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The Potential Impact Of Endangered Species Legislation On Federal Grazing Lands And The Livestock Industry, G M. Luciuk, B Bristol, T W. Weins, D M. Boyle
The Potential Impact Of Endangered Species Legislation On Federal Grazing Lands And The Livestock Industry, G M. Luciuk, B Bristol, T W. Weins, D M. Boyle
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Crown based grazing is an integral part of the management structure of cattle operations, and is very important to the economic fabric of rural communities. Federal crown lands, such as the PFRA operated community pastures are an integral part of the resource conservation efforts in western Canada. These lands represent a significant reservoir of the remaining natural lands which are important for wildlife habitat. Sustainable management of such contiguous blocks of land is essential for the maintenance of biodiversity. Proposed endangered species legislation would require the development of recovery plans on federal lands for endangered, threatened and extirpated species. Rural …
Concepts For Mining Landscape Development In Eastern Germany With Grazing Animals And Agroforestry, S Eichler, F Herzog
Concepts For Mining Landscape Development In Eastern Germany With Grazing Animals And Agroforestry, S Eichler, F Herzog
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Leipzig South (Saxony) has been heavily transformed by open cast lignite mining. Alternative forms of land use are sought which contribute to an increase of biodiversity and an improvement of soil quality. This could be achieved by the selective introduction of grazing animals and perennials. Specific scenarios for open pits, dumping areas, open pits’ slopes and land reclaimed for agriculture are proposed. Socio-economic drawbacks are outlined.
The Use Of Grasslands To Improve Water Quality In The New York City Watershed, D J. Flaherty, J Drelich Jr
The Use Of Grasslands To Improve Water Quality In The New York City Watershed, D J. Flaherty, J Drelich Jr
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how grasslands are used in the New York City (NYC) Watershed to improve water quality. A Watershed Agricultural Program was established to voluntarily implement Pollution Prevention Best Management Practices on watershed farms. Grasslands have been used in Whole Farm Plans to reduce nutrients, sediments and other toxic materials reaching New York City’s water supply. Rotational grazing has been used to limit access to streams and stream banks and improve nutrient distribution on pastures. Improved grassland management also helps correct the nutrient balance on the farm and facilitates better nutrient management. Brush removal …
Objective Indicators For Monitoring Drought In Grasslands, D H. White, S M. Howden
Objective Indicators For Monitoring Drought In Grasslands, D H. White, S M. Howden
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Australia’s National Drought Policy was ratified by the Commonwealth (Federal), State and Territory governments in 1992. However, a sequence of El Niño-based events that started in Queensland in 1991 culminated in much of Australia experiencing abnormally low rainfall throughout 1994 and into 1995. Many farmers experienced substantial loss of income. The Commonwealth government therefore devised measures to determine which areas had been exposed to exceptional drought so that financial assistance could be directed as effectively as possible. In this paper we discuss progress in developing regionally-sensitive indicators and methodologies to aid in future assessments of drought exceptional circumstances.
Socio-Economic And Climate Change In Mongolia - Effects On Grassland Ecosystems, C Opp
Socio-Economic And Climate Change In Mongolia - Effects On Grassland Ecosystems, C Opp
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In Mongolia, in combination with strong changes of the whole society during the past 76 years, from the feudal system to socialism and from the socialist system of planned development to the market economy, there are a lot of changes in the use of natural resources all over the country. In consequence of this a lot of effects on grassland ecosystems, caused by socio-economic and climate driving factors, were observed and studied in different scales: zonal, regional, local.
