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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Pharmacoepidemiologic Assessment Of Common Medications, Aisling R. Caffrey
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Pharmacoepidemiologic Assessment Of Common Medications, Aisling R. Caffrey
Open Access Dissertations
Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prevalent organism, causing serious infections which are difficult and expensive to treat. Despite the implementation of evidence-based infection control practices and development of newer efficacious antibiotics, MRSA infection and colonization rates continue to increase. Treatments for MRSA have received considerable research attention over the past 10 years, yet several gaps in knowledge remain. In particular, controversy regarding the effectiveness of linezolid as compared to vancomycin in treating MRSA infections persists, and few risk factors associated with mupirocin resistance have been identified. Methods. In the first manuscript of this dissertation, we sought to estimate …
Fertilizing The Land, Lagoons, And Sea: A First Look At Human Impacts On The Nile Delta Fishery, Egypt, Autumn Jean Oczkowski
Fertilizing The Land, Lagoons, And Sea: A First Look At Human Impacts On The Nile Delta Fishery, Egypt, Autumn Jean Oczkowski
Open Access Dissertations
The primary focus of this dissertation is to look more closely at the influence of anthropogenic nutrients on the recovery of Egypt's Nile Delta fishery since the mid-1980's. Up to half of Egypt's fish production has come from four large coastal lagoons, which receive large amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) rich agricultural drainage. In Chapter 1, I provide some of the first evidence supporting a previously theoretical model that links increasing nutrient concentrations to fishery yields. Using data compiled from the literature, fish landings in the four lagoons increased with increased nutrients up to a peak at approximately …
Therapeutic Treatments For Children With Recurrent Abdominal Pain: A Multiple Baseline Pilot Study, Christine Barrett Sieberg
Therapeutic Treatments For Children With Recurrent Abdominal Pain: A Multiple Baseline Pilot Study, Christine Barrett Sieberg
Open Access Dissertations
Chronic pain in children is a significant problem affecting about 15-20% of children (Goodman & McGrath, 1991), yet it is a neglected area in pediatric research and clinical service. Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) is an example of chronic pain in children and one of the most common complaints of childhood and is associated with many adverse outcomes. Research has also identified parental anxiety and depression as potent risk factors for RAP (Garber et al., 1990). Despite the high prevalence rates of RAP, only 12 intervention studies from 1974-2006 have been conducted in this area (Spirito & Kazak, 2006). The primary …
Aerobic Training Does Not Alter Crp Concentrations In Apparently Healthy, Untrained Men, Mark Stoutenberg
Aerobic Training Does Not Alter Crp Concentrations In Apparently Healthy, Untrained Men, Mark Stoutenberg
Open Access Dissertations
Regular aerobic exercise may reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in part by lowering the concentration of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). While studies in diseased populations have shown significant decreases in CRP concentrations with regular aerobic training, little has been conclusively determined regarding the effects of aerobic training on CRP concentrations in apparently healthy, untrained populations who may not be adequately screened for CVD risk by traditional methods. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a 17-wk half marathon training program (TP) on CRP concentrations, aerobic fitness, and body composition in apparently healthy, untrained men. METHODS: Twenty men (29.3 …
Body Burden Of Pahs And Cardiovascular Disease In The United States, John D. Clark Iii
Body Burden Of Pahs And Cardiovascular Disease In The United States, John D. Clark Iii
Open Access Dissertations
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental and occupational carcinogens that are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic material, such as from the burning of tobacco, coal, and petroleum products. In addition to causing cancer, exposure to PAHs is hypothesized to contribute to atherosclerosis and to lead to increased incidence rates of cardiovascular disease in populations. Considering the number of deaths attributable to tobacco smoke exposure, ambient air pollution, and occupational hazards, PAHs may be a significant contributor to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in human populations. However, a clear exposure-response relationship between PAHs and measures of cardiovascular disease has …
