Digital Commons Network^™

Kinetics Of Hydrolysis Of Butyl Lactate, Peter Pommers

Theses

The acid catalyzed hydrolysis of butyl lactate with water, using lactic acid to achieve a homogeneous solution, was studied.

Experiments at various temperatures were run under catalyzed and uncatalyzed conditions. The course of the hydrolysis was followed by titrating the acidity of the reaction mass at certain time intervals. From the results of these titrations and from the experimental determinations of the equilibrium constant, the reaction velocity constants for the hydrolysis of butyl lactate were calculated. The velocity constants were found to range from .8 x 10^-5 to 25 x 10^-5 liters/ (g-mole)(min), depending upon the reaction temperature …

Current-Potential Effects Of Trace Impurities In Manganese Electrowinning-Ii, Bipinchandra Govindlal Shah

Theses

The effects of trace non-metallic impurities, found in manganese electrowinning solutions, on cathode current-potential curves have been investigated. Five impurities, e.g., Sulfur-dioxide, Ammonium Sulphide, Urea, Thiourea, and Gelatine were studied.

In the first phase of the study the effect of individual impurity on the standard polarization curve was determined for a range of concentration. It was observed that these impurities did not affect the standard polarization curve.

In the second phase the above observation was confirmed by using cobalt as metallic impurity in addition to the non-metallic impurity. A marked effect on the standard polarization curve was observed due to …

Fugacity And Activity Coefficients For The N-Butane-Nitrogen System, Richard E. Walter

Theses

Fugacity and activity coefficients were calculated for the nitrogen-n-butane system at 310°, 340°, 370°, and 400°F. in 100 atmosphere pressure intervals from 100 to 700 atmospheres for the pure components and mixtures of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 mol% n-butane. Calculations were based on a method proposed by Van Ness. This calculation procedure combines an analytical solution utilizing the Redlich and Kwong equation of state with a graphically obtained correction factor.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Chloroform, Carbon Tetrachloride, Isopropanol, Barnet H. Bursack

Theses

A study was made of the vapor-liquid equilibria of the ternary system: Chloroform (CHCl₃), Carbon Tetra-chloride (CCl₄) and Isopropanol (C₃H₈O). An Othmer still was used for the equilibria determination. Refractive index and density measurements were used to determine liquid and vapor compositions. A comparison between experimental and theoretical values was made using the Margules 3-suffix ternary equations for the correlation.

It was necessary to investigate the vapor-liquid equilibria of each of the three binary systems to evaluate the techniques and equipment used and obtain new data. Only one previous investigation of the …

The Kinetics Of A Heterogeneous System, Francisco H. Fernandez-Ortega, Gonzalo D. Milian

Theses

The reaction between an acidic potassium dichromate solution and metallic copper has been studied at 25.0°C under batch quiescent and continuous flow conditions.

The effect of time of reaction, reactor diameter, acid, dichromate, and salt concentration upon reaction rate have been investigated for a quiescent batch reactor and found to influence the Reaction Velocity Constant of the system. As the reaction progressed, the Reaction Velocity Constant was observed to decrease. An increase in reactor diameter resulted in a Reaction Velocity Constant increase. Small increments in the dichromate concentration produced a decrease in the Reaction Velocity Constant. A maximum point of …

Correlation And Coordination Of Engineering Properties Of Zirconium And Zirconium Alloys, Rasiklal Jethalal Shah

Theses

This thesis is a report on the mechanical, nuclear, electrical and chemical properties of the zirconium and five zirconium-base binary alloys: zirconium-tin alloys, zirconium-aluminium alloys, zirconium-titanium alloys, zirconium-niobium alloys, and zirconium-hafnium alloys. The peculiarities of these alloys, as related to its history, heat treatment and composition, are discussed. This work discusses the effect of temperature and impurities such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of zirconium and zirconium alloys. Zirconium metal production is briefly discussed. Empirical formula, by which the thermal conductivity of zirconium alloys can be calculated by the measurements of thermal resistivity, …

Xerox Advertising, William Mcdonald

Theses

None provided.

Nature, Man And The Young Reader, Jane Miller

Theses

None provided.