Integrating Biophysical And Economic Models For Assessing Impacts Of Change On Grazingland Ecosystems, J De Souza Neto, J R. Conner, J W. Stuth, W T. Hamilton, J W. Richardson
Integrating Biophysical And Economic Models For Assessing Impacts Of Change On Grazingland Ecosystems, J De Souza Neto, J R. Conner, J W. Stuth, W T. Hamilton, J W. Richardson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
PHYGROW, a hydrologic-based forage simulation model, was parameterized to represent a typical South Texas ranch engaged in the production of cattle and meat goats with an indigenous population of white-tailed deer. Forage production and associated stocking rates for two cattle: goat ratios were simulated for 20 years. Two, ten-year weather scenarios, one representing normal conditions (30% drought years) and one representing dryer weather conditions (50% drought years) were analyzed. Management decision rules were developed for the region to produce estimates of annual animal production and operating cost for the enterprises in each of the four scenarios. These performance and cost …
Linear And Community-Based Processes Of Ethical Decision Making For Grassland Workers, Gary W. Fick
Linear And Community-Based Processes Of Ethical Decision Making For Grassland Workers, Gary W. Fick
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grasslands are basic elements in sustainable development, but few grassland workers are familiar with concepts of ethical decision making useful in integrating ecological, economic, and sociological components of sustainability. Most published procedures for ethical decision making are based on linear models for individualized social systems with modern technologies. In the context of sustainable agriculture, nonlinear community-based procedures may be more appropriate. In this paper, a nonlinear model from the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Indians is compared to more conventional linear procedures. After identification of a problem, linear models often leave the solution of the ethical dilemma (ranking ethical goals when they conflict) …
Policy Options For Decreasing N And P2o5 Losses From Grassland Based Dairy Farms, P.B M. Berentsen, G.W J. Giesen
Policy Options For Decreasing N And P2o5 Losses From Grassland Based Dairy Farms, P.B M. Berentsen, G.W J. Giesen
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Policy instruments for reducing nutrient losses include extension and education, research, financial incentives such as subsidies and levies, and regulations. The potential of these instruments for reducing nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5), and ammonia (NH3) losses is examined for Dutch specialized dairy farms on sandy soils. A linear programming model is used to estimate policy impacts. Results indicate that efficiency improvements through extension, education, and research alone have the potential to decrease total N losses to government target levels in 2005 and to erase 92% of the gap between base and target P2O5 losses, but only 24% of the corresponding NH3 …
Forage Production And Performance Of Beef Yearlings Grazing Diploid And Tetraploid Crested Wheatgrass, J D. Bruynooghe, R.D H. Cohen, N W. Holt, P G. Jefferson
Forage Production And Performance Of Beef Yearlings Grazing Diploid And Tetraploid Crested Wheatgrass, J D. Bruynooghe, R.D H. Cohen, N W. Holt, P G. Jefferson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A series of experiments were conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada to evaluate forage production and animal performance on tetraploid Kirk (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) and diploid Fairway (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) crested wheatgrass pastures under grazing conditions imposed by beef (Bos taurus) yearling steers at four stock density levels (3, 4, 6 and 8 steers ha-1). Total ungrazed forage production for Kirk was greater (<0.05) than Fairway (6302 kg ha-1 vs. 5235 kg ha-1) in 1994 but less (P<0.05) than Fairway in 1995 (3709 kg ha-1 vs. 4633 kg ha-1). Animal performance (average daily gain, animal grazing days and total animal production) did not differ (P>0.05) for steers grazing either Kirk or Fairway pastures. Plant vigour and available energy reserves following one season of grazing were evaluated through etiolated growth with …
Vertical Distribution In Grass Swards: Interactions Between Dry Matter And Nutritional Quality, D R. Buckmaster, R H. Mohtar, S L. Fales
Vertical Distribution In Grass Swards: Interactions Between Dry Matter And Nutritional Quality, D R. Buckmaster, R H. Mohtar, S L. Fales
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A field experiment was conducted to study the distribution of mass and quality over plant height throughout the growing season in a pure stand of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). When plant density (expressed as kg DM/ha per cm height) is plotted against a height of strata, all treatments show a similar linear shape distribution. ADF and NDF concentrations declined with sward height. Fall treatments had lower ADF and NDF concentrations than summer treatments. Conversely, CP concentrations showed an increase with plant height. Fall treatments showed higher CP than spring and summer treatments. Defoliation management did not affect orchardgrass quality. …
Application Of The Phygrow Forage Production- Runoff Model For Regional Stocking Analysis, J W. Stuth, J R. Conner, W T. Hamilton, D M. Schmitt
