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High Volume Air Sampling For Viral Aerosols: A Comparative Approach, Casey W. Cooper
High Volume Air Sampling For Viral Aerosols: A Comparative Approach, Casey W. Cooper
Theses and Dissertations
The United States Air Force has high volume biological air sampling equipment available including the XMX/2L-MIL and DFU-1000. Neither system has been evaluated for effectiveness in the collection of viruses. Furthermore, decontamination methods have not been evaluated for these systems after use in sampling for a viral agent. MS2 bacteriophage was used as a surrogate virus. Aerosolized MS2 was released into a 12 m3 exposure chamber. High and moderate airborne concentrations of MS2 were evaluated. Low volume impingers were used for comparative purposes as well. Samples were analyzed using plaque assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). At high viral loads …
The Effect Of Implicit Stereotypes On The Physical Performance In Older Adults, Gabriele R. Moriello
The Effect Of Implicit Stereotypes On The Physical Performance In Older Adults, Gabriele R. Moriello
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore how stereotypes affect physical performance in older adults. A multigroup pretest post test design was utilized to determine whether implicit activation of positive or negative stereotypes has an effect on physical performance. Ninety six community dwelling older adults 65 years of age or older were included in the sample. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: exposure to positive stereotypes of aging, exposure to negative stereotypes of aging, or a control condition. In order to simulate how older adults are exposed to stereotypes in real world settings, participants were primed …
Increase In America's Health, Decrease In Health Costs : Through A Public-Private Health Working Relationship, Kimberly A. Schulte
Increase In America's Health, Decrease In Health Costs : Through A Public-Private Health Working Relationship, Kimberly A. Schulte
Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Relationship Between Green School Design And Student Achievement, Attendance, And Student Behaviors, Deborah Lynn Bruick
Relationship Between Green School Design And Student Achievement, Attendance, And Student Behaviors, Deborah Lynn Bruick
Theses and Dissertations
Literature is replete with the harmful effects of poorly maintained facilities on building occupants. School district officials are charged with constructing schools of quality while also serving as conscientious stewards of public monies, therefore, school leaders need facility research to support decision-making. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact that schools constructed following Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification standards have on student achievement, student attendance, and teacher's perceptions compared to non-LEED schools. The analysis revealed no significant difference for academic achievement or attendance but revealed a statistically significant difference between LEED and non-LEED teachers …
Antibiotic Use By Members Of The American Association Of Endodontics: A National Survey For 2009- A Follow Up From The Report In 1999, Pye Kyu
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in prescribing habits of active members of American Association of Endodontics (AAE) with regards to antibiotics in comparison to the findings reported by Yingling et al. in 1999. The invitations to take the online survey were sent via email to 2593 active members. A response rate of 37.75% was obtained. It was determined to be adequate for analysis and for comparison to the results obtained by Yingling et al. Comparisons between the percentages shown in this survey and the previous survey were tested using a z-test. An ANOVA model was …
Analysis Of Regulatory T Cell Activation Markers In Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Fiv)-Infected And Control Placenta Samples From Early And Late Term Pregnancy, Nikki Nikkia Lockett
Analysis Of Regulatory T Cell Activation Markers In Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (Fiv)-Infected And Control Placenta Samples From Early And Late Term Pregnancy, Nikki Nikkia Lockett
Theses and Dissertations
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is the leading cause of pediatric AIDS; however, mechanisms by which HIV compromises pregnancy are not understood. CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells play a role in pregnancy maintenance. RNA from early and late gestation placentas and fetuses from FIV-infected and control cats were probed for expression of FIV gag and Treg markers CD25, FOXP3, and CTLA4, using real time reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR. High rates of vertical transmission and reproductive failure were detected in early and late pregnancy. In control animals, both FOXP3 and CTLA4 expression decreased with gestational stage, indicating a natural decline in Tregs. Expression of FOXP3 …
Examining The Association Of Fruit And Vegetable Intake And Breast And Prostate Cancer Screening, Mark Yu
Examining The Association Of Fruit And Vegetable Intake And Breast And Prostate Cancer Screening, Mark Yu
Theses and Dissertations
