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Articles 181 - 210 of 273
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Examination Of Women’S Sports Fans’ Attitudes And Consumption Intentions, Ceyda Mumcu, Nancy Lough, John C. Barnes
Examination Of Women’S Sports Fans’ Attitudes And Consumption Intentions, Ceyda Mumcu, Nancy Lough, John C. Barnes
Journal of Applied Sport Management
To date, few studies have focused on understanding fans of women’s sport, which is especially true with regard to consumption intentions. This study was undertaken to 1) examine fans’ attitudes toward women’s sports, including both cognitive and affective evaluations as related to consumption intentions; 2) identify salient product attributes of women’s sports related to fans’ consumption intentions; and 3) examine group differences on attitudes. Multiple regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance were conducted to address the research questions. Results of the study revealed that both cognitive and affective aspects of attitude were predictive of women’s sport fans’ consumption intentions. …
College Choice…Holistic Development…Career Success…College Choice: Introducing The “Lifetime Human Capital Cycle” For Intercollegiate Athletes, Landon T. Huffman, Kristina M. Navarro, Coyte G. Cooper
College Choice…Holistic Development…Career Success…College Choice: Introducing The “Lifetime Human Capital Cycle” For Intercollegiate Athletes, Landon T. Huffman, Kristina M. Navarro, Coyte G. Cooper
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The purpose of this article was to examine the college-choice factors of intercollegiate football athletes who were offered an athletic grant-in-aid to attend a NCAA Division I FBS university in the southeastern United States (n = 74). A modified version of the Student–athlete College-Choice Profile (SACCP) was used to collect data regarding the most influential college-choice factors. The questionnaire concluded with an open-ended question asking players to identify the three most-influential factors related to their college choice. A mixed-methods approach utilized descriptive statistics complemented by qualitative analysis techniques including process coding, pattern coding, and analytic memoing to identify the most …
Social Media And Outbound Ticket Sales: Examining Social Media Strategies Among Top-Performing Salespeople, Clint Warren
Social Media And Outbound Ticket Sales: Examining Social Media Strategies Among Top-Performing Salespeople, Clint Warren
Journal of Applied Sport Management
This paper examines current implementation of social media strategies by ticket salespeople. A sample of 126 ticket sales professionals across professional, collegiate, and minor league sport responded to a survey measuring social media usage rates across a variety of platforms, social media use throughout the sales process, and sales performance. Results indicate that overall ticket salespeople are not incorporating social media into their regular sales initiatives. However, top-performing sales professionals do tend to use social media more regularly than baseline ticket sales representatives when approaching and discovering the needs of their customers. Given the rise of social media as a …
Understanding Talent Retention Within A Sport System: Exploring The Elite Youth Hockey Development System In Alberta, Canada, Jonathon Edwards
Understanding Talent Retention Within A Sport System: Exploring The Elite Youth Hockey Development System In Alberta, Canada, Jonathon Edwards
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The study examines the regulations and strategies implemented by management of club hockey organizations and governing hockey bodies in the Edmonton region of Alberta, Canada to retain their talented youth athletes. Interviews were conducted with 13 representatives of six club hockey organizations and three governing bodies. The findings revealed that Residential Boundary regulations, Player Development, Facility Ownership, Performance Driven Outcomes, and Information Sharing comprised the system, and were used as a means of retaining youth elite athletes at key transition points. It was determined that management of club hockey organizations operate within a closed sport system, and based on this …
Examining The Impact Of Team Identification And Gender On Rival Perceptions And Consumption Intentions Of Intercollegiate Athletics Fans, Cody T. Havard, Terry W. Eddy, Timothy D. Ryan
Examining The Impact Of Team Identification And Gender On Rival Perceptions And Consumption Intentions Of Intercollegiate Athletics Fans, Cody T. Havard, Terry W. Eddy, Timothy D. Ryan
