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Journal of Extension

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Extension's Role In The United States' Campaign To Reduce Food Waste, Lisa H. Mccoy Apr 2019

Extension's Role In The United States' Campaign To Reduce Food Waste, Lisa H. Mccoy

Journal of Extension

Extension can play a role in the United States' campaign to reduce consumer food waste by 2030. Food waste exists alongside food insecurity and affects individual households, agriculture, and the environment. Addressing food waste through a food systems approach requires involvement from Extension experts in family and consumer sciences, agriculture, environmental health, community development, policy, research, and education. Understanding the magnitude of and reasons for consumer food waste in the United States helps educators address this complex issue. By changing how people think about and manage food and food waste, Extension can have a significant impact on future generations.

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Ten Tools For Creating Attention-Getting Social Media Messages, Barbara O'Neill Apr 2019

Ten Tools For Creating Attention-Getting Social Media Messages, Barbara O'Neill

Journal of Extension

It is not enough to simply post text in social media messages. Tweets with images garner three times more engagement, such as through likes, retweets, follows, clicks, and comments. Social media messages without accompanying visuals are a missed opportunity. This article describes 10 simple tools and accompanying techniques for creating attractive graphics and videos for use with social media: Canva, Paint, Piktochart, grayed out images, hand-drawn sketches, stock images, personal photos, PicCollage, GIFs, and Boomerang. Visuals should be copyright free and fit the content of a post. Time can be saved through repurposing existing images and videos for use in …

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Beyond Evaluation: Using The Re-Aim Framework For Program Planning In Extension, Laura E. Balis, Deborah H. John, Samantha M. Harden Apr 2019

Beyond Evaluation: Using The Re-Aim Framework For Program Planning In Extension, Laura E. Balis, Deborah H. John, Samantha M. Harden

Journal of Extension

Extension professionals need to apply sound frameworks to program planning and evaluation in order to demonstrate strong population health impact and value. Pragmatic application of the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance) framework addresses the "who, what, when, where, how, and why" of a program's implementation. This article suggests pragmatic questions and example applications for each of the RE-AIM dimensions specifically for Extension professionals. This adapted RE-AIM tool can help Extension practitioners in all disciplines better plan and evaluate their programs and demonstrate the public value of Extension.

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Developing A Master Food Volunteer Continuing Education Program: A Model For Volunteer Capacity Building, Kristina A. Jiles, Melissa Chase, Kathy Hosig, Sophie Wenzel Apr 2019

Developing A Master Food Volunteer Continuing Education Program: A Model For Volunteer Capacity Building, Kristina A. Jiles, Melissa Chase, Kathy Hosig, Sophie Wenzel

Journal of Extension

We developed a master food volunteer (MFV) continuing education program (CEP) for MFVs assisting Extension agents with a diabetes self-management program. Our development process included two phases of pilot testing. First, seasoned MFVs tested and provided formative feedback on the first iteration of the MFV CEP modules. After revising the modules in response to their feedback, we evaluated program effectiveness by comparing pretraining/posttraining score change between MFVs who had completed the training (intervention group) and those who had not (comparison group). All test scores increased for intervention group members, whereas half declined for comparison group members. Our process of developing …

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4-H Health Ambassador Programs: A Survey Of Organizational And Programmatic Aspects, Theresa M. Ferrari Feb 2019

4-H Health Ambassador Programs: A Survey Of Organizational And Programmatic Aspects, Theresa M. Ferrari

Journal of Extension

The purpose of the study reported here was to gather information about the extent and scope of 4-H health ambassador programs. An online survey was sent to land-grant institution health contacts. Fifteen of the 36 individuals responding indicated that their states had such programs, and 13 completed the remainder of the survey questions. Commonalities occurred in the areas of application process, teaching role, and grant funding, but there existed considerable variation regarding other aspects of the programs, such as staffing, training, and curriculum. The survey results provide useful information and lessons learned for those interested in adopting 4-H health ambassador …

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Financial Impact Of Penn State Extension's Know Your Numbers Dairy Program, Aaron Berger, Timothy W. Kelsey, Stephan J. Goetz, Robert C. Goodling Jr., Virginia A. Ishler Feb 2019

