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Articles 5911 - 5940 of 74098
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Stochastic Programming Models And Algorithms To Improve Resiliency In A Biomass Supply Chain, Jay Artil
Stochastic Programming Models And Algorithms To Improve Resiliency In A Biomass Supply Chain, Jay Artil
Theses and Dissertations
Biomass-based CHP (bCHP) can provide reliable electricity in remote and rural areas because it is an on-site generation resource, and it is designed to support continued operations in the event of a disaster. However, the benefits of such facilities can only be realized if a reliable and economical feedstock supply system is designed, given the system not only efficiently transports biomass under normal scenarios (e.g., when depots and transportation links are functioning properly) but also hedges against unexpected infrastructure/transportation link failures due to severe weather events (e.g., hurricanes). To serve this purpose, this study proposes a three-stage stochastic programming model …
The Role Of High-Resolution Dataset On Developing Of Coastal Wind-Driven Waves Model In Low Energy System, Ramin Baghbani
The Role Of High-Resolution Dataset On Developing Of Coastal Wind-Driven Waves Model In Low Energy System, Ramin Baghbani
Theses and Dissertations
The spatial variation of wave climate plays a crucial role in erosion, sediment transport, and the design of management actions in coastal areas. Low energy wave systems occur frequently and over a wide range of geographical areas. There is a lack of studies assessing wave model performance in low-energy environments at a regional scale. Therefore, this research aims to model a low energy wave system using a high-resolution dataset. The specific objectives of this study involves 1) using cluster analysis and extensive field measurements to understand the spatial behavior of ocean waves, 2) develop a physics based model of wind-driven …
Determining The Influence Of Broadcast Visuals And Messages On The Public’S Perceptions And Intent To Shelter In Tornado Warnings, Kristina Marie Balentine
Determining The Influence Of Broadcast Visuals And Messages On The Public’S Perceptions And Intent To Shelter In Tornado Warnings, Kristina Marie Balentine
Theses and Dissertations
Tornado warnings are life-threatening situations, and since the public uses television as the main source for tornado warning information, it is important to know how different visuals and messages are influencing the opinions and intentions of people. This research found that participants were more apt to say they would shelter if they were shown a tornado video than a radar video displaying storm-relative velocity or correlation coefficient, while seeing the tornado brought out a heightened level of anxiety and fear. Participants were most influenced by a call-to-action statement spoken by the meteorologist. Participants expressed negative feelings after being asked to …
Common-Mode Emi Characterization And Mitigation In Networked Power Electronics-Enabled Power Systems, Ashik Amin
Common-Mode Emi Characterization And Mitigation In Networked Power Electronics-Enabled Power Systems, Ashik Amin
Theses and Dissertations
Rapidly-increasing medium-voltage power electronics applications in emerging industry systems, including electrical ships, more electric aircraft, and microgrids, have emphasized the critical need for highly energy-efficient, reliable, and fast switching devices. As a result, Wide-Bandgap (WBG) devices have gained considerable interest over conventional silicon-based switches in recent years. For example, emerging WBG devices have unlocked new dimensions for modern motor drive systems with increased efficiency, switching frequency, and superior power density. Commercially-developed WBG devices such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) offer promising opportunities to meet those pressing requirements. However, the fast switching operation of WBG devices may cause …
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Cardiovascular Health Of Adults With And Without Down Syndrome, Brantley Kyle Ballenger
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Cardiovascular Health Of Adults With And Without Down Syndrome, Brantley Kyle Ballenger
Theses and Dissertations
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Adults with DS have cardiovascular and metabolic alteration, which may lead to an increased number of cardiovascular disease risk factors in this population. Such impairments may affect their ability to exercise and perform moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Moreover, MVPA may affect arterial health differently in adults with DS due to endothelial dysfunction and sympathetic impairment. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate differences in cardiovascular health and physical activity (PA) profiles between adults with and without DS. Specific aims of this dissertation …
