Digital Commons Network^™

A Study Of Heat Transfer And Inlet Flow Behavior In Molten Polymer Systems, Min Ho Choi

Theses

Two separate studies have been done in the present work: one to study the entrance effects in flow in molten polymer systems and the other to investigate the heat transfer to thermally softened flowing polymer.

The equipment for the entrance effect was designed to study the isothermal flow behavior of a polymer melt in the entrance region. The main object of this investigation was to find the entrance length for the melt to relax and to separate the pressure drop into viscous and elastic effect. Due to the failure in developing a proper pressure measuring device the experiment was not …

The Reaction Of O-Propylphenyl Azide With Di-N-Propylamine, Seyed Ziaeddin Razavi

Theses

Nitration of n-propylbenzene resulted in O-nitro-n-propylbenzene. Reduction of this compound gave o-n-Propylphenyl azide was prepared by diazotization of o-n-propylaniline followed by treatment with sodium azide.

Photolysis of o-n-propylphenyl azide in di-n-propyl-amine yielded two new azepines, 2-di-n-propylamino-3n-propyl-3H azepine and 2-di-n-propylamino-7-n-propy1-7H-azepine. Their structures were assigned on the basis of their physical properties (i.e. I.R., U.V., N.M.R., N.S. and elemental analysis).

Photolysis of the azide at room temperature gave 26.9% o-n-propylaniline and 4.3% 2-di-n-propylamino-3-n-propy1-3H azepine, but when the photolysis was carried out in the presence of the triplet photosensitizer (xanthen-9-one) the yield of o-n-propylaniline was increased to 34.6% and the yield of 2-di-n-propylamino-3n-propy1-3H-azepine …

Manpower Efficiency In Automobile Franchises, James R. Berry

Theses

The efficient utilization of manpower is one of the primary concerns of the management of automobile dealerships in controlling expanses and increasing, profits, The purpose of this paper is (1) to present an analysis of manpower efficiency, in general, in automotive dealerships within the limits of General Motors Corporation, and (2) to examine and appraise manpower efficiency in small town dealership. Because salary and wages represent about one-half of the total expense in a dealership, it is important that dealers take the time and effort needed to increase the productivity of their employees, In other words, manpower efficiency must be …

Development Of High Mach Number/Low Reynolds Number Aerodynamic Characteristics For A Blended, Double-Delta Wing Configuration, Douglas J. Elder

Theses

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Space Shuttle Orbiter’s high Mach number/low Reynolds number (aka viscous interaction/real gas) aerodynamics were developed based on various research studies. Four wind tunnels and a three-dimensional digital computer program developed the perfect gas aerodynamic characteristics, then correlated to single curves by the viscous parameter. A rapid and accurate analytical method for calculating the pressure distribution on blunt bodies in a uniform stream and real gas aerodynamic estimations were derived by solving the energy equation behind the shock. The gas was assumed to be perfect, the flow steady and inviscid, and the ratio of specific …

Peak Harmonic Distortion Due To Quantization, On-Ching Yue

Theses

In this thesis, the problem of quantization noise 1s presented, and recent efforts 1n this area are reviewed. With the motivation for further Investigation Into the problem explained, the purpose of this thesis 1s stated to be the determination of peak harmonic distortion due to quantization for predominantly single frequency Inputs. Two cases were examined with pure sinusoid and sine wave plus Gaussian bandlimited white noise. The method used was to simulate the quantization process on the computer, and to use a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm to analyze the spectra of the quantized signals. For pure sinusoidal Inputs, the location …

An Instrument For Rapid Determination Of Granularity In Photographic Film Samples, Melvin E. Pollard

Theses

A scanner based on the principle of the classic microdensitometer was assembled for the purpose of rapid granularity determination. A rotary stage was used to allow the generation of a root-mean-square (rms) voltage signal proportional to rms Transmittance in the sample. A mathematical relation was then developed to calculate granularity. The scanner was calibrated and was proved capable of 10 percent accuracy with 95 percent confidence.

An Instrument For The Determination Of Photographic Film Drying Rates, John Dahms, W. Fox

Theses

The way in which a photographic material dries is commonly represented as a plot of rate of vaporization vs. time. Generation of these curves in the past has been a lengthy, error prone process. This project's attempt was to greatly simplify the generation of these curves. A photographic drier with a thermal sensing element was designed, constructed, and tested. The drier produces a heated air flow perpendicular to the film plane. A thermistor prope was placed in contact with the base of the film to sense the temperature of the film during drying. A rate of vaporization curve was obtained …

Construction Of A Magneto-Optic Shutter Utilizing The Faraday Effect, Christian Bergerson, Richard Leary

Theses

An attempt was made to construct a magneto-optic shutter utalizing the Faraday effect. Unfortunately, the final testing did not show the present of this effect. Included in the paper is a graph showing the transmission of two polarizing filters vs the angle between the transmission axes of each filter. Also included is schematics of pertinent components.