Breast and prostate cancer incidence and mortality have been steadily decreasing. Reasons for these reductions may be related to increased rates of cancer screening and other factors such as improvements in diet, including consumption of fruits and vegetables. We wanted to determine if individuals who get screened for breast and prostate cancer are more or less likely to consume adequate servings of fruit and vegetables. A cross-sectional study using the BRFSS survey was conducted. Individuals included in this study (n=26,222), were asked about their breast or prostate cancer screening history. They were also asked about their servings per day of …
The Role Of Cattle And Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma Maculatum) In The Epidemiology Of Rickettsia Parkeri Infection, Kristine T. Edwards
The Role Of Cattle And Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma Maculatum) In The Epidemiology Of Rickettsia Parkeri Infection, Kristine T. Edwards
Theses and Dissertations
I hypothesized cattle and Gulf Coast ticks (GCT), Amblyomma maculatum, may be involved in epidemiology of Rickettsia parkeri infection. I demonstrated transient rickettsemia by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the 17 kilodalton (kDa) gene in 33% (2/6) of calves experimentally exposed to R. parkeri either by direct inoculation or by placement of R. parkeri-infected GCT on calves’ ears. Calves (4/4) receiving GCT developed lesions at attachment sites consistent with a pathologic condition known as “gotch” ear whether or not GCT were infected with R. parkeri, suggesting the condition is related to GCT attachment and not to rickettsial infection. In calves …
Pathogen Entrance And Development Of Disease During Infection Of The American Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus By The Enterobacterium Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
Pathogen Entrance And Development Of Disease During Infection Of The American Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus By The Enterobacterium Edwardsiella Ictaluri, Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
Theses and Dissertations
Since being first reported in the late 1980ies, the Enterobacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri has rose in prevalence to become one of the two most damaging pathogens affecting the channel catfish industry. Despite this significance of the pathogen, understanding of the development of the disease, especially its route of entry into the host and the earlier stages of the infection, is still incomplete. A series of challenges were conducted using bioluminescent E. ictaluri either by infecting fish through immersion or topical application of the bacteria directly on the intact or abraded epithelium. This showed that abraded fish developed septicemia and died faster …
An Examination Of Crisis Preparedness At Christian-Affiliated Institutions Of Higher Education, Stacy M. Burrell
An Examination Of Crisis Preparedness At Christian-Affiliated Institutions Of Higher Education, Stacy M. Burrell
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine crisis preparedness at Christian-affiliated institutions of higher education. Second, this study examined Christian-affiliated institutions of higher education presidents’ perspective of their institution’s ability to prepare for crises based upon the four critical indicators of organizational crisis preparedness as described by Zdziarski (2001): a) the types of crisis institutions prepare for, b) the phase of crisis prepared for, c) the systems in place to respond to crisis, and d) the stakeholders involved and considered in preparations. Implications from this study provided recommendations for crisis preparedness that are specific to Christian-affiliated colleges and universities. …
Incentives For Poultry Integrators To Contract Bio-Secure Producers And Implication For Government Indemnification Program, Yichen Zhang
Incentives For Poultry Integrators To Contract Bio-Secure Producers And Implication For Government Indemnification Program, Yichen Zhang
Theses and Dissertations
These recent events of H1N1 flu outbreak illustrate the potential ramifications of infectious diseases on modern society and how society responds to these threats. This thesis addresses the specific case of avian influenza in U.S. poultry production. By building an expected utility maximization model for integrators contracting with growers of varying bio-secure levels, one can investigate the relationship between the bio-secure choice of the poultry industry and their production performance. The model is empiricized using the Phoon, Quek, and Huang (PQH) simulation technique to conduct numerical analysis. The model selects the optimal percentage of bio-secure farms for the integrators to …
Inequality And Body Mass In Young Adulthood: Sex And Age Differences In Associated Effects, Jamie Lynn Boydstun
Inequality And Body Mass In Young Adulthood: Sex And Age Differences In Associated Effects, Jamie Lynn Boydstun
Theses and Dissertations
Approximately 63 percent of the U.S. adults are overweight or obese, however all groups are not affected equally. Little research has observed the obese compared to the overweight. This study aims to examine how measures associated with health differentially influence overweight and obesity. Data from the 2007 BRFSS were analyzed using logistic regression to assess variations due to socioeconomic, demographic, and health risk measures on overweight and obesity. Variations were assessed by age groups and sex. Differences across the subgroups were tested. The results showed that associated effects of overweight and obesity for young adults differ little from those of …