Motivations For Habitat Management Of Private Lands In The Southeastern United States: Implications For At-Risk Species, Caleb Michael Blake
Motivations For Habitat Management Of Private Lands In The Southeastern United States: Implications For At-Risk Species, Caleb Michael Blake
Theses and Dissertations
Private lands play a crucial role in protecting at-risk species in the Southeast, and finding ways to increase landowner participation in conservation efforts is essential. I surveyed non-industrial private forest owners in Mississippi to assess how their motivations for land management relates to their willingness to manage for at-risk species. I also assessed if landowners who hunt are more willing to manage for at-risk species. Results showed that landowners are motivated by a sense of stewardship for the land, but there is a lack of awareness about at-risk species. Although the effect size was minimal, there is a significant relationship …
Optimal Multi-Target Navigation In Complex Environments Via Generalized Voronoi Diagram Graph Structures, Brandon Black
Optimal Multi-Target Navigation In Complex Environments Via Generalized Voronoi Diagram Graph Structures, Brandon Black
Theses and Dissertations
With many robots now being developed for indoor settings, an autonomous mobile robot should be capable of reaching multiple targets within a dense, complex environment while maintaining the optimal path taken and avoiding all obstacles. In this thesis, we propose a global path planning algorithm that uses data created from a Generalized Voronoi Diagram (GVD) to traverse complex environments. The global route is made from the skeleton of the diagram that ensures the avoidance of static obstacles. Once this route is determined, dynamic programming is used to determine the optimal route to reach each target location while safely navigating obstacles …
A Study Of Charge Symmetry Violation In Fragmentation Functions Extracted From Semi-Inclusive Electroproduction Of Charged Pions From Protons And Deuterons, Hem Datt Bhatt
Theses and Dissertations
We have measured the flavor dependence of multiplicities for $\\pi^+$ and $\\pi^-$ production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (SIDIS) on proton and deuteron targets. We used a 10.6 GeV electron beam at Jefferson Lab, and 4 msr solid angle spectrometers (HMS for electrons, SHMS for pions), the lepton vertex spanned the kinematic range $0.3 < x < 0.6$, $2 < Q^2 < 5$ GeV$^2$, and $4 < W^2 < 11$ GeV$^2$. The pion fractional momentum range was $0.3 < z < 0.7$ and the small transverse momentum range was $0 < P_t < .25$ GeV. We used the multiplicities to form sum-and-difference ratios, testing the validity of factorization. We extracted two favored and two unfavored $W$ dependent fragmentation functions (FFs) from these multiplicities. Assuming factorization at low $P_t$, we find that the two ``favored" FFs allow for isospin breaking (charge symmetry violation) at low $W$, while converging to a common value at the highest $W$ of this experiment. The two unfavored FFs are consistent with each other within the experimental uncertainties.
The Impact Of A Summer Bridge Program At A Public Land-Grant University In The Southeastern Region On The Retention Of First-Time Black Students, Marcus Isaiah Brumfield
The Impact Of A Summer Bridge Program At A Public Land-Grant University In The Southeastern Region On The Retention Of First-Time Black Students, Marcus Isaiah Brumfield
Theses and Dissertations
Over the past few decades, there has been a push to retain and increase URM student participation in STEM fields. To address this need, there are STEM Summer Bridge programs that specifically target underrepresented minority (URM) students to assist with the transition from high school to college. Summer bridge programs were established as a response to the effort to help with the transition from high school to college for first-time students. There are a number of these programs that specifically target URM students with the goal of increasing the diversity within professions that are related to the STEM areas of …
Jackson, Mississippi Food Security Efforts: Understanding The Current And Future Foodscape, Natalie Rosemary Bowers
Jackson, Mississippi Food Security Efforts: Understanding The Current And Future Foodscape, Natalie Rosemary Bowers
Theses and Dissertations
In Jackson, Mississippi, basic needs like access to food and water are critical issues. This research reveals efforts and actors working to improve food access within Jackson’s foodscape. This study uses interview and mapping methodologies, which unearth the challenges and opportunities for food efforts in Jackson. Current food work is analyzed through a cultural lens – How is the work influenced by the unique conditions and aspects of Jackson? – and a temporal lens – How does time impact access? What are historic changes and future visions for Jackson? These investigations contribute to opportunities for developing sustainable food systems, determining …