The Physiological Consequences Of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (Hcm) And Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (Rcm) Related Mutations In Human Cardiac Troponin I, Yuhui Wen
Open Access Dissertations
An arginine (R) to a glycine (G) mutation at position 145 in the highly reserved inhibitory domain of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. An arginine (R) to tryptophan (W) mutation at the same position in cTnI is associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), a disease characterized by diastolic dysfunction with normal left ventricular size and normal systolic function. In this study we addressed the functional consequences of the human cardiac troponin I (hcTnI) HCM R145G mutation and hcTnI RCM R145W mutation in transgenic mice. Simultaneous measurements of …
The Trophic Ecologies Of Larval Billfishes, Tunas, And Coral Reef Fishes In The Straits Of Florida: Piscivory, Selectivity, And Niche Separation, Joel Kent Llopiz
The Trophic Ecologies Of Larval Billfishes, Tunas, And Coral Reef Fishes In The Straits Of Florida: Piscivory, Selectivity, And Niche Separation, Joel Kent Llopiz
Open Access Dissertations
The processes influencing larval fish survival in the low-latitude open ocean are poorly understood, especially with regard to feeding. As part of a large-scale study that included two years of monthly sampling in the Straits of Florida (SOF), the objectives of this dissertation were to elucidate the larval fish feeding behaviors and strategies of 1) istiophorid billfishes, 2) tunas, and 3) coral reef fishes, while also 4) characterizing the feeding environment, synthesizing the dominant trophic pathways to fish larvae, and reviewing the literature for evidence of latitudinal distinctions in larval fish trophodynamics. Larval billfishes exhibited highly selective feeding, and their …
3d A-Mode Ultrasound Calibration And Registration Of The Tibia And Femur For Computer-Assisted Robotic Surgery, Alon Mozes
Open Access Dissertations
Registration is a key component for computer-navigated robot-assisted surgery. Invasive approaches such as fiducial-based and surface matching with mechanical probes are common but ultrasound may provide a non-invasive alternative. If an A-mode ultrasound transducer can be used to percutaneously select data points on the bones, a registration can be determined without needing any incision. This study investigates selecting an A-mode ultrasound transducer, calibrating it, analyzing the ultrasound signal, and using it to register a phantom sawbone tibia and femur as well as cadaveric specimens. This study is performed in conjunction with MAKO Surgical Corp.'s Tactile Guidance System™ (TGS™) at their …
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance The Acquisition Of Mineral Nutrients From Leaf Litter By Morella Cerifera, Catalina Aristizabal
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance The Acquisition Of Mineral Nutrients From Leaf Litter By Morella Cerifera, Catalina Aristizabal
Open Access Dissertations
Morella cerifera (L.) Small, the Wax Myrtle, forms both arbuscular mycorrhizas and cluster roots which generally are regarded as alternative adaptations for phosphorus acquisition. But whether or not arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide any benefit to M. cerifera is not known. Nevertheless, AMF can proliferate extensively within the litter leaves that accumulate beneath M. cerifera. The main objective of this study was to determine if AMF are beneficial to M. cerifera host plants in the presence of leaf litter. In the field, I examined leaf traits that affect the colonization of leaf litter by AMF. I compared AMF colonization of …
Effect Of Varying Inclusion Levels Of Linseed Oil On Growth, Fatty Acid Profile, Membrane Fluidity And Epa/Dha Production In Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar), Mary Anne Eaton
Open Access Dissertations
Fish oil accounts for approximately 26.8% of the operating costs of salmon aquaculture. To compensate for the increasing demand in fish oil, alternative plant and animal oils have been used to replace the fish oil. The goal of this study was to formulate a cost-effective fish feed which supports adequate growth of salmon and is less susceptible to oxidative damage while maintaining the characteristic beneficial fatty acid profile. Experiments were undertaken to assess the growth, fatty acid profile, erythrocyte membrane fluidity, and ability of liver hepatocytes to convert linolenic acid to EPA and DHA in Atlantic salmon with inclusion of …
An Examination Of The Relationships Between The Peptide Hormone Ghrelin And Appetite, Plasma Biomarkers Of Satiety And Metabolic Response In Humans, Daniel Lee Kresge
