Digital Commons Network^™

A Study Of A Continuous Photochemical Reactor, John Calvin Roe

Theses

The purpose of the investigation was to construct a continuous photochemical reactor, to reinvestigate certain portions of the work of Gaertner and Kent (7) and to extend the work to include some of the more common photochemical reactions.

A reactor of annular design with an elliptical light reflector, similar to that of Gaertner and Kent, was designed and constructed. The sources of radient energy were a cold General Electric T-6 Germicidal Lamp and a hot General Electric UA-9 Lamp.

The photochemical decomposition of oxalic acid sensitized by the uranyl ion was utilized as an actinometer. Fifty continuous runs were accomplished …

Extraction Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid With N-Butyl Alcohol, Joel Howard Kaplan

Theses

A possible step in a proposed industrial method for purifying and concentrating technical grade (44 per cent) lactic acid was investigated. The proposed method is the extraction of lactic acid from the crude grade by n-butyl alcohol, esterification of the extract by n-butyl alcohol and hydrolysis of the resultant purified ester to pure lactic acid. The extraction of lactic acid by n-butyl alcohol from the crude grade was the topic considered in this paper.

The extraction process was carried out at temperatures of 10.2°C, 25.0°C, 40.0°C and 60.00C using both U. S. P. lactic acid (85 per cent) and technical …

An Evaluation Of Oxide Films Of Lead And Tellurium Prepared By Reactive Sputtering, Frank Groom Peters

Theses

Oxide films of lead, tellurium, and their alloys were deposited by reactive sputtering onto substrates and analyzed by X-ray emission spectrography. The sputtering process involved the bombardment of a metallic cathode with positive ions in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The preparation and analysis of these films are described. The unstrained, homogeneous films have good adherence to the substrate and may be prepared to arbitrary thicknesses. Over a range of lead-tellurium oxide compositions these films are transparent and are glassy, rather than crystalline or amorphous solids.

From the analyses of the films by X-ray emission spectrography and known cathode compositions, it …

The Suspension Of Spherical Glass Beads In Water, David Isert, Andrew G. Zourides

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine, for the first time, a correlation between mixing and fluidization in a system of spherical glass beads and water.

Mixing data for the spherical glass bead-water system was obtained experimentally and abstracted from previous studies.⁽¹⁾

Fluidization data for the spherical glass beadwater system was obtained from the literature.⁽²⁾

The terminal velocity and the Reynolds Number at terminalization was calculated for the mixing system from the data obtained in this investigation. The terminal velocity and Reynolds Number, as determined experimentally was obtained from the literature,⁽³⁾ A comparison of the terminal …

Viscosity-Vapor Pressure Correlation Of Alcohols, Methyl Ketones And Alkyl Halides, Kevin Frank

Theses

A linear relationship was found to exist between the logarithms of viscosity and vapor pressure measured at the same temperature for certain homologous series. Previous work by Di Geronimo, healing, and McGuire substantiated this correlation for n-paraflin hydrocarbons, n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, n-alkyl cyclohexanes, n-alkyl benzenes and n-l-monoolefins. The relationship takes the form

logη= A log vp + B

where A and B are constants characteristic of the homologous series.

The adaptation of this linear relationship to alcohols methyl ketones, and alkyl halides in the present work indicates a wide applicability of the correlation. the values of the series …

Modified Coates-Orr Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Still : The Effect Of Pressure On Binary Azeotropes, John K. Jacob

Theses

In order to test the effect of pressure on binary azeotropes, an all stainless steel Coates-Orr vapor-liquid equilibrium still was constructed and then tested at atmospheric and superatmospheric pressure. To overcome operating difficulties at superatmospheric pressures, it was necessary to modify the original still design by (1) coiling a Nichrome resistance wire around the entire still body and insulating heavily over the coil, (2) substituting a "canned" seal-less pump in place of the original centrifugal pump.