The Evaluation Of Italian Ryegrass Control And Rice (Oryza Sativa) Response Using Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides, Taylor D. Burrell Ii
The Evaluation Of Italian Ryegrass Control And Rice (Oryza Sativa) Response Using Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides, Taylor D. Burrell Ii
Theses and Dissertations
Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is one of the most troublesome weeds of rice in Mississippi. Its resistance to multiple modes of action has made it more difficult to control in recent years. The most effective and economical management strategy to control Italian ryegrass is fall-applied residual herbicides; however, the most effective products are not labeled for use in the fall prior to rice seeding. Therefore, research was conducted in Stoneville, MS, to evaluate the effect of fall-applied residual herbicides on rice growth and development. Acetochlor should not be applied in fall targeting Italian ryegrass in fields where rice is scheduled …
Failure Of Polymeric Materials At Ultra-High Strain Rates, Kyle Richard Callahan
Failure Of Polymeric Materials At Ultra-High Strain Rates, Kyle Richard Callahan
Theses and Dissertations
Understanding the failure behavior of polymers subjected to an ultrahigh strain rate (UHSR) impact is crucial for their applications in any protective shielding. But little is known about how polymers respond to UHSR events at the macroscale, or what effect their chemical makeups and morphology contribute. This dissertation aims to answer these questions by characterizing the responses of polymers subjected to UHSRs, investigating how the polymer molecular architecture and morphologies alter the macroscopic response during UHSRs via hypervelocity impact (HVI), linking the behaviors of UHSR events between the macro- and nano-length scales, and determining the consequences of UHSR impacts on …
Identifying Immunogenic Pneumococcal Proteins With Roles In Colonization Of Human Epithelium, Abigail Cassibry
Identifying Immunogenic Pneumococcal Proteins With Roles In Colonization Of Human Epithelium, Abigail Cassibry
Theses and Dissertations
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram positive opportunistic bacterium that is a primary cause of pneumonia in young children and immunocompromised individuals. This microorganism colonizes the nasopharynx of all age groups and health levels and is easily transmitted through respiratory droplets or aerosols. While capsule-based vaccines are available, these are becoming more obsolete as S. pneumoniae strains are undergoing serotype replacement, thus evading detection, and antibiotic resistant strains are increasing in prevalence. This study has taken a different approach by identifying immunogenic proteins that elicit antibodies which block attachment of bacteria to host epithelial cells. Proteins with the most potential …
Stimulus Complexity And Feature Binding In Visual Sensory Memory, Mary F. Catington
Stimulus Complexity And Feature Binding In Visual Sensory Memory, Mary F. Catington
Theses and Dissertations
In all past research, iconic memory shows a significant benefit over visual working memory for storage capacity of visual items. However, this effect has only been studied on simple items such as colors and letters. The goal of this thesis was to determine whether an iconic benefit also exists for visual stimuli with higher visual complexity, such as shapes and faces. Five experiments tested iconic and working memory capacity for complex face stimuli, intermediate-complexity shape stimuli, and simple color stimuli, as well as examining feature binding of objects in iconic memory. Results from these five experiments indicated that increased visual …
Resource Sharing In Secure Distributed Systems, Trisha Chakraborty
Resource Sharing In Secure Distributed Systems, Trisha Chakraborty
Theses and Dissertations
Allocating resources in computer systems is a significant challenge due to constraints on resources, coordinating access to those resources, and tolerating malicious behavior. This dissertation investigates two fundamental problems concerning resource allocation. The first addresses the general challenge of sharing server resources among multiple clients, where an adversary may deny the availability of these resources; this is known as a denial-of-service (DoS) attack. Here, we propose a deterministic algorithm that employs resource burning (RB)—the verifiable expenditure of a network resource—to defend against DoS attacks. Specifically, our solution forces an adversary to incur higher RB costs compared to legitimate clients. Next, …
Economics And Risk Of Catfish Production Strategies, Morgan Christine Cheatham