An Examination Of The Relationships Between The Peptide Hormone Ghrelin And Appetite, Plasma Biomarkers Of Satiety And Metabolic Response In Humans, Daniel Lee Kresge
Open Access Dissertations
The peripherally circulating peptide hormone ghrelin is purported to stimulate hunger and feeding in humans, and is affected by the energy storage state as reflected in body mass index and body composition, and by macronutrient content of the diet. There have been few studies in humans that have measured both ghrelin, in its various isoforms, and appetite. To address this, Manuscript #1 of this dissertation examined fasting and postprandial ghrelin and ratings of appetite, in addition to anthropometric and fitness measures in 50 college-age student. There were no significant correlations between fasting or postprandial ghrelin and appetite or anthropometric measures …
Classroom-Based Empathy Training: An Evaluation Of Program Effects In An Elementary School, Kimberly Sherman
Classroom-Based Empathy Training: An Evaluation Of Program Effects In An Elementary School, Kimberly Sherman
Open Access Dissertations
Universal classroom-based social skills and violence prevention training is currently a topic of widespread interest. Although there is a growing body of empirical support for some existing social skills programs, less is known about contributions of specific program components to intervention outcomes. Empathy training is one common component of social skills curricula that has been subject to relatively little research. The current study is a single-school quasi-experimental investigation of Second Step empathy training effects on 57 first- and fourth-graders. Dependent variables included self-reported empathy, teacher-reported social skills, teacher-reported problem behaviors, and fourth-graders' self-reported social skills. The study also explored teachers' …
To Treat Or Not To Treat: The Role Of Antibiotics In The Management Of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections In An Ambulatory Setting, Julie Ann Deangelis
To Treat Or Not To Treat: The Role Of Antibiotics In The Management Of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections In An Ambulatory Setting, Julie Ann Deangelis
Open Access Dissertations
Background. Inappropriate antibiotic use for the management of community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs) continues to be of great concern due to increasing bacterial resistance, the potential risk of adverse events, and the unnecessary wasting of economic resources. Although publications have suggested a decline in unnecessary antibiotic use for the treatment of RTIs since the early 1990s, antimicrobial treatment post 2000 in the outpatient setting is not well understood. Objective. The purpose of our research was to determine the antibiotic prescribing trends since 1995 in adults with a diagnosis of bronchitis, CAP or sinusitis. We also evaluated the prevalence of antibiotic …
Alzheimer's Disease (Ad) Like Pathology Following Developmental Lead Exposure In Primates And The Role Of Aging In Ad-Related Genes Regulation In Rodents And Primates, Jinfang Wu
Open Access Dissertations
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disease results in memory loss and dementia. The search for the etiology of sporadic AD focuses on environmental links and the role of aging. In manuscript 1, we validated our previous rodent model in primates by the following findings. (1) Developmental Pb exposure caused elevated AD-related APP, BACE1 and Sp1 mRNA expression as well as APP protein and amyloidogenic Aβ40 and Aβ42. (2) The molecular changes were accompanied by AD-like pathological changes in exposed monkey brains. (3) Pb exposure increased 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanine in the monkey brain. (4) DNA methyltransferase activity was suppressed in exposed …
Analyses Of Dengue Fever And Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larval Habitats In A Tropical Urban Environment Of Costa Rica Using Geospatial And Mosquito Surveillance Technologies, Adriana Troyo
Open Access Dissertations
Dengue is currently the most important arboviral disease globally and is usually associated with built environments in tropical areas. Control measures are currently focused on community participation in control of the vector Aedes aegypti and larval source reduction. In Costa Rica, dengue fever is a relatively recent re-emerging disease and has become a serious public health problem. Remotely sensed information can facilitate the study of urban mosquito-borne diseases like dengue by providing multiple temporal and spatial resolutions appropriate to investigate urban structure and ecological characteristics associated with infectious disease. Initial studies showed that although dengue is a serious public health …