Financial Impact Of Penn State Extension's Know Your Numbers Dairy Program, Aaron Berger, Timothy W. Kelsey, Stephan J. Goetz, Robert C. Goodling Jr., Virginia A. Ishler

Journal of Extension

Dairy-related Extension programming is important in many states, but the economic impact of such programming has received little attention. We examined the impact of Know Your Numbers, an educational program offered by the Penn State Extension Dairy Team. Using follow-up evaluation data and the economic impact tool IMPLAN, we estimated that the program had a total financial impact of $9.5 million and an employment impact of 69 jobs in 2014. The overall financial impacts of the Dairy Team, given its abundance of other programming, likely are significantly higher. Our approach for estimating the economic impact of an Extension program can …

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E-Learning Nutrition Education Program For Low-Income Adults: Perspectives Of Key Stakeholders, Sarah Stotz, Jung Sun Lee, Hui Rong, Deborah Murray Feb 2019

E-Learning Nutrition Education Program For Low-Income Adults: Perspectives Of Key Stakeholders, Sarah Stotz, Jung Sun Lee, Hui Rong, Deborah Murray

Journal of Extension

Through focus group interviews, we examined the perceptions of Extension peer nutrition educators (n = 6) and low-income adults (n = 8) regarding the feasibility of an e-learning nutrition education program, titled Food eTalk, tailored to Georgians eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed). Findings indicated two themes: (a) Participants have regular smartphone-based Internet access, and nutrition education e-learning programs should be designed to match typical smartphone use patterns and (b) recommendations to increase Food eTalk engagement involve carefully selected content and consideration to mandate SNAP-Ed participation. These findings are informing user-centered development of Food eTalk and may be …

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Edible Insect Workshop Engages Public In Sustainable Food Conversation, James Jasinski, Ashley Kulhanek, Kate Shumaker Feb 2019

Edible Insect Workshop Engages Public In Sustainable Food Conversation, James Jasinski, Ashley Kulhanek, Kate Shumaker

Journal of Extension

A 6-hr train-the-trainer workshop focused on introducing the concept that insects may play a significant role in food security as the world population is projected to exceed 9 billion people by the mid 21st century. Workshop topics including cultural, nutritional, culinary, and commercial aspects surrounding edible insects were presented and packaged into a formal curriculum for later use by the participants. A 12-item sensory evaluation of insect-fortified foods provided participants a tangible experience with product palatability. By the end of the workshop, participants had increased various dimensions of their knowledge about edible insects and reported a generally positive perception toward …

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Gaps In Safe Food Handling Practices Of Older Adults, Lelee Yap, Sarah L. Francis, Mack C. Shelley Ii, Doris Montgomery, Catherine J. Lillehoj Feb 2019

Gaps In Safe Food Handling Practices Of Older Adults, Lelee Yap, Sarah L. Francis, Mack C. Shelley Ii, Doris Montgomery, Catherine J. Lillehoj

Journal of Extension

We identified gaps in safe food handling practices that may be placing older adults at increased risk of food-borne illness. A convenience sample of 1,019 older adults completed the Food Safety Behavior Questionnaire. Majority groups among participants were those who were female, those who were White, and those who were widowed. Participants had lower adherences to safe practices related to temperature control, attention to sell-by/use-by dates on food packages, and cross-contamination. Adherences were significantly (p < .05) influenced by gender, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, and education. Our findings suggest the need for older adult–focused safe food handling education related to temperature control, product selection practices, and cross-contamination.

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Using American Indian Legends To Teach Youths Financial Literacy: Innovative Approaches To Cultural Adaptation, Jennifer Garbow, Rebecca Hagen Jokela, Jessie Rudi, Joyce Serido Feb 2019

Using American Indian Legends To Teach Youths Financial Literacy: Innovative Approaches To Cultural Adaptation, Jennifer Garbow, Rebecca Hagen Jokela, Jessie Rudi, Joyce Serido

Journal of Extension

In this article, we report on pilot implementation of a financial education program for American Indian (AI) youths. Our purpose is to share our experience engaging AI youths in a culturally relevant experience in which they learn financial education concepts. Specifically, we incorporated Ojibwe legends into lesson content to connect Ojibwe culture to the information being taught. We report a combination of quantitative survey data and qualitative observational notes that overall suggest evidence of success regarding effectively engaging AI youths in financial education. Our approach may be of particular interest to Extension educators working with youths from culturally underserved audiences.

