in early 1983. The final …

Future Scientific Missions For Sts, Carmine E. De Sanctis

Space Congress® Proceedings

As the Space Transportation System (STS) transitions to a fully operational system, the opportunities for flying new astrophysics missions in the late eighties and early nineties have greatly increased. Current NASA studies include the analysis of Space Platforms and Space Stations which could become operational systems in the nineties. The Space Shuttle gives the scientific community the capability to fly new astrophysics missions, obtain valuable scientific data, and provide payloads that can transition to Space Platforms and Space Stations. The purpose of this paper is to describe some scientific payloads that are being studied by NASA at the Marshall Space …