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Extraction Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid With N-Butyl Alcohol, Joel Howard Kaplan

Theses

A possible step in a proposed industrial method for purifying and concentrating technical grade (44 per cent) lactic acid was investigated. The proposed method is the extraction of lactic acid from the crude grade by n-butyl alcohol, esterification of the extract by n-butyl alcohol and hydrolysis of the resultant purified ester to pure lactic acid. The extraction of lactic acid by n-butyl alcohol from the crude grade was the topic considered in this paper.

The extraction process was carried out at temperatures of 10.2°C, 25.0°C, 40.0°C and 60.00C using both U. S. P. lactic acid (85 per cent) and technical …

Heat Conductivity Of Adhesively Bonded Assemblies, Stanley I. Klosowski

Theses

The thermal conductivity of an epoxy compound commonly used as an adhesive, was measured using asimple apparatus specially designed to simulate adhesion, to minimize heat losses, and to simplify measurement and correction for heat losses. Variation of heat conductivity coefficient with glue line thickness and temperature was investigated. The results do not indicate that there is any consistent correlation between the heat conductiv¬ity coefficient and glue line thickness or between heat conductivity coefficient and temperature. However, the small number of samples measured does not permit any definite conclusions to be drawn. The sample with glue line thickness below 0.025 millimeters …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Acetone, Ethylene Dichloride, Toluene, Donald Warren Krech

Theses

The vapor-liquid equilibria data have been determined for the ternary system acetone (C₃H₆O), ethylene dichloride (C₂H4Cl₂), and toluene (C₇H₈), using a modified Othmer continuous distillation equilibrium still. The data were correlated to theoretical values using the Margules three-suffix ternary equations.

Although equilibria data are available in the literature for the three binary systems, new data were collected for each system to evaluate the validity of the experimental apparatus and techniques. Consistency of the experimental data was demonstrated.

For the acetone-ethylene dichloride binary system, where similar apparatus was …

Preparation Of Aryl Sulfones By Sulfonation In The Presence Of Phosphrous Oxychloride, Donald Frederick Kruse

Theses

The use of phosphorus oxychloride as a dehydrating agent in the sulfonation of aromatic compounds has been investigated, particularly with respect to the formation of aryl sulfones. The sulfonation of several aromatic compounds using reagent grade sulfuric acid and phosphorus oxychloride has produced sulfone yields which exceed yields reported in the literature and obtained by more tedious methods. The presence of alkyl side groups on the benzene ring generally favors high yields of sulfone; whereas the presence of halogens generally reduces the yield. Sulfone formation is shown to be dependent upon the reactant ratios and upon the reaction time and …

An Evaluation Of Oxide Films Of Lead And Tellurium Prepared By Reactive Sputtering, Frank Groom Peters

Theses

Oxide films of lead, tellurium, and their alloys were deposited by reactive sputtering onto substrates and analyzed by X-ray emission spectrography. The sputtering process involved the bombardment of a metallic cathode with positive ions in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The preparation and analysis of these films are described. The unstrained, homogeneous films have good adherence to the substrate and may be prepared to arbitrary thicknesses. Over a range of lead-tellurium oxide compositions these films are transparent and are glassy, rather than crystalline or amorphous solids.

From the analyses of the films by X-ray emission spectrography and known cathode compositions, it …

The Stability And Response Of An Automatically Controlled Liquid Level System, Milton Kalman Rosen

Theses

Stability and response of automatically controlled liquid level systems was investigated theoretically by transient and frequency response analysis and experimentally on a laboratory liquid level system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and were used to describe the response of the experimental system. The effect of measurement time constants on system performance was experimentally investigated. Poor control, but not instability, resulted from an increase in measurement time constant. The behavior of the system at various operating loads was determined experimentally. The system was unstable at the maximum measureable flow rate, but stable at all other loads. Theoretical response curves …

Program Evaluation And Review Technique, Anthony Immaculate Agresta

Theses

The problem of planning, controling and evaluating complex projects both engineering and non-engineering has existed as long as the projects themselves. In the past the approach of management to this problem has been one which was based heavily on the use of historical information. There have been very few attempts to predict and control the occurrence of the objective event of these projects.