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Positive Youth Development For Health: Extension's Readiness For Multilevel Public Health Approaches, Carol Smathers, Maureen Toomey, Lisa Washburn, Karen Johnston, Anne M. Iaccopucci, Elaine Johannes, Martha Ravola Feb 2019

Positive Youth Development For Health: Extension's Readiness For Multilevel Public Health Approaches, Carol Smathers, Maureen Toomey, Lisa Washburn, Karen Johnston, Anne M. Iaccopucci, Elaine Johannes, Martha Ravola

Journal of Extension

Positive youth development for health is one of six priority areas identified in Cooperative Extension's National Framework for Health and Wellness. The objectives for this priority area target both individual- and community-level change. An assessment of Extension professionals' readiness to integrate community-level policy, systems, and environment change approaches into youth development efforts indicated various levels of familiarity with and willingness to implement multilevel strategies. Using these findings and the transtheoretical model as the organizing framework, we make recommendations for advancing Extension professionals' readiness to implement changes that make healthful options more available and accessible and help create a culture of …

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Rethinking Service: Visual Arts At The Land-Grant University And In Extension Programming, Meghan L.E. Kirkwood Dec 2018

Rethinking Service: Visual Arts At The Land-Grant University And In Extension Programming, Meghan L.E. Kirkwood

Journal of Extension

In 2014, land-grant institutions observed the centenary of the Smith-Lever Act, which established the Cooperative Extension program. Traditionally, Cooperative Extension has engaged in and disseminated findings from research in areas such as agricultural sciences and public policy, but rarely the visual arts, despite the prevalence of visual arts departments at land-grant institutions. Faculty in the Department of Visual Arts at North Dakota State University (NDSU) desired to know whether there was potential for collaboration with NDSU Extension. This article addresses findings from the resulting survey-based study and the implications of those findings.

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Ensuring Food Safety As Demand For Improved Food System Efficiency Increases, Abigail Snyder, Kate Shumaker, Nicole Nelsen Dec 2018

Ensuring Food Safety As Demand For Improved Food System Efficiency Increases, Abigail Snyder, Kate Shumaker, Nicole Nelsen

Journal of Extension

Food security and safety issues have been central to Extension programming since its inception, but emerging concerns over the issues of food waste and system inefficiency have brought new challenges to the forefront. Social change ideas related to reducing food waste include use of secondary quality produce, date label elimination, repurposing of food scraps, and donation and gleaning of food. Implementation of these ideas often intersects with issues of food safety. Therefore, it is incumbent on Extension professionals nationwide to consider how best to use content and expertise to address modern food security, food waste, and food safety challenges.

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Good Agricultural Practices Training For Limited-Resource Produce Growers And Extension Educators, Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge, John C. Ricketts, Dharma Pitchay Dec 2018

Good Agricultural Practices Training For Limited-Resource Produce Growers And Extension Educators, Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge, John C. Ricketts, Dharma Pitchay

Journal of Extension

We delivered to growers and Extension educators a workshop addressing good agricultural practices (GAP) for produce safety. To assess the workshop's effects as applicable to behavioral intervention theory, we studied past behaviors, behavioral intentions, and changes in knowledge. Workshop participants had been aware of but did not fully understand certain GAP, such as implementing written food safety plans; after the workshop, both groups reported improved understanding of various concepts. Producers were mixed regarding intent to make GAP-related changes after workshop participation, whereas the educators overall were likely to make changes related to teaching GAP. We concluded that producers need more …

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Resident Perceptions Of A Proposed Environmental Education Center And Demonstration Farm, Lisa Pennisi, N. Qwynne Lackey, Kim Meendering, James R. Brandle Dec 2018

Resident Perceptions Of A Proposed Environmental Education Center And Demonstration Farm, Lisa Pennisi, N. Qwynne Lackey, Kim Meendering, James R. Brandle