Application Of The Phygrow Forage Production- Runoff Model For Regional Stocking Analysis, J W. Stuth, J R. Conner, W T. Hamilton, D M. Schmitt
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A hydrologic-based forage production model, PHYGROW, was used to simulate forage production and carrying capacity of a subtropical shrubland complex of over 34 species grazed by various ratios of cattle and goats with a population of indigenous white-tailed deer over a 20-yr simulated weather profile. The diet selection algorithm allowed the three animal populations to selectively graze preferred foods based on preferences of plant species, plant parts, and live:dead status by phenological stage. A level of maximum utilization of key species was specified. An incremental analysis of cattle:goat demand ratio was analyzed to determine how different combinations of livestock were …
Using Nested Paddocks To Study Multiple-Paddock Grazing Systems, B E. Anderson, W W. Stroup, W H. Schacht
Using Nested Paddocks To Study Multiple-Paddock Grazing Systems, B E. Anderson, W W. Stroup, W H. Schacht
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
There is insufficient information to guide development of multiple paddock grazing systems. Measuring vegetation responses to grazing period/recovery period intervals is prohibitively expensive when using most grazing research designs. Nested paddock designs reduce land area, number of herds, and number of paddocks needed for comparisons. Nested paddocks permit comparisons of animal performance among whole pasture treatments but comparisons are limited for animal performance differences among grazing/recovery period lengths. Nonetheless, nested paddock designs efficiently document vegetation responses to grazing intervals, which may permit predictions of animal performance.
Relationship Between Broadleaf Dock (Rumex Obtusifolius L.) And Seasonal Yield Of Orchardgrass Grazed Pasture, Y Iijima, Y Kurokawa, T Monya, Y Suzuki
Relationship Between Broadleaf Dock (Rumex Obtusifolius L.) And Seasonal Yield Of Orchardgrass Grazed Pasture, Y Iijima, Y Kurokawa, T Monya, Y Suzuki
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In order to grasp the ecology of R. obtusifolius and the effects of it on seasonal yield of grass in grazing pasture, we investigated seasonal sward characteristics and dry matter yield in grazing pasture. Dry matter yield and coverage of R. obtusifolius predominated those of grass after mid-June and mid-August, respectively. Throughout the year the coverage of R. obtusifolius negatively correlated to the grass yield. After August, the grass yield was negatively related to the yield and the population density of R. obtusifolius. From the facts described above, R. obtusifolius seems to reduce grass yield throughout the year, especially …
The Grazing Manager: A New Application Of The Carrying Capacity Concept, M M. Kothmann, R T. Hinnant
The Grazing Manager: A New Application Of The Carrying Capacity Concept, M M. Kothmann, R T. Hinnant
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Common approaches to evaluating carrying capacity are stocking rate trials for research and trial and error adjustments for ranchers. These approaches are inadequate as operational decision guides for grazing management. The Grazing Manager (TGM) is a generalized management level dynamic model that provides a new approach to stocking rate analysis. Grazing pressure is integrated over time with a function called pasture demand ratio (PDR) which is based on cumulative forage demand relative to cumulative forage production within a forage year. PDR is a dynamic variable that standardizes the forage balance relationship and makes the analysis of stocking rate data more …
Accounting For Selective Grazing In The Stocking Rate Decision, M F. Quirk, J W. Stuth
Accounting For Selective Grazing In The Stocking Rate Decision, M F. Quirk, J W. Stuth
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
We describe the development and use of a simple, generic method for predicting botanical composition of herbivore diets, thereby allowing resource managers to consider selective foraging when setting stocking rates. For a particular season and herbivore, we found that forage species fall into one of 3 selection categories: preferred (consistently selected for), undesirable (consistently selected against), and variable (inconsistent selection pattern). Our studies showed that, for most situations, dietary composition is adequately predicted from regression relationships with the field proportions of preferred and undesirable species. We demonstrate how this method can help address issues such as the conservation of preferred …
Measuring Spatial Variation Within Pastures, C K. Mcdonald, R M. Jones
Measuring Spatial Variation Within Pastures, C K. Mcdonald, R M. Jones
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Paddock means of pasture yield and composition can be inadequate or even misleading due to the spatial variability within pastures. The use of visual estimation procedures, particularly the BOTANAL technique, provides data suitable for analysing variability as many quadrats are sampled within the one paddock. Examples show how data from routine BOTANAL samplings can reveal small and paddock scale spatial variation, and how BOTANAL data can be used to examine relationships between the yield of legume and grass in a mixed pasture grazed at different stocking rates.