The Effect Of Negative And Positive Granularity On The Final Print Granularity, W. Norman Pierce, Avron Hecht

Theses

Theoretically, the relation of negative and positive rms granularity to the final print granularity is described by the following equation: σ(D)print=[ σ(D)2negative material+ σ(D)2positive material]1/2. Using fine, medium and coarse grained positive and negative materials in a variety of printing situations, the validity of the above equation was tested. Results of this investigation indicated that the hypothesized equation does not hold for a variety of printing situations.

Evaluation Of Halftone Images By Modulation Transfer, John Price, Paul Kennedy

Theses

This paper concerns an investigation for determining the feasibility of employing methods, similar to those used in conventional continuous tone photography, for determining the modulation transfer of variable area images on lithographic films. It deals with some of the special problems of separating the signal (the image) from the noise (the pattern of the screen), and describes the instruments and approaches to data read-out.

Latent Image Stability In High Resolution Plates, Robert Mottice

Theses

A study of the stability of the latent image in High Resolution Plates is presented. Two factors have been investigated- relative humidity before and after exposure and the length of time under such conditions. It was found that in conditions of 60% relative humidity or less, fading does not pose any real threat to the commercial user and that under 100% R.H. conditions fading takes place quite rapidly.

Sensitometric Characteristics Of Monobaths, Kenneth Gould, Bert Zaccaria

Theses

The United States Air Force presently uses SO-233 Duplicating Film for the processing of transparent prints and has achieved a long straight line curve for reproduction control purposes. Type 8430 Duplicating Film is also used for the same purpose but for different contrasts. Their problem was that the developer and Type 8430 were not compatible and did not have a sufficiently high density or a long enough straight line. The results of this experiment have yielded a monobath formulation which when used with type 8430 film will give the desired density and straight line required.

A Colorimetric Determination Of The Decay In An Observer's Color Sensation Due To Adaptation, Gary Zeff

Theses

When the eye gazes at a colored stimulus over a certain length of time, it becomes fatigued and perceives the stimulus differently after it has adapted to it than when it first viewed it. An instrument has been designed, built, and tested and the results indicate that there is a significant difference between the fatigued eye and the fresh eye and that this difference can be expressed in colorimetric terms.

A Study Of The Effects Of The Concentration Of 2-Mercapto-4-Phenylthiazole On The Clearing Rate Of A Chlorobromide Emulsion And Evidence Of The Presence Of Activity Sites, Peter Lloyd

Theses

It has been hypothesized than materials which tightly adsorb on sliver halide lattices will attach themselves preferentially at certain points, usually referred to as activity sites, which have areas of only a few percent of I the total crystal surface. An experiment using the mechanism of Photosolubilization as revealed by R. K. Blake and others of the E. I. DuPont de nemours Research Laboratories measureing the clearing rate of a chlorobromide emulsion doped with 2-mercapto-4-phenylthiazole indicates that the fixing rate is substantially modified by very small concentrations of this compound, and that the rate remains essentially constant over quite a …

Creative Cook Book, Jo Ann Girton

Theses

Not provided.

The Effects Of Water Addition On The Threshold Speed, Gamma And Net Density Of Du Pont Lino-Writ 5 Direct Recording Paper, Robert H. Renner, Stanley N. Stein

Theses

The effects on speed, gamma and net density of Du Pont Lino-Writ 5 paper, by the addition of water prior to the initial exposure and amplification exposure separately and in combination, was investigated. The effects on speed and net density of Kodak Polycontrast paper by water addition prior to exposure were also explored for comparsion purposes.

A statistically significant decrease in the average value of speed and a significant increase in the average value of net density was observed when Lino-Writ paper was moistened. The addition of moisture gave no evidence of having an effect on the average value of …

Effect Of Particle Size And Particle Size Distribution On The Burning Rate Of Barium Chromate-Boron Pyrotechnic Delay Compositions, Donald J. Freeman

Theses

The burning rate of barium chromate-boron delay compositions is shown to be related to the 10 percent particle size point on the particle size distribution curve (particle size vs. percent greater than size) for either of the components. The burning rate is also shown to be inversely proportional to the 10 percent point of the barium chromate; and to follow a hyperbolic type relationship with the 10 percent of the boron, decreasing asymptotically as the 10 percent point increases. No correlations were found between the burning rate of the compositions and the average particle diameter, the mean particle diameter, or …