Journal of Extension

To gauge community support for a proposed environmental education center and demonstration farm, we surveyed 514 local residents. Our intent was to assess community members' support for the project and relevant programming interests and to determine the roles that level of community satisfaction, perceived economic impact, and demographics played with regard to project support. We found that most community members supported the development and that levels of community satisfaction, perceptions of economic impact, background, gender, and age were significantly associated with level of support. Our research also revealed that community members were most interested in programs about nature and growing …

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Development Of A Food Safety Training For A Prison Farm: Challenges And Solutions, Angela Shaw, Kara Helterbran Dec 2018

Development Of A Food Safety Training For A Prison Farm: Challenges And Solutions, Angela Shaw, Kara Helterbran

Journal of Extension

Workers on prison farms in the United States commonly grow produce and row crops and raise livestock. Teaching good agricultural practices to prisoners and prison staff increases the safety of the food produced and reduces the likelihood of an illness outbreak. We developed a food safety curriculum for use on prison farms in Iowa. In developing the curriculum, we encountered many challenges that resulted in modifications in the content and delivery method. We present the content of the curriculum and provide educators with a better understanding of challenges and potential solutions related to working with prison farms.

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Determining What Growers Need To Comply With The Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule, Catherine H. Strohbehn, Arlene Enderton, Angela M. Shaw, Bridget Perry, Jacques Overdiep, Linda Naeve Dec 2018

Determining What Growers Need To Comply With The Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule, Catherine H. Strohbehn, Arlene Enderton, Angela M. Shaw, Bridget Perry, Jacques Overdiep, Linda Naeve

Journal of Extension

Extension educators have been enlisted to assist farmers in meeting requirements of the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule (PSR). Although food safety is a familiar topic for Extension educators, helping farmers learn how to prepare for PSR regulations is new. In this article, we describe a needs assessment conducted in the north central United States according to a modified Delphi approach. Results revealed unique characteristics of farmers in the region, least understood components of the PSR, preferences regarding educational tools, and the need for materials for varied audiences. Our process can be adapted for the purpose of determining …

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Food: A Multicomponent Local Food System Assessment Tool, Mark Uchanski, John Garlisch, J. Michael Patrick, Stephanie Walker Dec 2018

Food: A Multicomponent Local Food System Assessment Tool, Mark Uchanski, John Garlisch, J. Michael Patrick, Stephanie Walker

Journal of Extension

Our goal with this article is to present a visual aid and tool for assessing local food systems. We propose that local food systems comprise four essential components represented by the acronym FOOD: in(F)rastructure, pr(O1)duction, (O2)rganizations, and (D)emand. The FOOD assessment tool provides a visual overview of the statuses of these four essential components relative to a particular food system. It is also useful for comparing one food system to another or for tracking changes over time. Availability of the tool has important implications for U.S. Extension professionals across a variety of disciplines with regard to connecting individual components within …

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Readying Extension For The Systematic Analysis Of Large Qualitative Data Sets, Christian Schmieder, Kyrie E.H. Caldwell, Ellen Bechtol Oct 2018

Readying Extension For The Systematic Analysis Of Large Qualitative Data Sets, Christian Schmieder, Kyrie E.H. Caldwell, Ellen Bechtol

Journal of Extension

Land-grant Extension institutions face increasing expectations to use data to communicate value and drive program and organizational development. In this article, we introduce the University of Wisconsin–Extension Data Jam Initiative, an integrated qualitative software, methods, and data analysis curriculum. The Data Jam Initiative is an evaluation capacity building framework for collaborative, mentorship-based analysis sessions across an institution and across disciplines. Through sharing exemplar applications of this curriculum, we illustrate how the Data Jam Initiative prepares Extension institutions for using qualitative data in service of communication to stakeholders, program development, and organizational growth.

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Relationship Of Adult And Child Dietary Intakes In Michigan And Implications For Programming Region-Wide, Jiying Ling, Nagwan R. Zahry, Manfred Stommel, Mildred A. Horodynski Oct 2018

Relationship Of Adult And Child Dietary Intakes In Michigan And Implications For Programming Region-Wide, Jiying Ling, Nagwan R. Zahry, Manfred Stommel, Mildred A. Horodynski