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The current study investigated rival perceptions using the Sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale (SRFPS) (Havard, Gray, Gould, Sharp, & Schaffer, 2013) on a group of male and female intercollegiate athletics fans at various levels of favorite team identification. To this point, the SRFPS has primarily been used to examine highly identified male fans (Havard, Reams, & Gray, 2013; Havard, Wann, & Ryan, 2013). The current study extended previous research on rivalry by finding that rival perceptions were impacted by level of team identification. Specifically, highly identified fans experienced more sense of satisfaction when their favorite team defeated the rival team …
Competency Assessment For Entry-Level Sport Ticket Sales Professionals, David Pierce, Richard Irwin
Competency Assessment For Entry-Level Sport Ticket Sales Professionals, David Pierce, Richard Irwin
Journal of Applied Sport Management
With the emergence of outbound sales philosophies taking hold in sport organizations, sales managers are seeking talent to fill sales positions with candidates launching their careers in the sport industry. However, observers have noted that the infusion of sport ticket sales personnel has not been accompanied by an appropriate professional development and evaluation protocol, which has contributed to high turnover rates. As sport management education programs modernize their curriculum to meet industry needs and sales managers attempt to reduce turnover, a better understanding of the competencies required of entry-level sport ticket sales professionals is required. The purpose of this research …
Ensuring Natural Grass Sports Fields Are Safe For Athlete Participation: A Risk-Assessment Process For Assessing Field Conditions Before Sports Activity, Lauren A. Petrass, Dara M. Twomey, Caroline F. Finch
Ensuring Natural Grass Sports Fields Are Safe For Athlete Participation: A Risk-Assessment Process For Assessing Field Conditions Before Sports Activity, Lauren A. Petrass, Dara M. Twomey, Caroline F. Finch
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Public safety is critical to the provision of sports fields and is dependent on maintaining natural grass surfaces and checking the safety of sports environments before play, to identify, remove and control hazards to reduce injury risk to participants. This paper presents and evaluates a Good Practice Sports Ground Inspection Form (GPSGIF), a new checklist developed to assist sports organizations, policy makers and field managers in the identification of injury hazards on natural grass fields. Use of the GPSGIF led to a consensus decision about the safety of grounds in >80% of assessments, and most items showed high levels of …
Seeing The World Differently: An Analysis Of The Impact Of A Sport-Related Study Abroad Program On Global Mindedness, Carrie W. Lecrom, Gregory Greenhalgh, Brendan Dwyer
Seeing The World Differently: An Analysis Of The Impact Of A Sport-Related Study Abroad Program On Global Mindedness, Carrie W. Lecrom, Gregory Greenhalgh, Brendan Dwyer
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The purpose of this research was to determine whether there is a difference in the global mindedness of students who have participated in sport-related study abroad opportunities and those who have not. While a vast amount of research exists on the impact of studying abroad in other fields, no research has been published in the sport management field on how study abroad experiences impact students. The current study surveyed alumni of a graduate program at a mid-Atlantic university over a 12-year time frame. The course examined, offered once per year, is a two-week trip to Western Europe that focuses on …
The Impact Of Psychological Contract Breach On Student-Athlete Perceived In-Role Performance And Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Christopher R. Barnhill, Brian A. Turner
The Impact Of Psychological Contract Breach On Student-Athlete Perceived In-Role Performance And Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, Christopher R. Barnhill, Brian A. Turner
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Recent research has demonstrated that breached psychological contracts between student-athletes and their coaches can have negative consequences for team members (Barnhill, Czekanski, & Turner, 2013; Barnhill & Turner, 2013, 2014). While these studies are informative, they have been focused on student-athlete attitudes. The purpose of this study was to explore how psychological contracts affect student-athletes' behaviors and performance. The results indicated that neither psychological contract breaches, nor psychological contract violation are significantly related to organizational citizenship behaviors or in-role performance of studentathletes. Implications and suggestions for future results are discussed.