This thesis deals with a review of this problem and a new approach to the planning, control, and evaluation of these complex projects. This new approach is the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which was developed …

Urea Adduction Of Oleic Acid, Leroy A. Dahm

Theses

The purpose of this project was to study the separation of the fatty acids and waxes found in cranberry skins by means of the formation of urea adducts. Current literature does not indicate equilibrium and rate data as controlled by mixing energy for the separation. Therefore this rate data was determined for the adduct formation of oleic acid, one of the constituents of cranberry skins.

A saturated aqueous solution of urea was used in the preparation of the urea adduct of oleic acid. Methyl isobutyl ketone and methanol were investigated as solvents for the fatty acids. Methyl isobutyl ketone was …

The Suspension Of Spherical Glass Beads In Water, David Isert, Andrew G. Zourides

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine, for the first time, a correlation between mixing and fluidization in a system of spherical glass beads and water.

Mixing data for the spherical glass bead-water system was obtained experimentally and abstracted from previous studies.⁽¹⁾

Fluidization data for the spherical glass beadwater system was obtained from the literature.⁽²⁾

The terminal velocity and the Reynolds Number at terminalization was calculated for the mixing system from the data obtained in this investigation. The terminal velocity and Reynolds Number, as determined experimentally was obtained from the literature,⁽³⁾ A comparison of the terminal …

Modified Coates-Orr Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Still : The Effect Of Pressure On Binary Azeotropes, John K. Jacob

Theses

In order to test the effect of pressure on binary azeotropes, an all stainless steel Coates-Orr vapor-liquid equilibrium still was constructed and then tested at atmospheric and superatmospheric pressure. To overcome operating difficulties at superatmospheric pressures, it was necessary to modify the original still design by (1) coiling a Nichrome resistance wire around the entire still body and insulating heavily over the coil, (2) substituting a "canned" seal-less pump in place of the original centrifugal pump.

A survey of the literature shows that the difficult-to-operate Jones-type equilibrium stills, from which the Coates-Orr still was developed, approach true phase equilibrium. Therefore, …

Zirconium-Hafnium Equilibria, Edwin Otto Eisen

Theses

Equilibria in the thiocyanate-methyl isobutyl ketone process for the separation of zirconium and hafnium were studied. The effects of average thiocyanate concentration, feed acidity, and feed zirconium concentration on the separation factor of hafnium and the distribution coefficients of zirconium and hafnium were investigated. The hafnium separation factor was significantly dependent on the feed acidity but only slightly affected by the average thiocyanate concentration. No conclusion was reached about the effect of the feed zirconium conoentration on the hafnium separation factor. The polymerization of thiocyanic acid was found to be strongly dependent on the average thiocyanate concentration.

The Electrolytic Refining Of Tellurim, Patsy Patrick Napolitano

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain new and to extend existing information on the method or methods used to produce high purity Tellurium using electrolytic refining methods. All available methods were investigated, in order to substantiate or disprove the available procedures. The main concern of this investigation is the outlined procedure to produce a metallic Tellurium product of 99.9999% purity. Any information which proved to be correct was used in attaining the ultimate goal of this thesis.

A literature search revealed only one good source of information. A United States patent, No. 2,258,963, dated October 14, 1941, issued …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetra-Chloride, Toluene, N-Heptane, Joel Philip Pearlstein

Theses

A study was made of the vapor-liquid equilibria of the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), n-Heptane (C₇H₁₆) and Toluene (C₇H₈). An Othmer still was used for the determination of the equilibria and the liquid and vapor compositions were ascertained by refractive index and density measurements. A comparison between experimental values and theoretical values was made using the Margules 3-suffix ternary equations for the correlation. Although the Margules equations did not correlate the experimental data very well, this is most likely due to the fact that the ternary solution was close …

Processibility Factors Of Polyolefins As Determined On The Brabender Plastograph, James Thomas Ryan

Theses

Some knowledge of the behavior of a plastic during processing is required if the materials best properties for a given application are to be retained. For thermoplastic polymers¹ changes in viscosity, a function of molecular weight, can be measured by various laboratory instruments, generally, under specialised conditions. One laboratory instrument, however, called the Brabender Plastograph will, it is claimed by the C. W. Brabender Company, measure the viscosity behavior of plastics under conditions found in production equipment. The Brabender plastograph measures changes in torque, a function of viscosity, which result from chain scission, shear thinning, temperature effect, density change …