Economics And Risk Of Catfish Production Strategies, Morgan Christine Cheatham
Theses and Dissertations
US catfish producers, seeking to reduce production costs, adopted technologies and production systems with the potential to increase the catfish pond productivity. Catfish pond intensification was accompanied by increased operating risk due to increased reliance on operating inputs. Split ponds were one adopted production system. The US catfish industry has adopted four split-pond variants differentiated by water circulation mechanism. Variants include the slow-rotating paddlewheel, the modified paddlewheel aerator, the screw pump, and the axial-flow turbine pump. Initial investment ranged from $54,400/4-ha ponds to $71,150/4-ha pond. Mean annual gross fish yield ranged from 12,876 kg/ha to 16,984 kg/ha. Net returns were …
The Effects Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Prostate Cancer, Grier Cosby
The Effects Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Prostate Cancer, Grier Cosby
Theses and Dissertations
This systematic review's goal is to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in helping to manage the nutritional needs of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. A systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines using Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane databases was conducted to review randomized controlled trials and interventional studies up to 2023. The search strategy targeted randomized controlled trials and intervention studies. The selection process involved screening for study characteristics (study design), participant demographics (prostate cancer patients receiving treatment), intervention details (vitamin D assessment methods, dosages), outcome measures (progression, prognosis, quality of life), and risk estimates (hazard ratios, odds …
Software Defined Radio (Sdr) Based Sensing, Ajaya Dahal
Software Defined Radio (Sdr) Based Sensing, Ajaya Dahal
Theses and Dissertations
The history of Software-Defined Radios (SDRs) epitomizes innovation in wireless communication. Initially serving military needs, SDRs swiftly transitioned to civilian applications, revolutionizing communication. This thesis explores SDR applications such as Spectrum Scanning Systems, Contraband Cellphone Detection, and Human Activity Recognition via Wi-Fi signals. SDRs empower Spectrum Scanning Systems to monitor and analyze radio frequencies, optimizing spectrum allocation for seamless wireless communication. In Contraband Cellphone Detection, SDRs identify unauthorized signals in restricted areas, bolstering security efforts by thwarting illicit cellphone usage. Human Activity Recognition utilizes Raspberry Pi 3B+ to track movement patterns via Wi-Fi signals, offering insights across various sectors. Additionally, …
Effect Of Metaphylaxis In High-Risk Stocker Heifers On The Nasopharyngeal Microbiome, Resistome, And Antimicrobial Resistance Of Mannheimia Haemolytica, William Byrn Crosby
Effect Of Metaphylaxis In High-Risk Stocker Heifers On The Nasopharyngeal Microbiome, Resistome, And Antimicrobial Resistance Of Mannheimia Haemolytica, William Byrn Crosby
Theses and Dissertations
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of morbidity in feeder and stocker cattle, resulting in large impacts on economics of stocker and feedlot operations. One of the most effective means of controlling BRD is the mass administration of antimicrobials (AM) at arrival or “metaphylaxis”, potentially leading to increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Mannheimia haemolytica (MH), the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogen in BRD cases in feedlot cattle, has been shown to have integrative-conjugative elements (ICE), which are mobile genetic elements that have the ability to integrate themselves in the host genome. Notably, these ICE have been shown to contain …
Collective Bodies And Individual Experiences: The Case Of Chamber Tomb Four At Nikoleika Aigio, Achaea, Greece, Daniel David Dillon
Collective Bodies And Individual Experiences: The Case Of Chamber Tomb Four At Nikoleika Aigio, Achaea, Greece, Daniel David Dillon
Theses and Dissertations
The end of the Bronze Age was a tumultuous period throughout the Mediterranean, seeing the fall of the major palatial economy in Greece. This project seeks to reconstruct the lived experiences of individuals interred at the Nikoleika cemetery in eastern Achaea, utilizing a variety of methods to analyze biological profiles and pathological conditions. Through the analysis of the 55 burials of Chamber Tomb Four, it was found that low levels of pathology and the presence of locally-produced goods may emphasize the self-sufficient nature of Achaea during the Bronze Age. The osteobiographies of three primary burials also revealed a great deal …