A survey of the literature shows that the difficult-to-operate Jones-type equilibrium stills, from which the Coates-Orr still was developed, approach true phase equilibrium. Therefore, …

Heat Conductivity Of Adhesively Bonded Assemblies, Stanley I. Klosowski

Theses

The thermal conductivity of an epoxy compound commonly used as an adhesive, was measured using asimple apparatus specially designed to simulate adhesion, to minimize heat losses, and to simplify measurement and correction for heat losses. Variation of heat conductivity coefficient with glue line thickness and temperature was investigated. The results do not indicate that there is any consistent correlation between the heat conductiv¬ity coefficient and glue line thickness or between heat conductivity coefficient and temperature. However, the small number of samples measured does not permit any definite conclusions to be drawn. The sample with glue line thickness below 0.025 millimeters …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Acetone, Ethylene Dichloride, Toluene, Donald Warren Krech

Theses

The vapor-liquid equilibria data have been determined for the ternary system acetone (C₃H₆O), ethylene dichloride (C₂H4Cl₂), and toluene (C₇H₈), using a modified Othmer continuous distillation equilibrium still. The data were correlated to theoretical values using the Margules three-suffix ternary equations.

Although equilibria data are available in the literature for the three binary systems, new data were collected for each system to evaluate the validity of the experimental apparatus and techniques. Consistency of the experimental data was demonstrated.

For the acetone-ethylene dichloride binary system, where similar apparatus was …

Zirconium-Hafnium Equilibria, Edwin Otto Eisen

Theses

Equilibria in the thiocyanate-methyl isobutyl ketone process for the separation of zirconium and hafnium were studied. The effects of average thiocyanate concentration, feed acidity, and feed zirconium concentration on the separation factor of hafnium and the distribution coefficients of zirconium and hafnium were investigated. The hafnium separation factor was significantly dependent on the feed acidity but only slightly affected by the average thiocyanate concentration. No conclusion was reached about the effect of the feed zirconium conoentration on the hafnium separation factor. The polymerization of thiocyanic acid was found to be strongly dependent on the average thiocyanate concentration.

The Electrolytic Refining Of Tellurim, Patsy Patrick Napolitano

Theses

The purpose of this investigation was to obtain new and to extend existing information on the method or methods used to produce high purity Tellurium using electrolytic refining methods. All available methods were investigated, in order to substantiate or disprove the available procedures. The main concern of this investigation is the outlined procedure to produce a metallic Tellurium product of 99.9999% purity. Any information which proved to be correct was used in attaining the ultimate goal of this thesis.

A literature search revealed only one good source of information. A United States patent, No. 2,258,963, dated October 14, 1941, issued …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetra-Chloride, Toluene, N-Heptane, Joel Philip Pearlstein

Theses

A study was made of the vapor-liquid equilibria of the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), n-Heptane (C₇H₁₆) and Toluene (C₇H₈). An Othmer still was used for the determination of the equilibria and the liquid and vapor compositions were ascertained by refractive index and density measurements. A comparison between experimental values and theoretical values was made using the Margules 3-suffix ternary equations for the correlation. Although the Margules equations did not correlate the experimental data very well, this is most likely due to the fact that the ternary solution was close …

Program Evaluation And Review Technique, Anthony Immaculate Agresta

Theses

The problem of planning, controling and evaluating complex projects both engineering and non-engineering has existed as long as the projects themselves. In the past the approach of management to this problem has been one which was based heavily on the use of historical information. There have been very few attempts to predict and control the occurrence of the objective event of these projects.

This thesis deals with a review of this problem and a new approach to the planning, control, and evaluation of these complex projects. This new approach is the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) which was developed …

Urea Adduction Of Oleic Acid, Leroy A. Dahm

Theses

The purpose of this project was to study the separation of the fatty acids and waxes found in cranberry skins by means of the formation of urea adducts. Current literature does not indicate equilibrium and rate data as controlled by mixing energy for the separation. Therefore this rate data was determined for the adduct formation of oleic acid, one of the constituents of cranberry skins.

A saturated aqueous solution of urea was used in the preparation of the urea adduct of oleic acid. Methyl isobutyl ketone and methanol were investigated as solvents for the fatty acids. Methyl isobutyl ketone was …

The Corrosion Of Zinc-Stainless Steel Couples In Flowing Sea Water, Henry Shaw

Theses

The effect of sea water flow on passivated stainless steel 304 coupled to high purity zinc was studied for more than 1000 hours at 23°C. The corrosion of both members of the couple increased over that of the metals alone. Zinc suffered severe pitting while the Stainless Steel was not visibly corroded, When the metals were exposed alone, zinc corroded uniformly while the stainless steel was not affected at all. The use of zinc coupled to Stainless Steel is not recommended in systems exposed to sea water.

