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Journal of Extension

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Extension Professionals' Information Use, Protective Behaviors, And Work-Life Stress During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Glenn D. Israel, David C. Diehl, Sebastian Galindo, Cassandra Ward, Athena K. Ramos, Marcy Harrington, Edward J. Kasner Dec 2020

Extension Professionals' Information Use, Protective Behaviors, And Work-Life Stress During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Glenn D. Israel, David C. Diehl, Sebastian Galindo, Cassandra Ward, Athena K. Ramos, Marcy Harrington, Edward J. Kasner

Journal of Extension

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we asked Extension professionals about sources used to inform their work, means used to inform clientele, and management of their own health and well-being. Survey data revealed that Extension professionals sought information from trusted sources and that large majorities were involved in disseminating online information to clientele. Extension professionals felt well supported, were prepared to address the pandemic's challenges, and were practicing recommended health behaviors. However, respondents reported high levels of stress and difficulty balancing professional and personal needs. Recommendations focus on collaborative opportunities for Extension as well as professional development and other …


Measuring The Aggregated Public Value Of Extension, Alexa J. Lamm, Adam Rabinowitz, Kevan W. Lamm, Kisha Faulk Dec 2020

Measuring The Aggregated Public Value Of Extension, Alexa J. Lamm, Adam Rabinowitz, Kevan W. Lamm, Kisha Faulk

Journal of Extension

Extension program participants tell story after story of the impact of Cooperative Extension on their lives, their families, and their businesses. Despite huge amounts of qualitative data, very little quantitative data exist showing the aggregated public value of Extension programs—especially across program areas. The lack of data leaves Extension administrators high and dry when they are asked to show public value, a circumstance sometimes resulting in reductions in human and financial resources. A simple, yet powerful Extension public value instrument was developed and used in Georgia along with analysis methods designed to showcase the short-, medium-, and long-term impacts of …


Participant Motivations For Joining An Extension Program, Phillip L. Waters Jr., Daniel R. Petrolia, William C. Walton Dec 2020

Participant Motivations For Joining An Extension Program, Phillip L. Waters Jr., Daniel R. Petrolia, William C. Walton

Journal of Extension

We asked participants of Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, and Atlantic Coast restoration-focused oyster gardening programs (OGPs) about motivations for joining an OGP and engaging in an activity in general at the gardening site before and after joining an OGP. Regarding motivations to join an OGP, environmental improvement was a stronger motivation than opportunity to learn or fishing improvement, both of which were generally greater than social motivations. Additionally, OGP participation was not significant in changing motivations for engaging in an activity in general at the gardening site, suggesting that a focus on initial motivators for engaging in an associated …


Extension's Role In Changing The Context Of Health, J. Dusti Linnell, Patty Case, Lauren Kraemer Dec 2020

Extension's Role In Changing The Context Of Health, J. Dusti Linnell, Patty Case, Lauren Kraemer

Journal of Extension

The Cooperative Extension National Framework for Health and Wellness calls on Extension professionals to operate in new ways that will shape "the context in which people grow, learn, work, and play" and to practice multidisciplinary and collaborative approaches in communities. In this article, we present three cases in Oregon as examples of how Extension faculty at Oregon State University are working to improve population health in rural Oregon communities in alignment with the Cooperative Extension National Framework for Health and Wellness. These examples highlight the roles Extension faculty can play in such work as well as associated successes and challenges.


Opportunities For Impact: Health Promotion In Rural Early Care And Education Environments, Nancy O'Hara-Tompkins, Gwen Crum, Hannah Fincham, Dianna Lewis, Elaine Bowen, Emily Murphy Dec 2020

Opportunities For Impact: Health Promotion In Rural Early Care And Education Environments, Nancy O'Hara-Tompkins, Gwen Crum, Hannah Fincham, Dianna Lewis, Elaine Bowen, Emily Murphy

Journal of Extension

Early care and education settings are essential partners in the battle against childhood obesity. We describe an Extension-facilitated early childhood obesity prevention intervention conducted in 25 rural early care and education settings. A total of 148 policy, systems, or environmental changes were achieved, reaching approximately 450 young children. Systems changes were the most prevalent outcome achieved. The experiences of Extension professionals in promoting policy, systems, and environmental changes are highlighted as are implications for other Extension systems and professionals promoting policy, systems, or environmental changes in early care and education settings.