The Impact Of Academic Advising On Persistence In Nontraditional Students Completing A Baccalaureate Degree Online, Kali M. Dunlap
The Impact Of Academic Advising On Persistence In Nontraditional Students Completing A Baccalaureate Degree Online, Kali M. Dunlap
Theses and Dissertations
The increasing enrollment of nontraditional students in online degree programs has underscored the importance of effective academic advising practices. These students, often over the age of 25 and juggling full-time employment and family responsibilities, encounter unique challenges in navigating the asynchronous, online learning environment. Academic advisors play a pivotal role in mitigating these obstacles by fostering trust and delivering comprehensive support systems tailored to the needs of online learners. While previous studies have explored various advising models and approaches in connection with student satisfaction, inadequate attention has been given to assessing the quality of advising specifically tailored to nontraditional, online …
Quantum Task Mapping For Large-Scale Heterogenous Computing Systems, Mackenzie Danyel Ellenberger
Quantum Task Mapping For Large-Scale Heterogenous Computing Systems, Mackenzie Danyel Ellenberger
Theses and Dissertations
Heterogeneous computing (HC) systems are essential parts of modern-day computing architectures such as cloud, cluster, grid, and edge computing. Many algorithms exist within the classical environment for mapping computational tasks to the HC system’s nodes, but this problem is not well explored in the quantum area. In this work, the practicality, accuracy, and computation time of quantum mapping algorithms are compared against eleven classical mapping algorithms. The classical algorithms used for comparison include A-star (A*), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Simulated Annealing (GSA), Opportunistic Load Balancing (OLB), Minimum Completion Time (MCT), Minimum Execution Time (MET), Tabu, Min-min, Max-min, …
Charting The Course Through Complexity: Networked Approaches To Foster Sustainable And Resilient Supply Chains., Safae El Amrani
Charting The Course Through Complexity: Networked Approaches To Foster Sustainable And Resilient Supply Chains., Safae El Amrani
Theses and Dissertations
Amidst a dynamic global landscape, supply chains have transformed into complex, interdependent networks. These ever-growing complexities can catalyze a snowball effect, where minor disruptions ripple through sub-infrastructures, culminating in significant cascading failures. As a result, the imperative to bolster supply chain sustainability and resilience has never been greater. This dissertation explores the intricate dynamics of supply chain sustainability and resilience, introducing innovative methodologies for assessing and enhancing these critical aspects. This dissertation rigorously examines the themes of sustainability and resilience within supply chain networks through distinct yet complementary lenses. Initially, it delves into sustainability by introducing the Supply Chain Performance …
Synthesis And Degradation Of Biobased Polymers From Plant Oils Incorporated With Cellulose Nanocrystals., Katherine Elmore
Synthesis And Degradation Of Biobased Polymers From Plant Oils Incorporated With Cellulose Nanocrystals., Katherine Elmore
Theses and Dissertations
Synthetic plastics are intrinsic to modern human existence. Unfortunately, many challenges exist related to the accumulation of plastic waste, including greenhouse gas emissions, contamination of natural environments, and entrance into the food chain through microplastics. Therefore, new polymers are being developed that both compete with the capabilities and costs of petroleum-based plastics and have assured biodegradability. Through decades of research, plant oils have emerged as one of the leading options for alternative starting materials because of their feasibility for use in polymerization reactions, wide availability, renewability, and cost-effectiveness. In this work, cottonseed oil (CSO) and soybean oil (SBO) are successfully …
Wide-Spaced Furrow Irrigation Effects On Vertisols Under Corn Production In The Mississippi Delta, Thomas Barton Freeland Iii
Wide-Spaced Furrow Irrigation Effects On Vertisols Under Corn Production In The Mississippi Delta, Thomas Barton Freeland Iii
Theses and Dissertations
The majority of soils in the Mississippi Delta are vertisols, which are prone to waterlogging and can negatively affect crop production. Thus, our goal was to investigate whether widening the spacing of irrigated furrows will relieve waterlogging and improve corn productivity. The effects of furrow irrigation spacing on corn grain yield and quality were investigated for three years at a research station and a commercial farm. Widening furrow irrigation spacing up to 8 m never decreased corn grain yield, and higher corn yields were documented in 8 m furrow spacing compared to narrower irrigation spacing. Irrigation water was found to …