The Evaluation Of A Three Mode Temperature Controller By Pulse Techniques, Sanford Allen Schram

Theses

Work was performed to evaluate a commercial three mode temperature controller by pulse techniques. The extensive calculations were performed on an I. B. M. 1620 general purpose computer. Bode diagrams are presented to graphically show the instrument's dynamic response. The conclusions reached are as follows:

1. Pulse tests provide a quick method of testing the dynamic response of instruments.

2. A computer should be used for the efficient calculation of results from pulse tests.

3. Limitations of pulse tests are not yet defined but it appears that an increase in the energy of the input pulse leads to an increase …

The Corrosion Of Zinc-Stainless Steel Couples In Flowing Sea Water, Henry Shaw

Theses

The effect of sea water flow on passivated stainless steel 304 coupled to high purity zinc was studied for more than 1000 hours at 23°C. The corrosion of both members of the couple increased over that of the metals alone. Zinc suffered severe pitting while the Stainless Steel was not visibly corroded, When the metals were exposed alone, zinc corroded uniformly while the stainless steel was not affected at all. The use of zinc coupled to Stainless Steel is not recommended in systems exposed to sea water.

Jurisdictional Disputes Within The Construction Industry, Dominick Joseph Magarelli

Theses

Work assignment disputes, known as jurisdictional disputes are common in the construction industry. They are not only costly but annoying as well, The construction industry has always been plagued with this type of dispute because each of its many craft unions regards certain types of work as a proprietary right. They jealously guard against any encroachment of their area of activity by other unions. Sometimes lines of demarcation between the various jurisdictions are not clear. Also, the development of new products and methods often brings with it clashes between unions each of whom claim exclusive right to the work assignment. …

The Effect Of Liquid Surface Tension On Wire Mesh Entrainment Separators, Herbert Franklyn Schroeder

Theses

The effect of liquid surface tension on the capacity of a wire mesh entrainment separator was studied. An air-rater system was used and, the surface tension of the water was reduced through the use of surfactants.

Five test series were run, each with a different surface tension of water. The surface tensions examined covered the range of 30 dynes/cm to 70 dynes/cm. For each test run series, the effect of liquid loading was investigated. Liquid loading rates were varied between 55 and 550 lbs/hr/ft².

Entrainment separator capacity was found to vary linearly with liquid surface tension. As surface tension decreased, …

Packed Bed Heat Transfer, Anthony William Sposaro

Theses

The use of various published correlations to determine apparent thermal conductivities was found to give results of differing ma; magnitudes. For this reason when these values were utilized in the theoretical relationships proposed by McAdams:

tw-t2/tw-t1 = 0.692e^-23.14X + 0.1312e^-121.9X + 0.0535e^-299.6X

in which X is defined as

X = (KaL/CpGoD²t)

For packed bed systems the results were found to be inconsistent.

In this investigation a dimensionless equation:

Ka/kg = 0.00105 (DpGo/εpμ)^1.32

has been developed which permits the prediction of apparent thermal conductivities to air flowing through a 1 inch tube picked with glass …

Planters, David Giorgi

Theses

None provided.

Development Of A Chemical Dosimeter Readout System, Everett Oscar Richey

Theses

One of the various methods for measuring doses of ionizing radiation is the halogenated hydrocarbon dosimeter, also called the "chlorinated hydrocarbon," or the "water equivalent" dosimeter. These dosimeters have a range from ten to greater than 10^6 roentgens, and the response is essentially independent of energy, dose-rate, and temperature. This dosimeter consists, basically, of triply distilled water saturated with a halogenated hydrocarbon and an acidimetric indicator dye. Chemical chain reactions induces by radiation liberate acid and the amount of acid formed is directly proportional to the dose.