Dr. Patricia A. Hendricks And The Targeting Life Skills Model: An Oral History, David J. White, S. Todd Williver, Shannon Andress, Tammy Stuhr Dec 2020

Dr. Patricia A. Hendricks And The Targeting Life Skills Model: An Oral History, David J. White, S. Todd Williver, Shannon Andress, Tammy Stuhr

Journal of Extension

The targeting life skills model created by Dr. Patricia A. Hendricks represents the skills developed by youths participating in 4-H. The model is used to identify desired learning and action outcomes of positive youth development programs. An article related to the origins and validation of the model was never published. This oral history describes Hendricks's Extension background, explains the circumstances that led her to create the model, traces the model's genesis, and reveals why the model lacks empirical validation and confirmation. The research-referenced, universally accepted model remains a valuable and systematic approach to planning and engaging youths in high-quality youth …


Professional Development Needs Of Early-Career Extension Agents Beyond The First Year: Florida County Extension Director Perspectives, Matt Benge, Annie F. Muscato, Peyton N. Beattie Dec 2020

Professional Development Needs Of Early-Career Extension Agents Beyond The First Year: Florida County Extension Director Perspectives, Matt Benge, Annie F. Muscato, Peyton N. Beattie

Journal of Extension

Extension agents serve important roles in communities but often begin their careers lacking skills crucial for success. We aimed to understand the professional development needs of Florida early-career Extension agents beyond the first year as perceived by eight county Extension directors (CEDs). Through semistructured interviews, CEDs indicated that building community relationships, managing volunteers, communicating effectively, and other Extension-related skills are areas for which early-career Extension agents need professional development. These results suggest a need for additional development opportunities beyond the first year, with a professional development model that is continually adapted as an Extension professional's skill set changes. Our findings …


Navigating The Coronavirus Pandemic: Advice For Grandparents From Grandparents, James S. Bates Dec 2020

Navigating The Coronavirus Pandemic: Advice For Grandparents From Grandparents, James S. Bates

Journal of Extension

In a qualitative study, I explored the experiences of grandparents during the coronavirus pandemic in the spring and summer of 2020 in the United States. Grandparents affected by the coronavirus pandemic and the subsequent restrictions shared their experiences in audio/video recorded interviews. Responses to one interview question asking about advice they would give to other grandparents were analyzed. Four themes were identified from the data analysis. Advice given was motivated by a desire to help other grandparents and their families. Implications for Extension professionals are discussed.


Nebraska School Gardens And The Potential For Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math Learning, Erin Ingram, Jenny Keshwani Dec 2020

Nebraska School Gardens And The Potential For Science, Technology, Engineering, And Math Learning, Erin Ingram, Jenny Keshwani

Journal of Extension

School-based growing spaces support student engagement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning through authentic agricultural pursuits. We conducted a survey of Nebraska schools to characterize existing school-based growing spaces and to identify challenges limiting garden-based STEM learning. Our findings confirm the use of school-based growing spaces for kindergarten through 12th-grade STEM instruction, especially in the sciences. Opportunities for technology and engineering experiences are currently limited, and additional professional development support is needed to broaden garden-based STEM learning efforts. Our findings are relevant to current and future Extension efforts supporting school gardens, especially in rural agricultural communities.


Farm-Based Programming For College Students Experiencing Food Insecurity, Cara L. Cuite, Stephanie A. Brescia, Lauren B. Errickson, Alex J. Sawatzky Dec 2020

Farm-Based Programming For College Students Experiencing Food Insecurity, Cara L. Cuite, Stephanie A. Brescia, Lauren B. Errickson, Alex J. Sawatzky

Journal of Extension

Student food insecurity is a concern at colleges and universities across the country, and Extension professionals can bring unique solutions to this growing problem. At Rutgers–New Brunswick, visitors to the Student Food Pantry receive vouchers for fresh produce to be redeemed at the New Brunswick Community Farmers Market. The Rutgers Gardens Student Farm makes weekly deliveries of fresh produce to the pantry, which is available at no cost to students. With creativity, Extension efforts such as master gardener programs, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education, and family and community health sciences programs can play an important role in alleviating college student …