The Dose-Response Of Maternal Exercise Volume On Newborn And Placental Outcomes, Melisa A. Mena
The Dose-Response Of Maternal Exercise Volume On Newborn And Placental Outcomes, Melisa A. Mena
Open Access Dissertations
Current ACOG guidelines recommend exercise during a low-risk pregnancy for 30 minutes on most, if not all days of the week. However, little is known about how the volume of exercise performed during pregnancy affects fetoplacental size. In addition, the confounding effects of maternal nutrient intake and weight gain, and how they interact with exercise volume to influence fetoplacental size have not been appropriately addressed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying maternal exercise volumes on neonatal birthweight and placental volume, while addressing the influence of maternal nutrient intake and weight gain. Subjects evaluated …
Self-Disclosure And Self-Management In Young Adults With Early-Onset Adult Type 2 Diabetes, Geraldine M. Chalykoff
Self-Disclosure And Self-Management In Young Adults With Early-Onset Adult Type 2 Diabetes, Geraldine M. Chalykoff
Open Access Dissertations
Early-onset adult type 2 diabetes, which strikes young adults aged 18-44 years, poses a significant health threat. Adequate self-management requires that young adults perform medical tasks and practice healthy lifestyle behaviors in social situations of everyday life. Few researchers have examined whether these young adults disclose their illness to others and if self-disclosure is linked to diabetes self-management. A descriptive and exploratory study was designed to answer the following research questions: (1) To what extent do young adults with early onset type 2 diabetes identify instances of illness related self-disclosure during the course of their disease? (2) What is the …
Personal Motivation, Body Image, Health Behavior And Stage Of Exercising, Erica Rose Checko
Personal Motivation, Body Image, Health Behavior And Stage Of Exercising, Erica Rose Checko
Open Access Dissertations
Despite the well-documented links between regular physical activity and health in both the mental and physical domains, facilitation of exercise adherence is a major practical issue in health promotion. In today's society, many people are either sedentary or too infrequently active to accrue health benefits. Previous research suggests that intrinsic motivation plays a particularly salient role in the exercise behavior process and may be implicated in long-term maintenance. The primary goal of this study is to identify the motivational factors that contribute to regular exercise. A major focus will be on the potential relationship of motivational factors and body image …
An Examination Of The Effectiveness Of Community-Based Participatory Research Projects In Producing Intended Health Outcomes, John Won Lee
An Examination Of The Effectiveness Of Community-Based Participatory Research Projects In Producing Intended Health Outcomes, John Won Lee
Open Access Dissertations
Although community-based participatory research (CBPR) projects continue to grow in popularity, their effectiveness in producing positive health outcomes is not well understood. Through the examination of the outcome data of such projects, the current study sought to (i) answer the research question, "what is the evidence that CBPR projects can generate intended health outcomes?" (ii) identify and assess attributes of CBPR initiatives which may be related to the production of positive health outcomes, and (iii) test the research hypothesis: the level of community participation in defining the research question combined with the level community participation in decision making positively predicts …
Roles And Strategies Of Nurses Facilitating Diabetes Support Groups: An Exploratory Study, Joanne Fawcett Costello
Roles And Strategies Of Nurses Facilitating Diabetes Support Groups: An Exploratory Study, Joanne Fawcett Costello
Open Access Dissertations
Diabetes is a pervasive health problem with potentially devastating but preventable consequences. Although technological advances and new treatments have resulted in great optimism for controlling the disease, research indicates that the challenges of diabetes self-management are overwhelming for many. One creative intervention which has beginning empirical support and which seems to be helping many living with diabetes to sustain management of the disease and quality of life is diabetes support groups. Nurse diabetes educators have been frequent facilitators in these groups, yet little is known about how these nurses perceive their role and the strategies they use as well as …
Patterns Of Fuel Use And Storage In Songbirds In Relation To Diet Composition And Food Availability During Migration, Susan B. Smith