The 2009 H1n1 Influenza A “Swine Flu” Virus Presentation In Virginia 2009, Tammie Smith
The 2009 H1n1 Influenza A “Swine Flu” Virus Presentation In Virginia 2009, Tammie Smith
Theses and Dissertations
Objective: 2009 H1N1 influenza was first detected in the Northern Hemisphere in April 2009. National data have suggested that the novel influenza virus disproportionately causes severe illness in children and young adults, a somewhat different presentation from traditional seasonal flu which normally strikes hardest in the very young and older adults. This may or may not be the case in Virginia, which, if it is different, may suggest a need to alter flu prevention messages and vaccine policy as the outbreak continues through the fall 2009-10 influenza season. This report examined the early presentation of the new influenza virus in …
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors And Innate Immunity In Septic Shock, Joseph Bertsche
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors And Innate Immunity In Septic Shock, Joseph Bertsche
Theses and Dissertations
Innate immunity depends on pattern recognition receptors, which recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which detects the gram-negative bacterial toxin, lipopolysaccharide. Engagement of TLR4 by LPS sets off a cascade ending in the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon-β (IFN-β) which alerts the host to the infection. However, these responses can be mal-adaptive, especially in the context of bacterial sepsis, where a "cytokine storm" results in death of the host. Pharmacological modulation of these responses may therefore be a promising treatment modality. Inhibition of classic pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α has been …
Examining The Effects Of Penning On Juvenile Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina), Nicolas Frederick
Examining The Effects Of Penning On Juvenile Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene Carolina Carolina), Nicolas Frederick
Theses and Dissertations
Box turtle (Terrapene carolina) populations have been declining over the last several decades, and one major cause is increasing urbanization. As a result of habitat fragmentation, wildlife managers are frequently turning to new and alternative management strategies. Traditional box turtle management has included relocation, which has been met with limited success. This study aims to combine these strategies with another less-studied one: forcing turtles to overwinter on site by penning them in an outdoor enclosure. Two sets of juvenile box turtles were released at the Virginia Commonwealth University Rice Center: one penned on site in a pen for one year, …
Parameter Estimation For The Lognormal Distribution, Brenda Faith Ginos
Parameter Estimation For The Lognormal Distribution, Brenda Faith Ginos
Theses and Dissertations
The lognormal distribution is useful in modeling continuous random variables which are greater than or equal to zero. Example scenarios in which the lognormal distribution is used include, among many others: in medicine, latent periods of infectious diseases; in environmental science, the distribution of particles, chemicals, and organisms in the environment; in linguistics, the number of letters per word and the number of words per sentence; and in economics, age of marriage, farm size, and income. The lognormal distribution is also useful in modeling data which would be considered normally distributed except for the fact that it may be more …
Bile-Induced Damage In Listeria Monocytogenes, Megan Elisa Merritt
Bile-Induced Damage In Listeria Monocytogenes, Megan Elisa Merritt
Theses and Dissertations
Listeria monocytogenes is an enteric pathogen that can replicate within bile, yet this capability differs between strains. This project analyzed whether the pathogenic potential of the strain affects the ability to resist bile. We tested this hypothesis by examining the effect of bile on the morphology of a virulent strain (EGD-e) and an avirulent strain (HCC23) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Our data showed that exposure to bile greatly impacted the growth of HCC23. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated that bile affects the cell envelope of EGD-e and HCC23 differently. Our results suggest that differences …
The Ecology Of Cactoblastis Cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) In Florida, Kristen Erica Sauby
The Ecology Of Cactoblastis Cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) In Florida, Kristen Erica Sauby
Theses and Dissertations
I used a theoretical model to determine the conditions under which Cactoblastis cactorum populations would be expected to experience positive population growth. Results from simulations suggest that host species richness, host quality, and the C. cactorum death rate interact to determine the probability of C. cactorum positive population growth. I also studied the influence of host diversity empirically. Cactoblastis cactorum prevalence was significantly higher when O. stricta was present in the community. Also, higher species richness within host assemblages led to a higher prevalence of infestation than in single-species host assemblages. Finally, I explored cooccurrence patterns of native cactuseeding insects …
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials For Testing Children In Mongolian, Meghan Elizabeth Caldwell