Determining The Temperature Of Hot Solid Bodies By Means Of Photographic Pyrometry, Using The Two-Filter Comparison Method, Edward White

Theses

At means of determining the temperature of a hot solid body by photographic means has been developed. For the purposes of this experiment, a General Electric tungsten ribbon filament lamp, with an operating range of 12 to 18 amperes was used as the object. From published curves, it was found that the color temperature of the filament varied from 2220K to 2990K over the above amperage range. It is therefore possible to vary the color temperature with a powerstat and to monitor it with an ammeter. Using two front surfaced mirrors, the lamp illuminated both sides of a photometric edge …

Theory Of Optical Spatial Filtering And Its Application To Enhance Low Contrast Fingerprint Images, Ludwig Scherlowski

Theses

Image improvement, through the use of the Fourier transform property of lenses using various frequency blocking filters, was investigated to determine possible utilization of this technique to enhance low contrast fingerprint image characteristics. Ten basic fingerprint patterns were degraded in contrast and then used as the object t(x,y) in an optical spatial filtering setup. A series of frequency blocking filters were used in an effort to improve the degraded object image. Visual comparison of the filtered images obtained by using a double band frequency blocking filter, which produced the most satisfactory images, shows improved overall contrast. Random ridge enhancement was …

The Synthesis And Application Of Programmable Counters, James Milne

Theses

A method of synthesizing programmable counters is described. It is shown that if the values of the program inputs are not fixed by external requirements, they can be defined during the synthesis to tend to minimize the combinational logic of the programmable counter. A programmable counter can be used as the control unit in a word organized digital system. The cost effectiveness of synthesizing synchronous sequential machines modeled as word organized digital systems is discussed.

Continuous Interfacial Polycondensation Of Nylon 6-10, Sumer Raj Hundia

Theses

Nylon 6-10 has been prepared by continuous interfacial polycondensation hexamethylenedlamine and sebacoyl chloride in a stirred system. The effect of monomer concentration and stirring on the intrinsic viscosity of the polyamide 6-10 solution in m-cresol was measured.

As stirring (RPM) and monomer increased the intrinsic and the polymer yield through a maximum. Diffusion coefficients (D_AB) for hexamethylenedlamine were for hexamethylenedlamine were and were used for the calculations of j_D factors and K/DAB ratios. A relationship and j_D factors was established by a correlation curve.

Development Of An Apparatus To Obtain Temperature Profiles Of Molten Flowing Polymers, Ismail Kemal Saltuk

Theses

The object of this investigation is to develop and test an apparatus to predict temperature profiles of polymer melts in laminar flow in a heat exchanger, with non-isothermal wall conditions.

A commercial polyethylene melt is pumped at various flow rates through a smooth 0.957 in. I.D. pipe. The entrance temperature of polymer is maintained uniform.

Radially distributed six thermocouples (0.062 in. 0.D.) are placed at 2.5 ft. intervals from the entrance of heat exchanger. Immersion of these probes parallel to the flow direction, reduced the errors due to the conduction of heat from the tube wall to the thermocouple stems. …

Unsteady State Heat Transfer In A Composite Medium Exposed To Radiant Heat Energy, Ripujit Mackar

Theses

Transient one dimensional heat transfer in a composite medium of two materials exposed to radiant heat flux has been investigated. The end faces of the composite were considered to be losing heat energy by natural convection and radiation. The principle variables studied were the temperature at steady state and the time required to attain the steady state with and without the contribution of loss by radiation. It was observed that neglecting the loss of energy by radiation from the face receiving the radiant heat flux introduced an error in the absolute steady state temperature of that face as high as …

A Digital Computer Simulation Of A Batch Or Semi-Batch Reactor, Robert Edward Viczorek

Theses

A digital computer simulation of a batch or semi-batch reaction was developed. The system consisted of a jacketed, agitated vessel equipped with a temperature controller modulating a control valve in the stream to the jacket. The reaction was liquid phase, and the jacket medium was liquid.

The program was written in a general form so as to be applicable to any liquid phase reaction with minimum modification.