Framing The Industry: Front-Page Coverage Of Intercollegiate Athletics In Five Major Newspapers, Erianne A. Weight, Coyte G. Cooper
Framing The Industry: Front-Page Coverage Of Intercollegiate Athletics In Five Major Newspapers, Erianne A. Weight, Coyte G. Cooper
Journal of Applied Sport Management
This study examined the prevalence, content, and tone of front page intercollegiate athletic coverage within daily sampling of five major newspapers during the 2011 calendar year through a theoretical lens of framing as a theory of media effects. Analysis reveals broad media presentation of an industry characterized by lavish spending and widespread corruption in football and men's basketball with roughly 98% of the college sport-coverage word count devoted to men's sport with 73.7% covering football and 23.8% covering men's basketball with dominant emergent themes including financial exorbitance, scandal, athlete compensation, conference realignment, conflict between athletics & the academy, athlete entitlement, …
Building Community Via Sport For Adolescents, Stacy Warner, Stephen Leierer
Building Community Via Sport For Adolescents, Stacy Warner, Stephen Leierer
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Sport is frequently claimed to foster a greater sense of community for participants. However, a dearth of quantifiable and empirical evidence supports this claim and even less is known about how sport impacts adolescents' sense of community. The aim of this research was to assess the effectiveness of a sport program for adolescents. A pre/post research design was used to determine if any changes in sense of community were experienced for adolescents who took part in a three-week sport program. Sense of community was measured using the Sense of Community Index- 2. A total of 28 participants completed pre- and …
The Glass Closet: Perceptions Of Homosexuality In Intercollegiate Sport, Jordan Bass, Robin Hardin, Elizabeth A. Taylor
The Glass Closet: Perceptions Of Homosexuality In Intercollegiate Sport, Jordan Bass, Robin Hardin, Elizabeth A. Taylor
Journal of Applied Sport Management
A mixed-methods approach was used to examine the perceptions and prevalence of open homosexuality in intercollegiate sport in the United States. Universityhosted biographies of NCAA Bowl Championship Series (BCS) head coaches were coded to determine the frequency of head coaches listing a wife, husband, and same-sex partner (Calhoun, LaVoi, & Johnson, 2011). These findings were paired with interviews of five college coaches exploring their feelings toward the culture surrounding homosexuality, by players, coaches, and administrators, at their university. Only one coach of more than 1,000 was identified as having a same-sex partner in university-sponsored coaching biographies. Interview findings revealed collegiate …
Student Perceptions Of The Program Component Effectiveness Of A Leisure And Sport Management Program (Lsm), Jim K. Rost, Colby B. Jubenville
Student Perceptions Of The Program Component Effectiveness Of A Leisure And Sport Management Program (Lsm), Jim K. Rost, Colby B. Jubenville
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Although the trend in higher education is moving toward an emphasis on institutional mission-based funding and retention plans, little has been done to evaluate students' perceptions of academic program effectiveness and an integration of a total quality management approach to ensuring program quality. The purpose of this study was to determine what effect student perception of Leisure and Sport Management (LSM) program components had on their perception of overall program quality with regard to Deming's 14 points of Total Quality Management. Forty-eight students from a graduate LSM program completed one questionnaire, comprised of three demographic variables and 29 attitude items. …
Using Youth Sport To Enhance Parents' Sense Of Community, Stacy Warner, Marlene Dixon, Stephen Leierer
Using Youth Sport To Enhance Parents' Sense Of Community, Stacy Warner, Marlene Dixon, Stephen Leierer
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Youth sport is a large and influential sector of the sport industry. This sector has received considerable attention regarding issues such as improving participants' experiences and attracting and retaining more participants. Parents are also highly involved in youth sport, yet their experiences are less understood. This study ex-amines the role a youth sport program plays in fostering a sense of community for parents. Using a qualitative interpretative design, participants were drawn from a youth sport program in the United States. The focus group data ( n = 36) revealed that The Child's Experience, Clear Logistics , Administrative Consideration , and …
Ventures In Visionary Marketing: Identifying Game-Changing Branding Strategies In Ncaa Fbs Athletic Departments, Coyte Gene Cooper
Ventures In Visionary Marketing: Identifying Game-Changing Branding Strategies In Ncaa Fbs Athletic Departments, Coyte Gene Cooper
Journal of Applied Sport Management
In today's competitive entertainment environment, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletic departments are being faced with unique challenges when it comes to attendance figures and fan engagement. To counter these chal-lenges, athletic departments are being forced to come up with strategies to build their brand with consumers. Thus, the purpose of the current research was to sur-vey marketing staff members at NCAA Division I athletic departments ( N = 46) to identify the peer departments considered as visionary in the area of branding. Overall, the research illustrated that In-Game Experience was determined as the most important area for maximizing efficiency …