Patterns Of Fuel Use And Storage In Songbirds In Relation To Diet Composition And Food Availability During Migration, Susan B. Smith
Open Access Dissertations
Migration is energetically demanding for small songbirds and requires frequent stops to rest and replenish energy reserves. Food quality and availability at migration stopover sites may influence the length of time birds spend refueling, and could therefore be used to predict the quality of habitats for migrating birds. The objectives of my research were (1) to determine the effects of dietary macronutrient composition on plasma indicators of fuel use and body composition of birds, (2) to compare the nutrient composition and adequacy of seasonal fruit resources for satisfying the nutritional requirements of songbirds, and (3) to evaluate patterns of fuel …
Examining The Psychological Correlates Of Binge Eating Disorder Symptomatology In A Morbidly Obese Presurgical Sample, Caren Leigh Francione
Examining The Psychological Correlates Of Binge Eating Disorder Symptomatology In A Morbidly Obese Presurgical Sample, Caren Leigh Francione
Open Access Dissertations
Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective weight loss intervention for morbidly obese individuals. A successful outcome is largely dependent on a patient's ability to make and maintain the necessary postoperative lifestyle adjustments. Early studies have suggested that the presence of certain psychiatric disorders have the potential to interfere with patients' ability to make these adjustments. To date, little is known about the actual prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their associated features in bariatric presurgical patients. The current study has four main aims. Aim 1 examined the lifetime and current prevalence of Axis I and II psychiatric disorders with an …
Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Collegiate Athletes, Stephanie Milbradt Marchand
Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Collegiate Athletes, Stephanie Milbradt Marchand
Open Access Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the rates of disordered eating behaviors among collegiate athletes at a Division I university and to evaluate environmental factors that influence these behaviors. The study also examined whether athletes with more disordered eating behaviors assess and respond to environmental factors differently than athletes with fewer disordered eating behaviors. The student-athletes completed an Athlete's Questionnaire; the Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness, and Bulimia subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2; and the Eating Attitude Test-26. Coaches and athletic trainers completed either a Coach's or Athletic Trainer's Questionnaire. Focus groups with athletes, coaches, and athletic …
Evaluation Of Potential Multi-Particulate Drug Delivery Systems, Aruna Mummini Murty
Evaluation Of Potential Multi-Particulate Drug Delivery Systems, Aruna Mummini Murty
Open Access Dissertations
Multi-particulate tablets have the advantages of pellets and those of tablets. Formulation studies were performed on pellets using the granulation-extrusion-spheronization technique. The objective was to manufacture pellets of good quality with a high drug load and requisite dissolution rates. Inclusion of Ac-Di-Sol (cross linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose) increased the dissolution rate of drugs from clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride pellets. Surfactants such as cremophor (polyoxyl 35 castor oil) improved wetting of the drug and aided in the extrusion process. A major problem in compaction of coated pellets is that the coating can rupture on compaction, this results in significant differences in dissolution …
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Involvement And Adolescent Eating And Exercise Habits, Pamela Lea Steadman
An Examination Of The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Involvement And Adolescent Eating And Exercise Habits, Pamela Lea Steadman
Open Access Dissertations
Pediatric obesity is a major public health concern with alarming increases in prevalence rates over the past three decades, despite improvements in treatment and prevention efforts. Much of the focus on pediatric obesity prevention has revolved around children; however, little attention has been targeted toward adolescents. The current study is the first to examine the contribution of parental and adolescent perceptions of parental involvement in adolescent eating and exercise habits. Forty-six adolescent-parent dyads completed measures of perceived parental concern, responsibility, control and pressure exerted over adolescent health behaviors (AHB). Adolescents completed measures of current physical activity, eating habits, weight control …