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials For Testing Children In Mongolian, Meghan Elizabeth Caldwell
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and equate Mongolian monosyllabic and bisyllabic child-appropriate words which can be used in the measurement of word recognition scores and speech-reception threshold (SRT) in children who are native speakers of Mongolian. Based on data collected from a survey of Mongolian child language professionals, a subset of child-appropriate materials was adapted from a set of materials developed for Mongolian adults. Two lists of 50 monosyllabic words and four half-lists of 25 words each were developed for testing the word recognition abilities of Mongolian children. The developed lists and half-lists were …
Frequency Of Tlr-2, 4, 9 And Cd14 Polymorphisms In Aggressive Periodontitis Population In African-Americans, Melanie Chou
Frequency Of Tlr-2, 4, 9 And Cd14 Polymorphisms In Aggressive Periodontitis Population In African-Americans, Melanie Chou
Theses and Dissertations
Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in various pattern recognition receptor (PRR) genes, including Toll like receptors (TLR) -2, -4, -9, and CD14 in chronic (CP), localized (LAP) and generalized aggressive (GAP) periodontitis and periodontally healthy (NP) patients in an African American population. Methods: A total of 205 subjects were involved in the study. The LAP group consists of 25 subjects, the GAP group 50 subjects, the CP group 73 subjects and the NP group 57subjects. Genotyping was performed in TLR2 (G2408A), TLR4 (A896G),TLR9 (T1486C) and CD14 (C260T) genes by …
Synthesis And Evaluation Of Stimulatory Properties Of Glycolipids For Natural Killer T Cells, Xiangtian Long
Synthesis And Evaluation Of Stimulatory Properties Of Glycolipids For Natural Killer T Cells, Xiangtian Long
Theses and Dissertations
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subset of T cells. They regulate a wide range of diseases including infection, tumor growth, and autoimmune diseases, through recognizing glycolipid antigens in the context of CD1d. An understanding of the scope of glycolipid antigens would facilitate use of this cell type in controlling immune responses. Till today, a lysosomal glycolipid, isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), is the only natural glycolipid that has been found to be recognized by both human and mouse NKT cells. To elucidate the molecular basis of this specific recognition, iGb3 variants were designed and prepared: i) replacement of the C26 …
Determinants Of Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Adults In The United States: Nhanes 1999-2006, Conschetta Wright
Determinants Of Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Adults In The United States: Nhanes 1999-2006, Conschetta Wright
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of vaccination and HBV infection status of adults and to evaluate the trend in self reported vaccination and seroprevalence for Hepatitis B for this population. Additionally, this study sought to assess the association between vaccination rates, seroprevalence (HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBs), demographic (age, gender, location of birth, race/ethnicity), and socioeconomic (annual household income, education level, insurance coverage and access to care, marital status) characteristics. Methods: Eight years, 1999-2006, of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were used. NHANES participants aged 20-59 years who contributed data …
What Is The Evidence For Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In Nurses Who Have Been Involved In Taking Care Of Victims From A School Shooting Tragedy?, Crystal Peltier
Theses and Dissertations
To combat consequences of long-term effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by \\'Orking conditions during and after a school shooting event, administration must ensure that their employees are offered adequate treatment. It is important to identify and address areas of work-related stress. Therefore, employees should be aware of the health needs of their staff following a traumatic event in the workplace. The purpose of this project was three fold: I) to explore current literature to discover experiences of nurses receiving victims of a school shooting at a health care facility; 2) to determine what the literature reveals about how …
Interpersonal And Shared Decision Making Models Of Communication Applied To Simulated Requests For Organ Donation, Daniel Baughn
Interpersonal And Shared Decision Making Models Of Communication Applied To Simulated Requests For Organ Donation, Daniel Baughn
Theses and Dissertations
Using an analogue format, the present study evaluated the viability of relationship and interactional concepts that have been applied to the physician-patient interaction to the field of organ donation by examining the donation request process between procurement coordinators and simulated families. Interpersonal processes were assessed using behavioral ratings by independent observers. Procurement coordinators were viewed as being more submissive than dominant and more friendly than hostile. Family members were viewed as being more hostile than friendly, more dominant and hostile than submissive or friendly, disclosing slightly more personal information than medical information, and engaging in slightly more shared decision making …
A Mathematical Model For Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance, Amanda Matthews