Locating Universities Within The Phases Of Escalation Of Commitment To Intercollegiate Athletics, Calvin Nite, Michael Hutchinson, E. Nicole Melton, Adrien Bouchet
Locating Universities Within The Phases Of Escalation Of Commitment To Intercollegiate Athletics, Calvin Nite, Michael Hutchinson, E. Nicole Melton, Adrien Bouchet
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Escalation of commitment has been studied extensively within management and has been found to be particularly prevalent within intercollegiate athletics. The purpose of this study was to broaden the scope of traditional escalation of com-mitment research by developing effective means for locating sport organizations within Staw and Ross's (1987) temporal model. In doing so, we moved beyond the typical qualitative case study approach and sought to provide more general-ized findings, both within the context of intercollegiate athletics and within the broader sport industry. Through identifying relevant factors within our data and combining those with other descriptive variables, we were able …
Weather, Timing, And Promotions In Minor League Baseball: An Examination Of Attendance In The International League, Steven M. Howell, David B. Klenosky, Chad D. Mcevoy
Weather, Timing, And Promotions In Minor League Baseball: An Examination Of Attendance In The International League, Steven M. Howell, David B. Klenosky, Chad D. Mcevoy
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Understanding the different factors that impact attendance at sporting events is a timely and relevant topic for researchers and practitioners alike. The present study examines the effects of different types of promotions, weather, and selected temporal elements on attendance in Minor League Baseball. Using data for teams participating in the International League during the 2010 season, results from a multiple regression analysis revealed that special events, promotional giveaways, and non-workdays have a positive impact on attendance; while suboptimal weather conditions have a negative impact. These findings contribute to our understanding of the factors that impact attendance in professional baseball and …
Understanding The Perceived Attributes And Consequences Of Participation In Youth "Rep" Hockey: An Analysis From The Parental Perspective, Chris Chard, Jonathon Edwards, Luke Potwarka
Understanding The Perceived Attributes And Consequences Of Participation In Youth "Rep" Hockey: An Analysis From The Parental Perspective, Chris Chard, Jonathon Edwards, Luke Potwarka
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Participation in youth sport has been recognized for myriad developmental benefits. When one considers sport participation, there are a number of different delivery models. Participation can be recreational in nature or competitively driven. Regardless of competitive level, it is important for sport managers to understand the drivers that influence sport participation. Thus, the purpose of the current investigation was to achieve a better understanding of the perceived attributes and consequences of youth representative (rep) sport participation from the perspective of the elite athletes' parents. Parents' perceptions are important given that these individuals are the ultimate decision makers for their children's …
Sport Analytics: Using Open Source Logistic Regression Software To Classify Upcoming Play Type In The Nfl, Robert E. Baker, Ted Kwartler
Sport Analytics: Using Open Source Logistic Regression Software To Classify Upcoming Play Type In The Nfl, Robert E. Baker, Ted Kwartler
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The purpose of this study was to utilize data analytics as means to classify National Football League offensive play types. The open source software R was employed to create a logistic regression based on data for the Cleveland Browns and Pittsburgh Steelers from 13 recent seasons. The regression is based on all first, second, and third downs within regulation play, totaling 26,310 data points. The initial algorithms classify rush or pass for each offense. Revealed through differing coefficients of the independent variables, each team shows a slightly different approach to play selections in response to in-game situations. Identifying the driving …
From Tailgating To Twitter: Fans' Use Of Social Media At A Gridiron Matchup Between Two Historically Black Colleges, Carrie Brown, Erin Willis, Cody Havard, Richard L. Irwin
From Tailgating To Twitter: Fans' Use Of Social Media At A Gridiron Matchup Between Two Historically Black Colleges, Carrie Brown, Erin Willis, Cody Havard, Richard L. Irwin
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The current study investigated the uses and gratifications of attendees using social media at the Southern Heritage Classic (SHC), a Historically Black Colleges and Universities football game between Tennessee State University and Jackson State University. Descriptive data revealed how attendees used various types of media to find information about the SHC, and how social media was utilized by participants during and surrounding the event. Further, following Clavio (2011), two one-way ANOVAs found that attendees did not differ in their use of social media by sex, but did differ by age groups. Specifically, younger age groups were more likely than older …
Toward An Understanding Of Best Practices In Student-Athlete Leadership Development Programs: Student-Athlete Perceptions And Gender Differences, Kristina Navarro, Stephen Malvaso
Toward An Understanding Of Best Practices In Student-Athlete Leadership Development Programs: Student-Athlete Perceptions And Gender Differences, Kristina Navarro, Stephen Malvaso