Jurisdictional Disputes Within The Construction Industry, Dominick Joseph Magarelli

Theses

Work assignment disputes, known as jurisdictional disputes are common in the construction industry. They are not only costly but annoying as well, The construction industry has always been plagued with this type of dispute because each of its many craft unions regards certain types of work as a proprietary right. They jealously guard against any encroachment of their area of activity by other unions. Sometimes lines of demarcation between the various jurisdictions are not clear. Also, the development of new products and methods often brings with it clashes between unions each of whom claim exclusive right to the work assignment. …

Packed Bed Heat Transfer, Anthony William Sposaro

Theses

The use of various published correlations to determine apparent thermal conductivities was found to give results of differing ma; magnitudes. For this reason when these values were utilized in the theoretical relationships proposed by McAdams:

tw-t2/tw-t1 = 0.692e^-23.14X + 0.1312e^-121.9X + 0.0535e^-299.6X

in which X is defined as

X = (KaL/CpGoD²t)

For packed bed systems the results were found to be inconsistent.

In this investigation a dimensionless equation:

Ka/kg = 0.00105 (DpGo/εpμ)^1.32

has been developed which permits the prediction of apparent thermal conductivities to air flowing through a 1 inch tube picked with glass …

Planters, David Giorgi

Theses

None provided.

Development Of A Chemical Dosimeter Readout System, Everett Oscar Richey

Theses

One of the various methods for measuring doses of ionizing radiation is the halogenated hydrocarbon dosimeter, also called the "chlorinated hydrocarbon," or the "water equivalent" dosimeter. These dosimeters have a range from ten to greater than 10^6 roentgens, and the response is essentially independent of energy, dose-rate, and temperature. This dosimeter consists, basically, of triply distilled water saturated with a halogenated hydrocarbon and an acidimetric indicator dye. Chemical chain reactions induces by radiation liberate acid and the amount of acid formed is directly proportional to the dose.

Hypersensitization And Reciprocity Law Failure, Charles West

Theses

Two sets of Super XX cut film strips were hypersensitized under varying conditions of hypersensitizing agent used, concentration of hypersensitizing solution and time of hypersensitizing. The strips were rapidly dried and exposed. One set was exposed with a high film plane illuminance for 5.0 seconds, and the second set was exposed with a low film plane illuminance for 10^4 seconds. The difference in exposure necessary to give a density of 1.50 for the strips of each set was used as a measure of the reciprocity law failure. From the H and D curves of each test a measure of the …

Production Sensitometric Testing Of Lithographic Films Correlated With Customer Quality Acceptance, Lawrence Albertson

Theses

Various methods of production sensitometric testing of lithographic films are investigated to establish correlation between a testing parameter and customer acceptance of line copy reproduction in the field. The chosen parameter, "gamma," is compared statistically for acceptable and unacceptable reproduction based on field appraisals. Results indicate that no correlation exists between the chosen testing parameter and field acceptance. Information is also obtained concerning the development and exposure conditions which yield acceptable line copy reproduction in the field.

A Preliminary Experiment In The Preparation And Evaluation Of Photographic Prints Of Unusual Tone Reproduction Characteristics, Robert Kane, Irving Magin

Theses

Using three film types, Super Pan Press type-B, Kodak Commercial and Kodak Gravure (improved), and submitting these films to three levels of development and masking, a variety of tone reproduction curves were obtained. Selected prints, representing a variety of reproduction curves, were viewed by observers to determine preferred curve shapes.

Modification Of The Morse Aerial Film Processor To Reduce Processing Variability, And A Method Of Estimating Mean Gamma Of The Processed Film, Robin Lambert

Theses

The operation of a Morse Aerial Film Processor was investigated with the object of improving processing, so that statistically significant variability of the gamma of the film would be reduced. The possibility of estimating the mean gamma of the whole film with the aid of sensitometric exposures at the end of the film was examined. By changing the attitude of the Processor and discarding some footage at the ends of the film, variability of gamma across the width and length of the film was reduced to insignificance. The reduction in variability made it possible to estimate the mean gamma of …

Power Consumption In Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks, John J. Schlager

Theses

The general correlation of Power Number vs. Reynolds Number for flat six blade turbines in a horizontal cylindrical tank without baffles has been determined. The correlation has been found to apply to this system and corresponds to the 4 - 10% baffle region in the vertical cylindrical tank as determined by Rushton, et. al. ⁽¹⁾

An important variable to be considered is the length of tank to impeller diameter ratio which was found to seriously affect the power consumption.