Journal of Extension

Healthful dietary intakes are crucial for stemming the current childhood obesity epidemic. We examined the dietary intakes of 392 Michigan children aged 1–12 years. About 70% and 58% of children ate fruits and vegetables, respectively, each day; 26% drank sugar-sweetened beverages; and 31% ate with a television on. Children's vegetable intakes were significantly and moderately correlated with their parents' vegetable intakes (r = .34–.38), but their fruit intakes were more related to their grandparents' fruit intakes (r = .31). Due to the relative representativeness of our sample and similarities in eating patterns across the region, Extension professionals may consider our …

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Needs Assessment Regarding Online Training For Paraprofessionals In The Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program, Micheline Chlipalski, Don Quick, Garry Auld, Susan Baker Oct 2018

Needs Assessment Regarding Online Training For Paraprofessionals In The Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program, Micheline Chlipalski, Don Quick, Garry Auld, Susan Baker

Journal of Extension

We conducted a needs assessment prior to development of an online training for paraprofessionals in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. Through interviews with Extension professionals and paraprofessionals from three Extension regions, we determined characteristics of paraprofessionals' existing training environments and the paraprofessionals' characteristics as learners. Interviewees supported the development and implementation of an online training and identified benefits related to online training. Paraprofessionals expressed preference for a video-based rather than text-based format and wanted the training to complement not replace face-to-face training. Our findings may be useful in supporting the development of effective online training that meets the …

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Assessing The Potential Of Increasing Promotoras In Extension: Hispanic Balanced Living With Diabetes, Ivette Valenzuela-Yu, Kathryn Hosig, Sarah Misyak Oct 2018

Assessing The Potential Of Increasing Promotoras In Extension: Hispanic Balanced Living With Diabetes, Ivette Valenzuela-Yu, Kathryn Hosig, Sarah Misyak

Journal of Extension

A sustainable Extension model for promoting health and managing lifestyle-related chronic diseases in Hispanic populations would help mitigate health disparities in Hispanic communities. Hispanic Balanced Living with Diabetes (HBLD) is a type 2 diabetes lifestyle management program that we tested in Virginia. Through postintervention focus group discussions, we assessed barriers faced by Hispanics when accessing health care services, satisfaction with HBLD, and feasibility of training members of the Hispanic community to become promotoras, individuals who help facilitate adoption of healthful behaviors. Incorporating native Spanish speakers as educators and promotoras will ensure culturally relevant delivery of lifestyle modification programs, accurate communication …

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Untapped: Accessing Extension To Strengthen Connections Between Citizen Science And Community Decision Making, Malin Clyde, Alyson Eberhardt, Michelle D. Prysby, Kathryn Stofer Sep 2018

Untapped: Accessing Extension To Strengthen Connections Between Citizen Science And Community Decision Making, Malin Clyde, Alyson Eberhardt, Michelle D. Prysby, Kathryn Stofer

Journal of Extension

Citizen science is on the rise, and Extension is poised to support this movement by offering technical assistance to citizen science programs, communities, federal partners, and researchers. The expansion of citizen science provides an opportunity for fostering innovative access to Extension resources and increasing engagement with new audiences. To encourage capitalization on this opportunity, we outline Extension's traditional strengths and connect them to the needs of citizen science programs, offer examples of Extension-based citizen science programs that are working with communities to make natural resource management decisions, and make suggestions for ways in which Extension's technical assistance can be shared …

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Jobs To Be Done: An Innovative Needs Assessment Method For Supporting Extension Product And Program Design, Holly Jarvis Whitaker Sep 2018

Jobs To Be Done: An Innovative Needs Assessment Method For Supporting Extension Product And Program Design, Holly Jarvis Whitaker

Journal of Extension

Needs assessment in Extension is typically a quantitative process whereby the highest number of votes is deemed to indicate the greatest need. However, this process does not help specialists and county agents know the best response to carry out. A different process is needed to ensure that we in Extension are executing the right responses. In implementing the "jobs to be done" framework, an Extension professional conducts interviews with a small number of audience members to determine the content, kinds of media, and delivery model that will "do the job" for the audience. This article details three cases in which …

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Grandfamilies: Characteristics And Needs Of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, Bonita Dunn, Brenda Wamsley Sep 2018

Grandfamilies: Characteristics And Needs Of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, Bonita Dunn, Brenda Wamsley