Proximate Composition Of Mature Seeds From Soybean Plants Grown In Different Environments, T M. Kuo, E Eskins, R L. Cooper
Proximate Composition Of Mature Seeds From Soybean Plants Grown In Different Environments, T M. Kuo, E Eskins, R L. Cooper
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The objectives of this study were to examine the influence of differences in sunlight irradiation on the accumulation of soluble oligosaccharides in mature soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds and to determine the correlations between important seed constituents. Plants were grown in field houses covered with plastic filters that varied sunlight irradiation. The most obvious effect of both blueand red-deficient sunlight was a reduction in the level of stachyose and sucrose that coincided with an increase in raffinose level and decreased oil content. Blue growth house which was deficient in red light spectrum also produced seeds with an increased protein content. …
Evaluation Of Lolium Perenne And Lolium Multiflorum Cultivars In Chilean Andisols, F R. Demanet, M G. Mora
Evaluation Of Lolium Perenne And Lolium Multiflorum Cultivars In Chilean Andisols, F R. Demanet, M G. Mora
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
During the seasons 1992/93, 1993/94, 1994/95, the productive pattern of seven cultivars of Lolium perenne: Nui, Ellett, Santa Elvira, Solo, Embassy, Super Nui, Marathon and five Lolium multiflorum: Tetrone, Montblanc, Concord, Aberoscar, Abercomo, was evaluated in a dryland area of Southern Chile. The average season at yield reached by the evaluated cultivars was statistically similar (P< 0.05). However, Ellett, Solo and Marathon, showed a higher persistence and Tetrone and Montblanc presented a plant structure which might allow a greater complementation with Trifolium pratense.
The Effect Of Paclobutrazol On Seed Yield Components Of Trifolium Subterraneum, J M. Virgona
The Effect Of Paclobutrazol On Seed Yield Components Of Trifolium Subterraneum, J M. Virgona
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Paclobutrazol was sprayed at a rate of 1 kg a.i./ha at and prior to flowering on swards of Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Dalkeith over two years (1992 and 1993). There was no consistent effect of paclobutrazol on seed yield. Only at the earliest spraying time (20 days before flowering) in 1992 was there a significant increase in yield. Paclobutrazol increased burr and seed number for all spraying times in both years. However, the general absence of a yield response was due to a decrease in seed size in both years. The ratio of surface to buried seed yield and number …
Seed Quality Of Five Native Grasses Of The Humid Argentine Pampa Prairie: Germination Conditions, L Ferrari, C A. Rossi
Seed Quality Of Five Native Grasses Of The Humid Argentine Pampa Prairie: Germination Conditions, L Ferrari, C A. Rossi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The aim of this study was to determine the germination conditions as well as an approach to seed quality of five native grasses of the humid Argentine Pampa prairie: Bothriochloa laguroides, Sporobolus indicus, Glyceria multiflora, Briza subaristata and Chaetotropis imberbis. They are considered as good and very good forage species. Mature inflorescences were sampled in Brandsen (Flooding Pampa sub-Region, Buenos Aires province, Argentina) from December, 1994 to March, 1995. A three factor completely randomized design with 4 replications was applied. Treatments combined prechilling (I: yes/II:no), KNO3 (A:yes/ B:no) and germination temperatures: 2 constant 15° and 20°C and 6 alternating 15-10°C, …
Evaluation Of Morphological, Biological And Chemical Properties For Breeding On New Fodder-Grass Cultivars, S Kozlowski, B Golinska, P Golinski
Evaluation Of Morphological, Biological And Chemical Properties For Breeding On New Fodder-Grass Cultivars, S Kozlowski, B Golinska, P Golinski
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Our work is an attempt to emphasize the importance of grass morphological, biological and chemical properties in the process of development of new forage cultivars. Results of our investigations indicate that there are realistic possibilities of developing grass cultivars with improved nutritive properties. However, breeding works can only be effective if a wide range of different properties can be taken into consideration and if, simultaneously, mutual correlations occurring between them are also considered. High mutability of properties revealed by lower taxonomic units of the species observed in Poland indicates that they can constitute a valuable material for breeding work on …