Moving With The Marsh: Encouraging Property Owner Adaptation To Marsh Migration, Juliana Barrett, Nancy Balcom Dec 2020

Moving With The Marsh: Encouraging Property Owner Adaptation To Marsh Migration, Juliana Barrett, Nancy Balcom

Journal of Extension

Climate change adaptation efforts at the local level can help build support among Extension clients as well as improve resilience of natural systems. Marsh migration models of tidal wetlands in Connecticut show inland movement where conditions are suitable. Property owners, however, are frequently opposed to allowing marsh migration of cultivated lawns and gardens. We provide an example of development of a marsh migration buffer on a recently acquired land trust parcel adjacent to tidal wetlands as a local climate adaptation technique. Monitoring and education efforts are ongoing, with emphasis on local outreach. Similar strategies can be applied elsewhere.


Using Data Visualization To Demonstrate Outcomes—Examples From Ripple Effects Mapping, Clea Rome, Debra Hansen, Rebecca Sero, Lorie Higgins Dec 2020

Using Data Visualization To Demonstrate Outcomes—Examples From Ripple Effects Mapping, Clea Rome, Debra Hansen, Rebecca Sero, Lorie Higgins

Journal of Extension

If you have conducted a ripple effects mapping (REM) event, you may have wondered "What is the best way to use these data, and what are some creative options for sharing the findings?" REM involves a mind mapping approach to evaluation and is an effective way to collect qualitative data that document the direct and indirect impacts of complex programs and projects. We provide examples of visual ways to display the gathered data and describe how to use the information to elevate your program outcomes.


Creating Opportunities Through An Experiential, Community-Based Cooperative Extension Internship Program, Debra M. Sellers, Cheryl Heronemus, Cindy Gannon, Peggy A. Lockhart Dec 2020

Creating Opportunities Through An Experiential, Community-Based Cooperative Extension Internship Program, Debra M. Sellers, Cheryl Heronemus, Cindy Gannon, Peggy A. Lockhart

Journal of Extension

Extension is positioned to develop and implement high-quality, high-impact internship experiences for college students in local communities. The creation of the Rising Star Internship program arose from interest in providing experiential work opportunities for Iowa State University students coupled with the organizational goals of promoting awareness of Cooperative Extension and increasing interest in employability within Extension. The program provides a paid county-level summer internship with several unique elements. Evidence collected from student participants suggests that it is a mutually beneficial endeavor for Extension, students, and communities. Extension systems may desire to replicate these efforts if they share similar ambitions.


Farm/Ranch Succession Planning Program Motivates Families To Take Steps, Carrie L. Johnson, Shawn L. Carlson Dec 2020

Farm/Ranch Succession Planning Program Motivates Families To Take Steps, Carrie L. Johnson, Shawn L. Carlson

Journal of Extension

The United States is experiencing increased aging of farmers and ranchers, highlighting the need for succession planning programs that can help prepare them for successful transfer of land and assets to a successor. We discuss the Design Your Succession Plan program and its evaluation. The program consists of three sessions that address multiple topics regarding succession planning. Over a 5-year period, 516 participants from across North Dakota attended the program. Results from retrospective pretest/posttest surveys indicate that the program had a significant impact on increasing knowledge and confidence among participants. Implementation can assist aging farm and ranch families across the …


Assessing Community Readiness To Engage In Diversity And Inclusion Efforts, Scott Chazdon, Julie Hawker, Bukata Hayes, Neil Linscheid, Nancy O'Brien, Tobias Spanier Dec 2020

Assessing Community Readiness To Engage In Diversity And Inclusion Efforts, Scott Chazdon, Julie Hawker, Bukata Hayes, Neil Linscheid, Nancy O'Brien, Tobias Spanier

Journal of Extension

Social scientific research has demonstrated that increasing racial or ethnic diversity can reduce overall levels of social solidarity in a community. Yet many community development organizations, including Extension, are deeply committed to creating a broader sense of cohesion in rural communities. This article highlights a recent interagency effort, known as the Welcoming Communities Assessment, to assess a community's readiness for inclusion. The Welcoming Communities Assessment helps community members gain a baseline, action-oriented understanding of how inclusive different sectors of their community are for immigrants, refugees, and people of color. This article describes the assessment's context, design, analysis, and implementation.