Evaluation And Enhancement Of The Phosphorus Index For The Mississippi Delta, Felipe Fernandez Martinez
Evaluation And Enhancement Of The Phosphorus Index For The Mississippi Delta, Felipe Fernandez Martinez
Theses and Dissertations
The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Basin (LMAB) faces significant environmental challenges due to phosphorus (P) runoff from agricultural lands, contributing to eutrophication and aquatic ecosystem degradation. Excess nutrient runoff, particularly P, threatens water quality and contributes to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. The current Mississippi Phosphorus Index (P-Index), a tool for assessing P loss vulnerability from agricultural fields, has shown limitations in its applicability across the diverse conditions of the Mississippi Delta, a sub-region of the LMAB. This research presents a comprehensive revision of the P-Index by employing a suite of analytical techniques and diverse data sources, including geospatial analysis, …
Evaluating The Impact Of Biostimulants At Variable Nitrogen Rates In Mississippi Corn Production Systems, Praveen Gajula
Evaluating The Impact Of Biostimulants At Variable Nitrogen Rates In Mississippi Corn Production Systems, Praveen Gajula
Theses and Dissertations
A field study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at two different locations in Mississippi (MS) implementing a split-plot design. Nitrogen (N) rates as the main plot including 0 (control), 90, 180, 269 kg N ha-1 at Starkville and 224 kg N ha-1 at Stoneville. The subplot was seven treatments, including a no biostimulant (check) and six commercially available microbial biostimulants (Source Corn®, Envita®, iNvigorate®, Blue N®, Micro AZTM, and Bio level phosN®) applied either as foliar at V4-V5 growth stages or in-furrow at planting. Only N rates positively affected grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency at all site years. …
Estimating Surface Reflectivity With Smartphone And Semi-Custom Gnss Receivers On Uas-Based Gnss-R Technology And Surface Brightness Temperature Using Uas-Based L-Band Microwave Radiometer, Md Mehedi Farhad
Theses and Dissertations
Accurate measurement of soil moisture (SM) has a significant impact on agricultural production, hydrological modeling, forestry, horticulture, waste management, and other environmental fields. Particularly in precision agriculture (PA), high spatiotemporal resolution information about surface SM is crucial. However, the use of invasive SM probes and other sensors is expensive and requires extensive manpower. Moreover, these intrusive techniques provide point measurements and are unsuitable for large agricultural fields. As an alternative, this dissertation explores the remote sensing of surface SM by utilizing the surface reflectivity estimated from global navigation satellite systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) data acquired through smartphones and off-the-shelf, cost-effective U-blox …
Evaluation Of Air Fryer Technology Inactivation Of Salmonella Spp. In Brownies Formulated With Almond Flour And All-Purpose Flour, Courtlone Kenshon Glaspie
Evaluation Of Air Fryer Technology Inactivation Of Salmonella Spp. In Brownies Formulated With Almond Flour And All-Purpose Flour, Courtlone Kenshon Glaspie
Theses and Dissertations
Flour has been identified as the source of Salmonella related recalls and outbreaks in past years. Flour is not usually heat treated and can cause issues when eaten raw, such as in the consumption of cookie dough and batters. Alternative flours like almond flour have been used in some bakery products. Alternative cooking techniques like air frying have increased as well due to their ease of use. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of air fryer technology on the inactivation of Salmonella in brownies formulated with all-purpose and almond flour. The aw and pH decreased significantly …
Assessment Of The Results Decay Has On The Perpendicular Grain Properties Of Wood, Joseph Landon Greene
Assessment Of The Results Decay Has On The Perpendicular Grain Properties Of Wood, Joseph Landon Greene
Theses and Dissertations
Wood is used in a variety of structures dealing with construction of exterior and interior applications. It is critically important to periodically assess the condition of in-service wooden members. Catastrophic events, like hurricanes, make it imperative to evaluate wood used in building officials due to a higher moisture content. The objective for this study is to evaluate how effective nondestructive tests are at determining incipient decay in southern yellow pine due to brown-rot fungal attacks. Properties perpendicular to the grain will be assessed to determine the effect decay has on these properties. The variables being measured in this study are …