A numerical technique was employed using initial values of the process variables in the first cycle of calculations for a time interval, and then using average values for further iterations. The simulation proceeded …

Phosphate Removal From Sewage Using A Combination Of Ferric Chloride And A Polymeric Flocculant, Ravindra C. Patel

Theses

The present work is concerned with a newer technique and approach to the problem of phosphate removal from waste water. This includes the removal of phosphate from the sample of activated sludge, i.e., a sample from the aeration tank of the secondary sewage treatment. The phosphate is removed by using ferric chloride as a precipitating agent and a cationic polyelectrolyte (P.E.) as a flocculating agent. Results of this study showed that: (a) P.E. addition gives a significant improvement in phosphate removal over that obtained by ferric chloride alone. In some cases the phosphate removal increased from 92 to 96.5 per …

A Computer Program For The Design Of Packed Extraction Columns, George P. Gaccione

Theses

A computer program for the design of packed extraction columns has been developed. This program can operate with a minimum of data of the type that can easily be determined or estimated. The program can be used to investigate design alternates during the preparation of project cost estimates and for the final design of extraction columns.

Correlation And Prediction Of Diffussion Coefficients In Binary Gas Systems, Raymond Gerald Bailey

Theses

A correlation was developed for estimating binary gas diffusion coefficients by the reference substance method, in this case using the viscosity of air and subsequently its corresponding temperature. The derivation was made by the linear least square analysis of 65 different binary systems comprising 161 separate data points at temperatures ranging from 193°K. to 1200°K. At any given temperature only the critical molal volume and the molecular weights of the two gases of interest are required to calculate the diffusion coefficient. The correlation based on the viscosity of air had an average error of 7.67%. The correlation using temperature had …

The Transferability Of Force Constants Among Olefins, John Martin Comerford

Theses

A normal coordinate analysis of the in-plane vibrations of ethylene was performed using a modified valence force field, a modified Urey-Bradley force field and a hybrid orbital force field. The B_2u species of isobutene was also analyzed. An attempt was made to transfer force constants from ethylene and thereby solve the A₁ species of isobutene, but a solution could not be obtained. This suggests that simple transference of force constants is not feasable in this case.

The potential energy distributions obtained for ethylene are discussed. The normal coordinates calculated in this work are appended.

The Absorption Of Hydrogen Chloride From Dilute Air Mixtures, Edgar L. Demarest

Theses

A study was made of the absorption of hydrogen chloride from air mixtures containing from 1 to 40 mgm. HCl/liter (1000 to 40000 mgm./m.³), using a.4" diameter tower packed with 2" Intalox saddles, irrigated with water or with sodium hydroxide solutions of 0.3% to 3.8% concen?tration. Gas flow rates of 177 to 752 lbs./(hr.)(ft.²) were investigated at three liquid rates: 2960 ; 4260, and 5700 lbs./(hr/)(ft.²). All data were collected below the flooding point.

Correlations of the height of a transfer unit with the superficial gas velocity were prepared for water and for sodium …

Aiir Pollution Emissions From Turbine Powered Aircraft, Raymond Arthur Filippini

Theses

The major pollutants that are emitted by jet aircraft include: particulate matter (soot), carbon monoxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. The first of the pollutants, particulate matter (smoke), constitutes not only a visual nuisance but is also a potential health problem. The rest, which are not visible, are irritants and in high enough concentrations can be toxic.

Since pollutants emitted by jet aircraft are of the same type as those given off by a car, a direct comparison is possible. In one landing take off cycle (LTO), a four engine jet aircraft emits the same amount of particulate matter as …

The Relation Of Heat Transfer To Power Consumption Of Liquids In Turbulent Flow, John D. Bien

Theses

The relationship between the heat transfer ability and the power input requirement of liquid coolants in a turbulent heat transfer condition was investigated. A correlation in terms of the liquid physical properties and the required volumetric flow was proposed and the use of this correlation in selection of liquids as coolant was discussed. The optimum condition for a high heat transfer/power input ratio was also discussed.

Viscoelastic Properties Of Polymer Melts, Wu-Shiong Lee

Theses

Thirteen samples of molten polymers were used to test Spriggs and Careau Models. Two empirical equations, one for apparent viscosity and the other which is new, for primary normal stress difference, were checked with these samples also.

In order to test the models, material functions were sought for some specific flow patterns under which the experimental data were collected, and then these functions were compared with data.