A power fall off was observed at high Reynolds Numbers and coincided with visual vortexing. This power fall off was found …

Dye Sensitization Of A Photothermographic Emulsion, William Groves, Ronald Wichelman

Theses

The objective of this paper is to sensitometrically evaluate the effect of five sensitizing dyes (Acridine Orange, Pyronin E, Thionin, Erythrosin B, and Pinacyanol) on a photothermographic emulsion containing a 43-7-50 mole % ratio of mercurous oxalate, mercurous iodide, and silver iodide. The choice of dyes was based on their ability to sensitize into the longer wavelength region of the visible spectrum. Three concentrations of dye were used - 50, 100, & 200 micromoles per liter of emulsion. The sensitometric evaluation was based on the exposure of a neutral step wedge to tungsten light. The parameters investigated are those of …

Investigation Of Surficants On Gamma And Speed, Patrick De Marco

Theses

The effects of Photoflo and Tween-20, two surficants were investigated on three different films. Gamma and speed were the criteria investigated. Photoflo was found to have generally little or no effect on the criteria investigated. Tween-20 was found to be effective in increasing the gamma and speed of the films tested. The relationship of gamma and speed change versus concentration level did not follow any recognizeable pattern.

Fixation And Washing Techniques For Increasing Image Stability In Photographic Papers, Ray Eynard

Theses

Not provided.

Dimensional Stability And Acutance : An Investigation Into The Dimensional Properties Of Various Aerial Films And A Study Of Their Acutance, Basilio J. Battaglia

Theses

An experiment was run to determine if differences in drying temperature humidity conditions have any effect on the dimensional characteristics of five quite different aerial films used for various military applications. Acutance measurements were made from microdensitometer traces of each film-temperature and the data was statistically analysed.

Each sample was exposed through a precision stainless steel template to a density of about 1.0. Using an optical comparitor, the difference in size between the film and the template was measured to 10^-4 inch. As the image is circular, the size in any direction can be found by mere rotation on …

Contrast Threshold For A Spot On A Photographic Print, Myron A. Berkovitz

Theses

A psychophysical investigation was carried out to determine the contrast threshold (represented by a density difference) for a spot on a photographic print with a uniform background density. Problems associated with determining a single value which is represenative of the existing density difference between the spot and surround, resulted from the inherent density variation of photographic print material. A series of eighty density difference measurements of the spot and immediatly adjacent surround are presented for prints which had 0, 50, and 100% frequencies of spot detection. A discussion concerning how the eye may be responding in this type of a …

Electrolytic Amalgam Reduction Of Cinnamic Acid, Alan Ira Mytelka

Theses

The use of sodium amalgam and potassium amalgam to reduce cinnamic acid to hydrocinnamic acid was accomplished in two concentrically constructed cylindrical cells.

In the outer cell, liquid amalgam was prepared electrolytically using a mercury cathode. The amalgam was moved by a rocking motion into the inner cell where the cinnamic acid dissolved in ethanol was reduced to hydrocinnamic acid. The actual percent conversion as measured by iodine numbers varied from 6.0% to 567, the percentage depending upon the number of coulombs passed into the electrolytic cell, the amalgam used, and whether or not stirring in the inner reduction cell …

Physical And Electrical Properties Of The Manganin-Type Alloys, Wallace William Macintosh

Theses

This thesis is a report on the physical and electrical properties of the manganin-type alloys as compiled from the published literature on the subject. The peculiarities of these alloys, as related to mechanical history, heat treatment, and composition, are discussed. Empirical formulae, by which the temperature coefficient of resistance, the temperature of maximum resistance, the temperature-resistance equation, and the thermoelectric emf of these alloys against copper may be calculated, are shown.

A comparison of the effect of elongation on the specific resistivity of several sizes of manganin wire is made on the basis of experimental results. The effect of impurities …