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Student-athletes often know how to recognize leadership but struggle to master techniques to exemplify leadership characteristics during their college experience. As Division I athletics now serve as the front porch to American institutions, the visibility of Division I student-athletes has drastically increased. With this visibility comes enhanced responsibility to represent oneself, one's team, and one's university. In turn, it is of heightened interest for higher education and intercollegiate athletics practitioners to understand how to best foster leadership skills for this unique population that garners enhanced media attention. This mixed-method case study considers the perceptions of 221 Division I freshmen student-athletes …
A Generational Cohort Comparison Of Endurance Sport Participant Involvement, Jason A. Rice
A Generational Cohort Comparison Of Endurance Sport Participant Involvement, Jason A. Rice
Journal of Applied Sport Management
While traditional team sport participation numbers are unstable, trends indicate individual endurance event participation is moving in the opposite direction. Simultaneously, Generation Y, North America's largest teen population in history, is entering its wealth accumulation stage. In an effort to understand more about this group and their potential influence on such trends, the purpose of the current study was to investigate involvement of endurance event participants within the Generation Y cohort and a comparison group of older generational cohorts. This research has applied an approach, whereby use of quantitative methods was utilized for sample selection and description, while qualitative methods …
Deconstructing The Draft: An Evaluation Of The Nfl Draft As A Predictor Of Team Success, Zachary Reynolds, Traci Bonds, Steele Thompson, Carrie W. Lecrom
Deconstructing The Draft: An Evaluation Of The Nfl Draft As A Predictor Of Team Success, Zachary Reynolds, Traci Bonds, Steele Thompson, Carrie W. Lecrom
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the National Football League's (NFL) draft selection process aids in equalizing competitive advantage for NFL teams. This reverse order system (the draft) is said to equalize team strength by allowing weaker teams to strengthen their rosters with access to the best incoming players (Lock & Gratz, 1983). To measure this success, authors evaluated the correlation between a team's change in winning percentage and its Draft Pick Value (DPV), number of first-round picks, and total number of picks. Findings indicate a moderate positive correlation between DPV and change in winning percentage, and …
A Comparative Analysis Of Factors Influencing Spectatorship Of Disability Sport: A Qualitative Inquiry And Next Steps, Michael Cottingham, Brian Gearity, Andrew Goldsmith, Wonyoung Kim, Matt Walker
A Comparative Analysis Of Factors Influencing Spectatorship Of Disability Sport: A Qualitative Inquiry And Next Steps, Michael Cottingham, Brian Gearity, Andrew Goldsmith, Wonyoung Kim, Matt Walker
Journal of Applied Sport Management
To effectively market a sport event, it is necessary to determine the factors that influence spectator attendance. While a developed line of inquiry exists on the marketing of able-bodied sports, a gap in the literature exists in the disability sport context. Thus, there is a need to examine the synergy between existing motives that have been confirmed in traditional sport versus those that are unique to disability sport. This line of inquiry will help future researchers determine whether additional factors should be considered when marketing disability sport. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the explicit and tacit …
Still Undefeated: Exploring The Dimensions Of Team Identity Among Fans Of A New College Football Team, Bob Heere Heere, Matthew Katz
Still Undefeated: Exploring The Dimensions Of Team Identity Among Fans Of A New College Football Team, Bob Heere Heere, Matthew Katz
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The authors explore issues of team and university identification in the context of an upstart National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football program. University stakeholders, including students, faculty/staff, and alumni (N=3,191), of a large southwest university completed a multidimensional group identity scale to examine how these various stakeholder groups identify with both the university and the newly established team. Results indicate that these stakeholders largely disagreed with many of the identity constructs, indicating that the various processes of identity formation occur at different points in time. Furthermore, differences among the three stakeholder groups were identifies in regards to their identification with …
The Effect Of Fans’ Attitudes On Sponsorship Outcomes: Evidence From An Exploratory Study In Greece, Pantelis Nassis, Nicholas D. Theodorakis, Yannis Afthinos, Haralambos Kolybalis
The Effect Of Fans’ Attitudes On Sponsorship Outcomes: Evidence From An Exploratory Study In Greece, Pantelis Nassis, Nicholas D. Theodorakis, Yannis Afthinos, Haralambos Kolybalis
Journal of Applied Sport Management
This study examines the effect of sport involvement and fans’ beliefs about sponsorship on certain sponsorship outcomes in the context of professional basketball. Quantitative data were collected from a survey of 222 spectators attending a professional basketball game in Greece. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to examine the validity of the scale. Overall, the examination of the structural parameters indicated that attitude towards sponsors was significantly predicted by sport involvement and beliefs about sponsorship, while it significantly predicted purchase intentions, word of mouth, and fans’ satisfaction from the use of sponsor’s products.