Synthetic Investigations In Steroids, Harold R. Gollberg

Theses

The term hormone may be define as any substance normally produced and secreted by cells in one part of the body and carried by the blood stream to some other part where it is effective in low concentrations in regulating and co-ordinating the activities of the cells. However, hormones cannot be defined as belonging to any particular class of chemicals. All hormones are organic substances, but some are proteins while others are relatively simpler chemical compounds, such as amino acids and steroids. The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are proteins, while those of the thyroid are amino acids. Others, …

Hypersensitization And Reciprocity Law Failure, Charles West

Theses

Two sets of Super XX cut film strips were hypersensitized under varying conditions of hypersensitizing agent used, concentration of hypersensitizing solution and time of hypersensitizing. The strips were rapidly dried and exposed. One set was exposed with a high film plane illuminance for 5.0 seconds, and the second set was exposed with a low film plane illuminance for 10^4 seconds. The difference in exposure necessary to give a density of 1.50 for the strips of each set was used as a measure of the reciprocity law failure. From the H and D curves of each test a measure of the …

A Preliminary Experiment In The Preparation And Evaluation Of Photographic Prints Of Unusual Tone Reproduction Characteristics, Robert Kane, Irving Magin

Theses

Using three film types, Super Pan Press type-B, Kodak Commercial and Kodak Gravure (improved), and submitting these films to three levels of development and masking, a variety of tone reproduction curves were obtained. Selected prints, representing a variety of reproduction curves, were viewed by observers to determine preferred curve shapes.

Production Sensitometric Testing Of Lithographic Films Correlated With Customer Quality Acceptance, Lawrence Albertson

Theses

Various methods of production sensitometric testing of lithographic films are investigated to establish correlation between a testing parameter and customer acceptance of line copy reproduction in the field. The chosen parameter, "gamma," is compared statistically for acceptable and unacceptable reproduction based on field appraisals. Results indicate that no correlation exists between the chosen testing parameter and field acceptance. Information is also obtained concerning the development and exposure conditions which yield acceptable line copy reproduction in the field.

Modification Of The Morse Aerial Film Processor To Reduce Processing Variability, And A Method Of Estimating Mean Gamma Of The Processed Film, Robin Lambert

Theses

The operation of a Morse Aerial Film Processor was investigated with the object of improving processing, so that statistically significant variability of the gamma of the film would be reduced. The possibility of estimating the mean gamma of the whole film with the aid of sensitometric exposures at the end of the film was examined. By changing the attitude of the Processor and discarding some footage at the ends of the film, variability of gamma across the width and length of the film was reduced to insignificance. The reduction in variability made it possible to estimate the mean gamma of …

Power Consumption In Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks, John J. Schlager

Theses

The general correlation of Power Number vs. Reynolds Number for flat six blade turbines in a horizontal cylindrical tank without baffles has been determined. The correlation has been found to apply to this system and corresponds to the 4 - 10% baffle region in the vertical cylindrical tank as determined by Rushton, et. al. ⁽¹⁾

An important variable to be considered is the length of tank to impeller diameter ratio which was found to seriously affect the power consumption.

A power fall off was observed at high Reynolds Numbers and coincided with visual vortexing. This power fall off was found …

The Treatment Of The Arthurian Material In Tennyson's Idylls, Margaret Bishop

Theses

This thesis examines instances of Arthurian themes in the works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, specifically the Idylls of the King. It includes a historical sketch of the Arthurian epic, along with concentrations on specific aspects of Arthurian lore, such as the coming of Arthur, Lancelot and Elaine, the quest for the Holy Grail, and Arthur's death.

The Junior High School, Billy Joe Barnett

Theses

The appearance and growth of the junior high school in theUnited States reflects one of the most significant aspects of this country's attempt to provide the best possible educational program.for its teenagers, Not only has the junior high school proved of high value, but its influence upon school systems in which the junior high school organization is not found has been wide and marked. Among communities in which the eight-four plan of school organization prevails, many earmarks of junior high school are commonly found.

The junior high school, which emerged from the reorganizational movement of the late nineteenth century and …

Dye Sensitization Of A Photothermographic Emulsion, William Groves, Ronald Wichelman

Theses

The objective of this paper is to sensitometrically evaluate the effect of five sensitizing dyes (Acridine Orange, Pyronin E, Thionin, Erythrosin B, and Pinacyanol) on a photothermographic emulsion containing a 43-7-50 mole % ratio of mercurous oxalate, mercurous iodide, and silver iodide. The choice of dyes was based on their ability to sensitize into the longer wavelength region of the visible spectrum. Three concentrations of dye were used - 50, 100, & 200 micromoles per liter of emulsion. The sensitometric evaluation was based on the exposure of a neutral step wedge to tungsten light. The parameters investigated are those of …