Factors Affecting The Biodegradation Of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates In River Die-Away Studies, Neil M. Mchugh

Theses

The determining factors in the biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates have been investigated using the river die-away technique. Emphasis was placed on finding the correlation between biodegradability and each of the following: surfactant structure, inoculation of basic water medium with activated sludge, and acclimation of bacteria to a given surfactant. It has been shown that the lower the molecular weight of linear alkylate, down to C8, the faster the rate of biodegradation. It was further shown that there is no direct relationship between phenyl position distribution and biodegradability, nor is there any direct correlation between the amount of surfactant remaining …

Use Of Gas Chromatography To Determine The Mutual Solubility Of Water And Toluene, John Orshich

Theses

The possibility of determining the water traces in water saturated toluene as well as the traces of toluene in toluene saturated water by means of gas chromatography was investigated.

A 15 feet long, 1/4 inch copper column, attached to F & M Chromatograph 500, was used; the column was packed with 5 Armeen SB on Haloport F (Teflon).

The determination of toluene in toluene saturated water did not appear to be feasible, since the retention time for toluene with the used column was too short to allow the base line of the recorder to become steady at the attenuation value …

Heat Transfer To Non-Newtonian Fluids In Turbulent Flow, Donald S. Smalley, George Vassil

Theses

An investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian solutions in turbulent flow is presented. The range of flow behavior indices (n) was examined from 0.69 to 0.88. The consistency index (K) was investigated over the range of 0.00008 to 0.002 lbsf x sec^n'/ft². The Reynolds number varied between 2200 to 25,000.

Two methods of correlating film coefficients which have been previously developed were examined. Improvement in the reliability of correlation is demonstrated by modifications proposed in this work.

Brittle Fracture Of Carbon Steel, Ronald Robert Stang

Theses

This thesis is a report on the research and engineering efforts made, since 1957, to further define the causes and means for the prevention of catastrophic brittle fracture of carbon steels at ambient temperatures. All of the data based on the literature published from 1958 to 1965 has been critically examined and correlated.

Included are discussions of the factors affecting brittle fracture and the tests used to predict resistance Of steels to brittle fracture. Correlations of tests with actual service performance and relationships between tests are discussed. A review and critical evaluation of present day steel specifications as they affect …

The Thermal Conductivity With Vapor Pressure For N-Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Jacob Tolsma

Theses

A literature search of the thermal conductivity of pure liquids has been made and experimental values have been compiled. Study of the theory of the thermal conductivity of liquids indicated that a relationship exists between thermal conductivity and viscosity. Previous investigations have found an almost linear relationship between the logarithms of viscosity and vapor pressure for n-paraffin hydrocarbons. In this investigation the logarithm of thermal conductivity plotted versus the logarithm of vapor pressure for the same series was also found to be almost linear. The equation of the line when combined with a linearized Antoine equation in terms of the …

Activity Coefficient For Infinite Dilute Solution By Gas-Liquid Chromotography, Suresh Jivabhai Patel

Theses

Gas-liquid partition chromatography has been used to determine the activity coefficient for very dilute solutions of solute in non-volatile solvents.

Other, more classical methods of determining the activity coefficient are laborious and are neither as accurtate nor as precise as desired.

The systems studied were:

(1) Benzene-Dinonyl Phthalate

(2) Cyclohexane-Dinonyl Phthalate

(3) Benzene-Squalane

(4) Cyclohexane-Squalane

All systems were studied over the column temperature range of 50° to 110°C with constant pressure and sample size. A study was also made on the effect of column pressure at constant temperature and sample size. One system was studied with variable sample size but …

The Effect Of Column Diameter On The Efficiency Of Packed Fractioning Towers, William Lintner

Theses

The object of this work was to study the effect of packed column diameter on the fractionation efficiency so that a more reliable engineering approach could be employed in the scaling up of fractionating columns.