Journal of Extension

Households in which grandparents are raising grandchildren, known as grandfamilies, represent a growing and underserved population. The Healthy Grandfamilies Project, a program for grandparents raising grandchildren, comprises 3 months of educational discussion group sessions delivered by West Virginia State University Extension staff followed by 3 months of support services delivered by a licensed social worker. We collected data for a preliminary study of the program through an intake form, pre- and posteducation measures, and a participant satisfaction survey. Preliminary results suggest a profile of grandfamilies and indicate that a model of education combined with social support holds potential for addressing …

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Hot Shots And Project-Based Extension: Setting A National Model By Reinventing Extension In Urban Areas, Rusty Collins, Brad Gaolach Sep 2018

Hot Shots And Project-Based Extension: Setting A National Model By Reinventing Extension In Urban Areas, Rusty Collins, Brad Gaolach

Journal of Extension

Colorado State University's Denver County Extension office is transforming the urban Extension landscape through a deliberate shift from traditional Extension programming toward a more project-based approach. In collaboration with the Western Center for Metropolitan Extension and Research, Denver County Extension developed the hot shot model to conduct applied research and special projects via project-based Extension in Denver, innovating how Extension operates and is viewed in urban communities. This approach couples staffing flexibility with expanded subject matter expertise, allowing local Extension to respond nimbly to stakeholder priorities while brokering the research and educational expertise of the university with the community.

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Informing Innovations Through Deeper Insight On Strategic Priorities And Expansive Ideas, Christine Geith, Margaret C. Immendorf, Ashley Griffin, C. Theodor Stiegler Sep 2018

Informing Innovations Through Deeper Insight On Strategic Priorities And Expansive Ideas, Christine Geith, Margaret C. Immendorf, Ashley Griffin, C. Theodor Stiegler

Journal of Extension

Recent national Extension initiatives and reports provide insight into innovation trends and issues. In response to questions from participants in eXtension Impact Collaborative events, we adapted two business frameworks to provide deeper insight about innovation. The adapted frameworks are helpful for identifying strategic areas of focus for innovation and prompting expanded thinking about potential types of innovation.

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Let's Not Get Disrupted, Dennis D. Calvin Sep 2018

Let's Not Get Disrupted, Dennis D. Calvin

Journal of Extension

Successful 21st-century Extension organizations will require innovative business models and organizational structures to meet customer needs. Although new technologies and tools that support Extension education are important, they do not serve as a vision or strategy. This commentary argues why Extension must pay close attention to its customers' needs to remain valuable and relevant in the future and describes the changes Penn State Extension has made in an attempt to position itself as a 21st-century organization.

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Adaptive Learning: An Innovative Method For Online Teaching And Learning, Gwyn Shelle, Dawn Earnesty, Alan Pilkenton, Erin Powell Sep 2018

Adaptive Learning: An Innovative Method For Online Teaching And Learning, Gwyn Shelle, Dawn Earnesty, Alan Pilkenton, Erin Powell

Journal of Extension

The term adaptive learning refers to a nonlinear approach to online instruction that adjusts to a student's needs as the student progresses through course content, resulting in a customized experience for the learner based on prior knowledge. This concept is emerging in the field of online learning. Through a project funded by the eXtension Foundation, we reviewed and conducted pilot testing on adaptive learning tools for Extension programming. We found that the adaptive learning format aided learners in mastering content. A significant contribution to the Extension community resulting from our project is improved understanding of an innovative way of teaching …

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Disruptive Innovation: How Washington State University Is Reaching Urban Audiences, Brad Gaolach, Martha Aitken, Anthony Gromko Sep 2018

Disruptive Innovation: How Washington State University Is Reaching Urban Audiences, Brad Gaolach, Martha Aitken, Anthony Gromko

Journal of Extension

Washington State University (WSU) is redefining how Extension works in urban areas. Its Metropolitan Center for Applied Research and Extension (Metro Center) engages nontraditional Extension audiences using an innovative business model that focuses on short-term projects instead of long-term programs. Outcome-driven, client-centered, and solution-oriented, the Metro Center works to develop practical, place-based solutions by being a conduit between metropolitan decision makers and WSU faculty expertise across the state. In this article, we present a case study centered on the conditions and opportunities leading to the Metro Center's formation, the center's entrepreneurial business model, and center projects that allow Extension to …

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