A Case Study Of Regional Sport Organization Development In Triathlon, Andrew J. Martin, Andrea N. Eagleman, Petr Pancoska
A Case Study Of Regional Sport Organization Development In Triathlon, Andrew J. Martin, Andrea N. Eagleman, Petr Pancoska
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The current qualitative case study examined how a Regional Sport Organization (RSO) in New Zealand dealt with macro and micro environmental pressures in the development and evolution of increasing participation in the sport of triathlon over a 15-year period. Organizers managed a total participation increase from 300 adult participants in 1999 to close to 1,200 in 2012–13. An increase in child participants from 300 in 2004 to 3,400 in 2012–13 also took place. Archives of the results of the respective adult and children’s series of triathlon events from 1998–2013 were analyzed along with the environmental pressures. The findings indicated that …
Sport Fans And Online Data Collection: Challenges And Ethics, Brody J. Ruihley, Robin Hardin
Sport Fans And Online Data Collection: Challenges And Ethics, Brody J. Ruihley, Robin Hardin
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The growth of online communities and social networking has provided opportunities to investigate sport fans from a wide range of perspectives. Motivations to consume online media and engage in interactive web functions are areas providing new and innovative research opportunities. There are several ethical considerations when conducting research in an online environment. This article discusses four major ethical values of honesty, responsibility, justice, and beneficence and how each relates to online data collection. Specifically, these four values will guide the discussion focused on issues of intrusion, interaction, and invitation in online communication contexts. Researchers and administrators must consider fans and …
Marketing Stadiums As Event Venues: Modified Balanced Scorecard (Mbsc) Evaluation Of Minor League Baseball Websites As An Emarketing Tool, Charles Parrish, Seungwon "Shawn" Lee, Ji-Ho Kim
Marketing Stadiums As Event Venues: Modified Balanced Scorecard (Mbsc) Evaluation Of Minor League Baseball Websites As An Emarketing Tool, Charles Parrish, Seungwon "Shawn" Lee, Ji-Ho Kim
Journal of Applied Sport Management
Maximizing and gaining access to stadium related revenue streams, including non-game day social and corporate event rentals, is a critical factor for the financial viability of professional sports teams. Minor League Baseball (MiLB) teams and Independent baseball league (Indy) teams are no exception and franchise owners strive to maximize ancillary business opportunities, including stadium usage year-round. Currently, teams are marketing their venues through various mediums, including their websites. Considering the implications of eMarketing on MiLB and Indy teams’ ability to target and solicit social and corporate event customers it is critical to evaluate current eMarketing efforts. This study employs the …
Sport Website Interactivity Effects: An Analysis Of The Relationships Between Interactivity, Attitudes, And Intentions To Revisit, Young Ik Suh, Taesoo Ahn, Paul M. Pedersen
Sport Website Interactivity Effects: An Analysis Of The Relationships Between Interactivity, Attitudes, And Intentions To Revisit, Young Ik Suh, Taesoo Ahn, Paul M. Pedersen
Journal of Applied Sport Management
The purpose of this study was to examine the theoretical relationships between three dimensions of interactivity (i.e., active user control, two-way communication, and real-time information) and website effectiveness variables (i.e., attitudes toward the sport website and intentions to revisit). In addition, this study compared the proposed interactivity model with a rival model to identify the role of attitude as a mediating factor. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis with a convenience sample of 235 participants revealed that the proposed interactivity model performed better and was more parsimonious than the rival model. The results also indicated that the variable relating to …