The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) was employed to compare column efficiencies in this study. The HETP was calculated for several gas mass velocities through columns of one-inch, two-inch and three-inch diameter, packed with one-quarter inch Berl saddles. All data were collected at total reflux conditions employing the standard n-heptane-methylcyclohexane binary.

The results indicated that the efficiencies of the one-inch and two-inch diameter …

A Study Of Emulsion Viscosities, Frederick R. Cummings

Theses

The apparent viscosity of stable emulsions has been measured and evaluated. The systems studied consisted of various oil in water emulsions, utilizing a series of six n-paraffins from heptane to octadecane. The system was stabilized with a conventional emulsifying agent. The apparent viscosity of these emulsions was studied in relation to (a) the concentration of the disperse phase and, (b) the viscosity of the hydrocarbon used as the continuous phase.

It was established that the volume concentration of the disperse phase had considerable effect on the apparent viscosity of the emulsion. An increase in the concentration of the disperse phase …

Investigation Of The Octene-Decane-Urea Adduct Equilibrium System, Frederick Charles Guest

Theses

Concentrations of equilibrium mixtures formed by adding increments of octene to a solution of urea in methanol to form adduct are reported.

Calorimetric studies indicate that the addition of octene to a urea-methanol solution shows an endothermic heat effect prior to the formation of solid adduct. The heat effect becomes exothermic as solid adduct is formed.

Addition of decane to an equilibrium octene-urea adduct system increased octene concentration in the supernatent liquid, indicating an octene release from the original adduct as decane adduct was formed.

The order in which decane and octene were added to form the decane-octene-urea adduct system …

Cation Exchange Between Solutions Of Ferric Nitrate And Dowex 50x-8 Resin, Michael H. Mansky

Theses

The rate of exchange of ferric ions from solutions of ferric nitrate and hydrogen ions from Dowex 50X-8 has been studied in an agitated bed ion exchange column over a range of bed loading conditions. Agitation has been maintained in a regime known to indicate film diffusion control of rate in small scale batch reactors.

Calculated diffusion coefficients for the column are slightly higher than those determined in the batch reactor because of greater turbulence of agitation in the column.

The assumption of previous investigators concerning linearity of equilibrium data has been found to be invalid for the system studied. …

The Effect Of An Electrical Corona Discharge Upon The Reaction Of So2 To So3 In Low Concentration So2 - Air Mixtures, Edward James Malarkey

Theses

An investigation of a pilot plant electrical dust precipitator was conducted to determine its ozone generating characteristics in air as well as the ability of the ozone formed to convert gaseous SO₂ to particulate SO₃. It was anticipated that in addition to the known primary particulate dust and mist removal function of a precipitator, a secondary gaseous removal facility was inherent in its operation.

Ozone formation quantities were determined at varied air flow and electrical power input levels to the precipitator. Maximum ozone generation was 0.02 pounds per hour at an energy input level of 113 KW-HR …

The Rimo Filter, Richard Thomas Modafferi

Theses

Up to the present time, there has existed no general method for obtaining the pole locations of minimum-phase constant time delay filters of desired selectivity. Since constant time delay filters are necessary for low distortion FM transmission, and minimum-phase filters are easy to construct and align, a general method for locating the poles of minimum-phase constant time delay filters would be of considerable importance. Presented in this paper is a procedure for locating the poles of minimum-phase constant time delay filters of desired selectivity, using a FORTRAN digital computer program. Two experimental FM receivers were built to test. the new …

An Investigation Of The Mechanism Controlling The Co-Deposition Of Aluminas With Copper During Electrodeposition Of Copper, James Edward Hoffmann

Theses

Experimental work was undertaken to determine the mechanism controlling the co-deposition of aluminas with copper during electrode-position of copper. The aluminas were present in the copper plating electrolytes as an insoluble disperse phase.

Three possible mechanisms for co-deposition of aluminas were studied, They were mechanical inclusion, electrophoretic deposition, and adsorption.

The results of experimental studies established that mechanical inclusion was not a significant factor in the mechanism controlling co-deposition of aluminas with copper.

Theoretical considerations of the compositions of the copper plating electrolytes indicated that co-deposition of aluminas by an electrophoretic mechanism was highly unlikely. The conclusions arrived at by …