Using Learning Management Systems To Provide 4-H Programming During The Covid-19 Pandemic And Beyond, Sarah Morefield, Maria G. Fabregas Janeiro Dec 2020

Using Learning Management Systems To Provide 4-H Programming During The Covid-19 Pandemic And Beyond, Sarah Morefield, Maria G. Fabregas Janeiro

Journal of Extension

Using a learning management system (LMS), such as Canvas, to provide 4-H programming can support program growth. With the onset in 2020 of the COVID-19 pandemic, 4-H professionals have been forced to move face-to-face activities online and challenged to work differently and in innovative ways to continue offering youth development opportunities. Responding to this challenge, Missouri 4-H created an online resource using the Canvas LMS to offer 4-H volunteers and families project opportunities and research-based project materials in one easily accessible and affordable platform.


Assessing Healthful Eating And Physical Activity Practices In Places Children Learn, Carolyn D. Rider, Amanda Linares, Janice Kao, Christina Becker, Gail Woodward-Lopez Dec 2020

Assessing Healthful Eating And Physical Activity Practices In Places Children Learn, Carolyn D. Rider, Amanda Linares, Janice Kao, Christina Becker, Gail Woodward-Lopez

Journal of Extension

Site-level assessment questionnaires (SLAQs) were developed to assess nutrition and physical activity practices and environments in schools and other places children spend time in order to facilitate program planning and evaluation. After expert panel review for content validity, questionnaires were feasibility tested by users in six schools, three early care and education programs, and two out-of-school programs. Findings indicate that the questionnaires are feasible and useful for planning interventions. Extension programs can use SLAQs to support policy, systems, and environment change efforts that promote healthful eating and physical activity in children and to measure intervention effectiveness.


Tank Systems On Shrimp Farms Are Effective For Extension Demonstrations In Aquaculture, Luke A. Roy, D. Allen Davis Dec 2020

Tank Systems On Shrimp Farms Are Effective For Extension Demonstrations In Aquaculture, Luke A. Roy, D. Allen Davis

Journal of Extension

Numerous approaches can be implemented to carry out on-farm Extension demonstrations in aquaculture. The design and approach used are often governed by the problem or question that needs to be addressed as well as budgetary constraints within Extension programs. West Alabama is home to a unique inland marine shrimp industry that uses a low-salinity artesian groundwater source to raise shrimp. Demonstration and technology transfer have been carried out on commercial shrimp farms for nearly 20 years using low-budget on-levee tank systems operated by Extension personnel using this unique water source. On-farm tank demonstrations can be an effective tool for Extension …


Extension Programming Resource For Building Farm And Farm Family Resilience, Jesse Ketterman, Bonnie Braun, Maria Pippidis Oct 2020

Extension Programming Resource For Building Farm And Farm Family Resilience, Jesse Ketterman, Bonnie Braun, Maria Pippidis

Journal of Extension

Farms and farm families experience stress due to the interconnectedness between healthy farm businesses and healthy family members. The resource Farm and Farm Family Risk and Resilience Framework: A Guide for Extension Educational Programming supports Extension educators in providing programming for the farming population. The guide includes a 96-article literature review, a farm and farm family risk and resilience framework, logic models, assessment and teaching tools, and a program planning tool. The guide can help Extension educators assimilate programming approaches and content to reduce risk, build resilience, and strengthen systems.


Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Community Partners In The Agriculture Industry In Hawai'i, Michael Cheang, Georgia L. Yamashita Oct 2020

Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Community Partners In The Agriculture Industry In Hawai'i, Michael Cheang, Georgia L. Yamashita

Journal of Extension

We explored ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has affected those who work in the agriculture industry in Hawai'i. Although economic hardship seems to be the obvious consequence, changes to the logistical and daily routines in the home also emerged as major impacts, and psychological effects may be even more distressing. Those who work in agriculture are an essential component of the agricultural and human ecologies to which land-grant universities are connected. Our findings provide valuable insights as to how Extension professionals across the United States may assist agricultural producers and farm families in their own communities at this time.