A Mathematical Model For Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance, Amanda Matthews
Theses and Dissertations
Despite the array of medical advances of our modern day society, infectious diseases still plague millions of people worldwide. Malaria, in particular, causes substantial suffering and death throughout both developed and developing countries. Aside from the socioeconomic challenges presented by the disease's prevalence in impoverished nations, one of the major difficulties scientists have encountered while attempting to eradicate the disease is the parasite's ability to become resistant to new drugs and methods of treatment. In an effort to better understand the dynamics of malaria, we analyze a mathematical model that accounts for both the treatment aspect as well as the …
The Economic Impact Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Patients With Nosocomial Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia, Suzanne Phillips
The Economic Impact Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Patients With Nosocomial Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia, Suzanne Phillips
Theses and Dissertations
Background: The proportion of nosocomial Staphylococcus infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has increased from 22% in 1995 to 63% in 2004. Blood stream infections, more commonly referred to as bacteremias, represented the majority (75.5%) of hospital-onset MRSA cases. The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia merits investigation. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis within Cerner HealthFacts data warehouse. Eligible patients were those who had Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and were discharged between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2006. Inclusion criteria include age > 18 years old and onset of infection > 48 hours post admission. The crude association was …
The Presence Of Amphibian Ranavirus In Virginia Warm Water Fish Hatchery Ponds, Elizabeth Nelson
The Presence Of Amphibian Ranavirus In Virginia Warm Water Fish Hatchery Ponds, Elizabeth Nelson
Theses and Dissertations
Amphibian declines have been occurring world wide over the past several decades. Infectious disease and environmental changes have been implicated as the causative agents in these declines. Fish stocking from hatcheries provides a unique opportunity for organisms, including infectious diseases, to travel over long distances. Ranavirus was previously found in two ponds at Harrison Lake National Fish Hatchery in Charles City County, Virginia. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine if ranavirus is present in tadpoles from four warm water fish hatcheries in Virginia. A secondary objective of this study was to determine if there are relationships …
Identification Of Binding Partners Of A Novel P. Falciparum Exported Protein, Monica Zapata
Identification Of Binding Partners Of A Novel P. Falciparum Exported Protein, Monica Zapata
Theses and Dissertations
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the most severe form of malaria. This parasite drastically modifies its host cell, the erythrocyte, to create a hospitable environment for its growth and reproduction. In order for these modifications to occur, the parasite secretes proteins into the erythrocyte. While the secretion machinery is still unknown, many secreted proteins have been found to have a hydrophobic signal sequence and a novel host-targeting signal downstream of the hydrophobic sequence. A novel P. falciparum protein has been shown to be secreted from the parasitophorous vacuole, yet it lacks both a hydrophobic signal sequence and a …
Preventive Dental Services For Infants And Subsequent Utilization Of Dental Services, Elizabeth Berry
Preventive Dental Services For Infants And Subsequent Utilization Of Dental Services, Elizabeth Berry
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the use of dental services for young children following a preventive oral health intervention in a pediatric medical clinic. Over a 3 year period (2005-2008), children 0-36 months of age, enrolled in Medicaid, were provided preventive oral health services in a medical setting. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the effect receiving the preventive oral health services in a medical setting with the outcomes of dental utilization. 15% were determined to have dental caries at the intervention and 42% found to have a dental visit post-intervention. Children determined …
Thermal Inactivation Of Bacillus Anthracis Using Laser Irradiation Of Micro-Etched Platforms, Jeffrey B. Bacon
Thermal Inactivation Of Bacillus Anthracis Using Laser Irradiation Of Micro-Etched Platforms, Jeffrey B. Bacon
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this research was to determine the probability of kill for a thermal inactivation strategy for use against biological agents; specifically the resilient endospore of Bacillus anthracis (Ba). The effort focused on short durations (milliseconds to several seconds) and temperatures (300 to 1300 K) simulating the periphery effects after an explosion generated by conventional munitions. For an improved statistical counting, applied microlithography techniques were used to produce micro-etched glass platforms consisting of 532 circular sample wells, evenly spaced. Small carbon black radiators, which provide fast heating/cooling rate and confined temperature distribution, were produced by populating the etched wells …