Manitoba’S Forage/Livestock Technology Transfer System, A F. Stewart, K H. Ominski
Manitoba’S Forage/Livestock Technology Transfer System, A F. Stewart, K H. Ominski
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
There have been significant advances in forage/livestock technology systems in Western Canada in the past fifty years, including the introduction of new forage species and varieties, as well as new advances in harvesting, storage and cattle production systems. Adoption of new technology in Manitoba has been expedited by an extension system that involves all sectors of the agricultural community from primary producers and researchers to extension personnel and members of the agribusiness community all of whom are working together to find solutions to the local and regional challenges facing forage and livestock producers.
An Interactive Approach To Technology Transfer In A Development Project - A Case Study, A.C P. Chu, P.N P. Matthews, J Hodgson
An Interactive Approach To Technology Transfer In A Development Project - A Case Study, A.C P. Chu, P.N P. Matthews, J Hodgson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The paper covers technology transfer in the United Nations Development Programme funded Agro-grassland Systems Development Project in Guizhou Province, China, which ran from 1989 to 1994 and involved the development of pasture based smallholder livestock systems at three environmentally contrasting sites. The project involved the participation of management, technical staff and smallholder farmers at the local level with outside support from the Gansu Grassland Ecological Research Institute, Gansu Province, China and Massey University, New Zealand. A feature of the project design was the retention of project management at the local level. Interactive training programmes were conducted in New Zealand and …
Night Penning As A Management Technique For Both Pasture Development And Pasture Improvement For Small Holders In Southern China, W L. Jiang, P.N P. Matthews, C B. Luo, J Z. Ren, J Hodgson, A.C P. Chu
Night Penning As A Management Technique For Both Pasture Development And Pasture Improvement For Small Holders In Southern China, W L. Jiang, P.N P. Matthews, C B. Luo, J Z. Ren, J Hodgson, A.C P. Chu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A series of experiments conducted at Weining, Guizhou Province, China demonstrated night penning to be a successful technique for the improvement of native pastures through enhancement of soil fertility and change in the botanical composition of the sward. The best overall results were achieved with a penning intensity of 7 to 8 sheep nights per m- with pasture establishment most successful from May to September. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were the most suitable for establishment. A number of strategies to increase …
An Interactive Multimedia Educational Program For Pasture Management, P G. Tow, Corina Mulholland, P Marriott, D A. Shelton
An Interactive Multimedia Educational Program For Pasture Management, P G. Tow, Corina Mulholland, P Marriott, D A. Shelton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Developing abilities in pasture management decision making is important for all students of pasture agronomy, whether they plan to work in management, extension or research. Such problem-based learning fosters an ability to understand and apply principles, and to integrate and use information from various sources. A computerassisted, problem based, multimedia educational programme, “Pasture Management” has been developed to complement limited field exercises in pasture assessment and management. It comprises illustrated case studies and supporting information. Students interact with the programme by choosing alternative management options, calling up images and text as required to assist them. The programme supplies feedback for …
Ecological Site Database- Basic Site Information For Resource Analysis And Decision Making, S L. Ekblad, J R. Carlson, W R. Oaks