Disasters Happen: Identifying Disaster Management Needs Of Cooperative Extension System Personnel, Vikram Koundinya, Cristina Chiarella, Susan Kocher, Faith Kearns Oct 2020

Disasters Happen: Identifying Disaster Management Needs Of Cooperative Extension System Personnel, Vikram Koundinya, Cristina Chiarella, Susan Kocher, Faith Kearns

Journal of Extension

Disasters are deeply affecting communities and economies in the United States, and the role of Cooperative Extension in disaster management efforts continues to grow. We surveyed University of California Extension personnel to identify existing disaster management programs and future needs. We found that about one third of our respondents had been involved in preparing for, responding to, or helping communities recover from disasters. Respondents experienced having a variety of needs related to disaster preparedness and response systems, procedures, materials and equipment, and educational materials. Our findings revealed a critical need for program and professional development around disaster management for Cooperative …


Engaging Farmers And The Agriculture Industry Through The Testing Agricultural Performance Solutions Program, Charles A. Burr, Daran R. Rudnick, Matt C. Stockton, Robert Tigner, Krystle Rhoades Oct 2020

Engaging Farmers And The Agriculture Industry Through The Testing Agricultural Performance Solutions Program, Charles A. Burr, Daran R. Rudnick, Matt C. Stockton, Robert Tigner, Krystle Rhoades

Journal of Extension

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln Testing Agricultural Performance Solutions (TAPS) program involves use of farm management competitions to increase engagement across producers, industry, and universities. Participants make several management decisions throughout the growing season in a controlled field trial held at the university research station. Results are analyzed, and awards are presented for most profitable farm, most efficient farm, and farm with the greatest grain yield. The TAPS program involves several techniques for facilitating participatory assistance, including two-way communication and transformational learning. It has resulted in participants' questioning their past management decisions and realizing that they need to improve their marketing …


Evaluating Common Measures 2.0 In 4-H: Intra- And Interpersonal Skills Predict Engaged Citizenship, Shane A. Kavanaugh, Brenda S. Allen Oct 2020

Evaluating Common Measures 2.0 In 4-H: Intra- And Interpersonal Skills Predict Engaged Citizenship, Shane A. Kavanaugh, Brenda S. Allen

Journal of Extension

Research indicates that positive youth development (PYD) programming leads to improved developmental outcomes. Yet there continues to be a lack of clarity about how PYD programs are defined and measured. Therefore, Common Measures 2.0 was created for assessing 4-H youth development programs. We examined the universal skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal) and engaged citizenship scales of Common Measures 2.0 through a survey of 175 participants at a 4-H youth leadership conference. Intrapersonal and interpersonal skills were significantly positively associated with engaged citizenship. The universal skills and engaged citizenship scales showed acceptable factor loadings and Cronbach's alpha values. Limitations and future directions …


Adapting To Provide Innovative In-Person Extension Programming During A Pandemic, Brad Stokes, Elizabeth Lynn, Tiffany Belt Oct 2020

Adapting To Provide Innovative In-Person Extension Programming During A Pandemic, Brad Stokes, Elizabeth Lynn, Tiffany Belt

Journal of Extension

The success of Extension programming is often predicated on in-person events, and numerous Extension programs are preplanned and scheduled well in advance of the anticipated programming date. In-person events help foster community, collaboration, and the human connection within our society. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical for Extension to be adaptive and innovative and react proactively to worldwide, nationwide, and local authorities' and health professionals' recommendations to protect clientele, staff, and volunteers. Extension educators can tailor in-person programs to align with health professionals' recommendations by using creative, innovative, and adaptive measures. We describe two such programs.


Ride Utah! Resiliency-Building Horse Rides For Military Personnel And Families, Karl H. Hoopes, Makenna Osborne Oct 2020

Ride Utah! Resiliency-Building Horse Rides For Military Personnel And Families, Karl H. Hoopes, Makenna Osborne

Journal of Extension

To introduce and provide equine-related activities to military personnel and their families, Utah State University Equine Extension created and implemented an effective program called Ride Utah! Equine-related activities have been shown to improve mental health and build strong family relationships in participating individuals. Ride Utah! incorporates campus faculty, county agents, and community volunteers to promote, facilitate, and conduct safe, enjoyable equine trail rides and associated resiliency-building programming. Program evaluation has indicated significant increase in participants' resiliency, and the program can be replicated or adapted for use elsewhere.