Careau Model was found to be better than Spriggs Model in representing molten polymer properties but still yield large deviations. Two empirical equations fitted data quite well and were expected to be useful …

Combined Feedforward-Feedback Control Of A Fluidized-Bed Reactor, Reginald Eugene Mitchell

Theses

Feedforward control, feedback control, and combined feedforward-feedback control were studied on an analog computer to evaluate their effectiveness in controlling a fluidized-bed reactor used for the decomposition of cumene. Proportional, proportional-integral, proportional-derivative, and proportional-integral-derivative modes of control were investigated. Step changes in set-point and load were used as disturbances. The Ziegler-Nichols method and the process reaction curve method of Cohen and Coon were compared in determining values of KC, Ti, and Td which gave optimum control of the fluidized-bed reactor.

Control equation were obtained from the block diagrams of the systems and solved on an EAI TR-20 Analog Computer.

It …

A Modified Redlich-Kwong Equation For Nonpolar And Slightly Polar Gases, David G. Skamenca

Theses

The PVT prediction capability of the Redlich-Kwong equation is substantially improved through the use of a generalized correlation based on the acentric factor. No experimental data is required to obtain the improved constants. Only the acentric factor and the critical properties of the pure gas are needed. The correlation of improved constants is limited to non-polar and slightly polar pure gases and mixtures in the supercritical temperature range.

The correlation applies to a reduced temperature range 1.00 le; T_R le; 1.60 and a reduced pressure range of 0.030 le; P_R le; 3.00. The correlation reduces deviations by as …

Heat And Mass Transfer In The Lyophilizatiuon Of Pharmaceuticals In Vials By Conduction Heating, William Warren Walsh

Theses

This thesis investigates the lyophilization of pharmaceuticals in vials by conductive heat transfer. The process phase diagram and methods of determining the solution eutectic temperature are reviewed. The theoretical considerations of heat and mass transfer pertaining to this process are discussed.

Lyophilization tests of distilled water and of mannitol solutions are used to indicate the relationship between vacuum chamber total pressure and the product/vial interface temperature. Experiments with 10% lactose solutions are used to determine the effect of shelf fluid temperature, product height and chamber vacuum on product/vial interface temperature. Test on a pharmaceutical product are used to confirm the …

Spatial Interactions In Monobath Development, Gary Mcsweeney

Theses

The sensitometric effects of varying developing agent concentration, fixing agent concentration, and pH in a monobath developer were studied with Kodak Tri-X Pan film. Three variables (gamma, base plus fog, and a shoulder density) were studied under varying levels of each of the factors. A factorial experiment was run and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether or not each of the main factors and the two-factor interactions were significant. The higher order interactions were used as a measure of experimental error for the analysis. In the range of the factors being investigated, it was found that: …

An Optical Technique For On-Film Recording Of Lens Aperture And Focus Settings, Richard Thompson

Theses

A simple optical technique for placing a record of the camera aperture and focus conditions on each photograph is described. A lens system is installed in a NASA/Hasselblad lunar surface camera so that a small image of the camera iris is formed in the corner of the photographic image field. The camera aperture and focus settings that were used in the taking of the photograph are determined from measurements of -the width and position of the data image. A Fortran IV computer program which uses the system calibration data and iterative techniques to determine the settings from the image measurements …

Generation Of Sinusoidal Test Images By Incoherent Spatial Filtering, Joel Gray

Theses

Most methods used for determining the modulation transfer function of a photographic film require that a sinusoidal intensity distribution object be imaged on the film and the resultant effective exposure modulation compared to the object modulation. This paper describes the investigation of the feasibility of generating a sinusoidal intensity distribution from a crenelate pattern by incoherent spatial filtering using non-monochromatic radiation. Using a Kodak Ektar Enlarging Lens (focal length of 100 mm.) at f/8 it has been found that images may be spatially filtered up to 30 cycles/mm while maintaining a modulation of 62# in white light (tungsten illumination). At …

The Design, Construction, And Calibration Of A Spectral, Projection, Transmission, Three-Component, Subtractive Color Densitometer Head, H. Morgan

Theses

In the field of densitometry, there is a current trend to create standards which are more specific, more technical, and more practical than the standards which have been produced in the past. This paper deals with the design, construction, and evaluation of an instrument which conforms to one of these standards. A bit more was added, in that the instrument was made to be used with negative color materials. The instrument constructed was a spectral, projection, transmission, three-component, subtractive color densitometer head. One of the unique characteristics of the instrument is the fact that a spectral lamp was used for …