Ecological Site Database- Basic Site Information For Resource Analysis And Decision Making, S L. Ekblad, J R. Carlson, W R. Oaks
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) describes and interprets range, native pasture, grazable forest, pasture, and hayland with ecological site descriptions and forage suitability groups. Ecological sites have evolved from agency range and woodland site descriptions, and have integrated alternate and more recent concepts with the traditional succession-retrogression model for site classification and interpretation. Ecological site interpretations are based on vegetation sampling by weight and composition, and other field data collection. Sample data is recorded and managed in the Ecological Site Information System (ESIS) and is analyzed to identify and develop site and suitability group descriptions. ESIS provides data …
Development Of Forage Components Through Farmer Participatory Research, F G. Gabunada Jr, W W. Stur, P M. Horne
Development Of Forage Components Through Farmer Participatory Research, F G. Gabunada Jr, W W. Stur, P M. Horne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This paper describes farmer participatory research activities aimed at developing appropriate forage technologies with smallholders in Southeast Asia. Farmers are actively involved from the early stages, working as equal partners with researchers. This has led to a better understanding of selected farming systems, identification of technologies that have potential for testing by farmers, and better understanding of the criteria farmers consider important for forages to be useful within those farming systems.
Validation Of Arachis Pintoi As A Forage Legume In Commercial Dual Purpose Cattle Farms In Forest Margins Of Colombia, C E. Lascano, G A. Ruiz, J Valasquez, J Rozo
Validation Of Arachis Pintoi As A Forage Legume In Commercial Dual Purpose Cattle Farms In Forest Margins Of Colombia, C E. Lascano, G A. Ruiz, J Valasquez, J Rozo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An on-farm pilot project was initiated in the Andean piedmont of the Amazon basin in Caquetá, Colombia to determine the contribution of the forage peanut Arachis pintoi (CIAT 17434) introduced in degraded pastures to animal production and soil improvement. Early results show that milk production in dual purpose cattle farms can be increased by 20% with A. pintoi-based pastures. However, to enhance adoption of the legume by farmers there is a need to make adjustments on pasture management and assure supply of high quality seed in the region.
Case Studies- A Useful Tool For Integrating Socio-Economic Data Into Grazing Systems Research, N D. Macleod
Case Studies- A Useful Tool For Integrating Socio-Economic Data Into Grazing Systems Research, N D. Macleod
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing systems research and development (R&D) projects can provide important information on which to base management principles to integrate conservation management into grazing production systems. However, the adoption of these principles into practice remains largely unfulfilled. Most grazing experiments give limited attention to the socio-economic context of pastoral management. The paper suggests that one way of incorporating R&D findings and presenting them within a context that is more acceptable to decision-makers is via a case study approach. That is, use the considerable communication potential of the approach.
Agri-21: Sustainable Farming Demonstration, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield
Agri-21: Sustainable Farming Demonstration, M Rasnake, W R. Burris, G D. Lacefield
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
On-farm demonstrations were established in 1993 to demonstrate the technology required to conduct a profitable and sustainable farming operation into the 21st Century. These were part of a cooperative program between the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and Land Grant Universities in the seven states of the TVA region. Four demonstrations were established in Kentucky. A beef farm in west Kentucky will be used to illustrate the project. This farm improved crop and livestock management, record keeping and environmental stewardship. Their goal is to increase farm profitability while improving the soil and water resources.