Using Playbooks To Guide Leadership Transitions In Voluntary Groups And Community Organizations, Michael John Dougherty, Kelly Nix Oct 2020

Using Playbooks To Guide Leadership Transitions In Voluntary Groups And Community Organizations, Michael John Dougherty, Kelly Nix

Journal of Extension

Leadership changes can result in confusion for voluntary groups or community organizations. Traditionally, new leaders have received board training or been expected to learn by doing or reviewing existing policies. The National Association of Community Development Extension Professionals (NACDEP) took a new approach, with those in leadership roles developing "playbooks" to guide incoming leaders. The process has proved to be successful for NACDEP and is now being replicated by other organizations.


Decision-Making Tree For Prioritizing Racial Equity In Resource Allocation, Jamie Bain, Noelle Harden, Stephanie Heim Oct 2020

Decision-Making Tree For Prioritizing Racial Equity In Resource Allocation, Jamie Bain, Noelle Harden, Stephanie Heim

Journal of Extension

Within University of Minnesota Extension's health and nutrition program area, we created and are using a decision-making tree to prioritize our work with communities of color through equitable decision-making practices. The tool is currently used to help grant administrators winnow down a pool of applicants for a participatory grant-making program called the Action Learning Seed Fund. In this article, we draw on our experiences with creating and using the tool to explore its potential application for advancing equitable decision making in other areas of Extension work.


Effectively Conducting Field Days While Responding To Unprecedented External Restrictions, Jacqueline Comito, Elizabeth Ripley, Mark A. Licht, Adam K. Janke Oct 2020

Effectively Conducting Field Days While Responding To Unprecedented External Restrictions, Jacqueline Comito, Elizabeth Ripley, Mark A. Licht, Adam K. Janke

Journal of Extension

Despite external influences such as societal restrictions imposed during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, farmers continue to work, and needs for outreach and education have not waned. Extension professionals must continue to support these needs by using media and channels not typically employed when more traditional vehicles, such as on-site consultations and field days, are not practical or safe. The Iowa Learning Farms team from Iowa State University Outreach and Extension has developed a successful Virtual Field Day program using available online tools that can be easily adopted by other Extension organizations to facilitate outreach.


Srwc-Peam: A Comprehensive Appraisal Tool For Short-Rotation Woody Crops In The Southeast, Solomon B. Ghezehei, Dennis W. Hazel, Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols Oct 2020

Srwc-Peam: A Comprehensive Appraisal Tool For Short-Rotation Woody Crops In The Southeast, Solomon B. Ghezehei, Dennis W. Hazel, Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols

Journal of Extension

Short-rotation woody crops (SRWCs) are fast-growing trees grown for energy or paper production. The productivity and economic assessment model for short-rotation woody crops, or SRWC-PEAM, is a web-based tool for evaluating the potential to produce woody feedstock from SRWCs on marginal lands in the southeastern United States. Productivity and economic assessments are based on land history and conditions, species, economic factors and management, and an enterprise budget developed according to recent field research and published data. Extension professionals can use SRWC-PEAM to evaluate stand establishment and management options to find profitable SRWC project scenarios for landowners and improve producers' economic …


Remote Hiring Innovation During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Melanie D. Jewkes, Jonathan J. Swinton, Shannon Cromwell, David G. Schramm, Naomi Brower Oct 2020

Remote Hiring Innovation During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Melanie D. Jewkes, Jonathan J. Swinton, Shannon Cromwell, David G. Schramm, Naomi Brower

Journal of Extension

Extension's in-person hiring processes have been complicated in 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic. To prevent delays in hiring for three vacant county faculty positions, our search committee conducted remote interviews using a variety of innovative techniques, such as a live "we're hiring" webinar, an icebreaker session, and live and recorded candidate presentations. The results of our innovative efforts included a larger pool of applicants, relaxed web-based video interviews, and savings in time and expenses. These strategies could be considered as new and effective approaches and practices to hiring and interviewing in Extension as the pandemic continues and into the future.