Dietary Restraint, Self-Efficacy, And Gender Differences In Weight Loss Program Participants, Amy Elizabeth Sheeley
Dietary Restraint, Self-Efficacy, And Gender Differences In Weight Loss Program Participants, Amy Elizabeth Sheeley
Open Access Dissertations
Rates of overweight and obesity continue to rise each year with serious associated health risks. This study was conducted to explore gender differences between behavior change variables for both dietary fat reduction and exercise behaviors in a weight loss population. This research also investigated relationships between these psychosocial behavior change variables. Over 300 overweight and obese men and women enrolled in weight loss programs in the greater Boston area completed self-administered surveys. The behavior change variables surveyed included validated Transtheoretical Model (TTM) measures of stage of change for dietary fat reduction, situational confidence and temptation for dietary fat reduction, as …
A Descriptive Study Of Beta2-Agonist Use In Asthma Patients Based On A Nationally Representative Sample, James Melfi
A Descriptive Study Of Beta2-Agonist Use In Asthma Patients Based On A Nationally Representative Sample, James Melfi
Open Access Dissertations
Study. Prescribing patterns found in asthma patients compared to those patterns delineated in non-asthma patients. Background. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by inflammation as well as airway constriction. NIH guidelines recommend treatment of moderate to severe asthma with both preventive anti-inflammatory medication (inhaled corticosteroids) as well as a bronchodilator (beta 2 agonist) for quick relief of episodic symptoms (i.e., rescue medication). However, inhaled beta2-agonists are recommended for use in all types and classifications of asthma to provide prompt relief of airflow obstruction. The purpose of this study is to describe the pattern of prescribing inhaled …
Catch Basin Ecosystems And Effects Of The Mosquito Larvicide Methoprene, Mari Butler
Catch Basin Ecosystems And Effects Of The Mosquito Larvicide Methoprene, Mari Butler
Open Access Dissertations
The mosquito larvicide methoprene is a juvenile growth hormone mimic that is widely used to control mosquitoes. This chemical disrupts normal mosquito development, drastically inhibiting emergence from the pupal to the adult stage. Methoprene is active at extremely low levels and is widely used; so it could affect arthropods, other than mosquitoes, that have similar endocrine systems. This study evaluates the efficacy at controlling mosquitoes in storm water drainage catch basins and potential nontarget effects of methoprene. Secondly, whether methoprene attracts or deters mosquitoes likely to oviposit in catch basins was examined. Thirdly, the catch basin community was described and …
Validation Of A Tool To Measure Drug Knowledge: Evaluating Bioterrorism Preparedness Activities, Gregory A. Low
Validation Of A Tool To Measure Drug Knowledge: Evaluating Bioterrorism Preparedness Activities, Gregory A. Low
Open Access Dissertations
Background. Pharmaceutical supplies sufficient to protect millions of people are positioned to respond to a bioterrorist attack in the United States of America, but the educational resources, programs, material, and health professional staffing, to utilize those supplies optimally may be underdeveloped. Professionals and municipalities require objective tools to measure their ability to communicate necessary drug information to adhere to emergency prophylactic regimens. Objective. This research project created a survey tool and laid the foundation to establish the tool's validity to measure patient drug knowledge in bioterrorism preparedness activities that involve the dispensing of prophylactic medications. Methods. Test construction was based …
Identification Of Oct-2 As A Mediator Of Lead Neurotoxicity, Saleh Abdulrahman Bakheet
Identification Of Oct-2 As A Mediator Of Lead Neurotoxicity, Saleh Abdulrahman Bakheet
Open Access Dissertations
Lead exposure is highly neurotoxic, particularly to the developing brain. A potential mechanism through which lead could precipitate cerebral damage is by perturbations in the regulation of genes mediated by transcription factors involved in neural development. Macroarray screening analysis was conducted in vivo in an attempt to identify novel transcription factors that are involved in the response to lead exposure in the hippocampus of developing rats. Oct-2 was identified as a novel transcription factor prominently induced by lead. Lead-induced elevation of Oct-2 was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis and the functional properties of Oct-2 were examined using EMSA. We found that …