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Art As A Weapon: Land, Gender And Work In Myra Page's "Daughter Of The Hills"., Mary Claire Johnson Jan 2003

Art As A Weapon: Land, Gender And Work In Myra Page's "Daughter Of The Hills"., Mary Claire Johnson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Feminist Press has recently reissued a book that, after attention from modern scholars, will change the face of Appalachian literature and women’s studies. This book is Myra Page’s Daughter of the Hills. Page’s work encompasses the issues present in women’s studies, proletarian and Appalachian discourse. In this paper I will examine characters of the book to determine the roles of women, using three pertinent areas of theory: ecofeminism, gender criticism and proletarian theory. Using the ideas of Carolyn Merchant, Deborah Rosenfelt, Barbara Foley, Annette Kolodny and more, I will show that women and men had a different relationship to …

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Apoptosis-Necrosis Paradox: Implications To The Pathogenesis Of Inflammatory Disorders., Djordje Medan Jan 2003

Apoptosis-Necrosis Paradox: Implications To The Pathogenesis Of Inflammatory Disorders., Djordje Medan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The first section of this work addressed the relationship between apoptotic and necrotic cell death and their role in inflammatory lung injury induced by endotoxin. Pulmonary administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the lung of mice caused a time-dependent increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and inflammatory cell influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Control mice showed only resident alveolar macrophages with no apoptosis as determined by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and histone-bound DNA fragmentation assays. In contrast, LPS-treated mice showed clear apoptosis of BAL cells. Microscopic studies confirmed the presence of apoptotic neutrophils and …

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Journalism And The Internet: Putting Things Into Context., Lance Aaron Parry Jan 2003

Journalism And The Internet: Putting Things Into Context., Lance Aaron Parry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Internet has provided new tools and new opportunities for journalists to gather and report the news, new outlets and new forms for those news reports, and new ways for readers and other news consumers to access that information. From its roots in typesetting to silver halide photography to presses and trucks, journalism has evolved digitally into web pages, pixels and cyberspace. The impact of this information is considered. The Internet itself was used for much of the research supporting this paper. The specific case of the so-called Suburban Sniper in the Washington/Maryland/Virginia metro area in October of 2002 is …

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A Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of Stereotypical Representations On Television Dramas., Rachel Massanet Jan 2003

A Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of Stereotypical Representations On Television Dramas., Rachel Massanet

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The stereotyping of minorities on television and in films has been a prominent practice since the beginning of the media era. Although there has been an increase in the visibility of positive minority characters, the portrayal of some of these characters is still negatively stereotypical. The importance in this research lies in the fact that negative representation can cause viewer’s to make false assumptions about minority cultures, which in turn can negatively impact society. People from homogenous areas are introduced to these images and see them as real. The research in this paper shows that in the television drama world, …

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Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation And Design Of Tensioned Roof Bolting For Underground Coal Mines., Yunqing Zhang Jan 2003

Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation And Design Of Tensioned Roof Bolting For Underground Coal Mines., Yunqing Zhang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Tensioned bolts work in different mechanisms from the fully grouted resin bolts and are believed to be effective for certain types of roof strata. A 3-D finite element model using ABAQUS has been developed for the tensioned bolting design. In this model, the physical process of the tensioned bolting including entry excavation sequence, roof bolting components, bolt installation procedure and pre-tension is modeled realistically. Bedding planes and in-situ horizontal stresses are also considered in the model. A case study of a well-instrumented intersection of entry/crosscut was used to compare the results from the modeling with field measurements in terms of …

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The Use Of Cooperative Grouping In Inclusive Elementary Classrooms., Stephanie G. Pack Jan 2003

The Use Of Cooperative Grouping In Inclusive Elementary Classrooms., Stephanie G. Pack

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the advent of inclusion students with disabilities have been placed in settings that can maximize their opportunities to interact with their nondisabled peers. However, the inappropriate social behaviors of students with disabilities often prevented them from acceptance or classroom membership. Cooperative learning has been seen as one means of teaching all students in an inclusive classroom. Teacher support in the form of management systems and reward structures used in cooperative groupings are examined in this study. The use of qualitative research methods (observations, interviews, document analysis) in combination with a quantitative element (simple count) helped to determine the effectiveness …

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The Role Of Nerve Growth Factor In Neuropeptide Up-Regulation In Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons Following Irritant Exposure., Erin R. Wilfong Jan 2003

The Role Of Nerve Growth Factor In Neuropeptide Up-Regulation In Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons Following Irritant Exposure., Erin R. Wilfong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Workers exposed to occupational irritants often develop symptoms of airway inflammation by unknown mechanisms. In laboratory animals, occupational irritants activate sensory nerves located in airway walls. Sensory nerves respond by increasing neuropeptide production. The neuropeptide, substance P (SP), is produced in trigeminal ganglia (TG) cell bodies and released from nasal mucosa nerve endings. Neurogenic inflammation results from the release of neuropeptides and is characterized by vasodilation, plasma extravasation, mucous secretion and neutrophil chemotaxis. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the regulation of neuropeptides in the upper airway after irritant exposure. Nasal irritation to asphalt fumes is a commonly …

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Loyalists: Economic, Gendered, And Racial Minorities Acting Politically For King And Country., Marcelle R. Wilson Jan 2003

Loyalists: Economic, Gendered, And Racial Minorities Acting Politically For King And Country., Marcelle R. Wilson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This work will focus on the study of economic, gendered, and racial minority Loyalists in the American Revolution. The main sources include the Claims Commission Records, government documents, newspapers, diaries, letters, and autobiographies as well as secondary sources dealing with the above mentioned topics. It will specifically look at women in the colonial era. Women occupied a domestic, secondary role in the colonies and the ways that they contributed to and were affected by the war were different than their male counterparts. Previously, historians have not looked at lower ranking women and their experiences in the late eighteenth century. Also, …

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Surface Mines As Landscape Features: Contrasting Microclimate And Forest Composition Among Open, Edge And Interior., Sheila A. Kazar Jan 2003

Surface Mines As Landscape Features: Contrasting Microclimate And Forest Composition Among Open, Edge And Interior., Sheila A. Kazar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Surface mining disturbs thousands of hectares of forest every year in the Appalachian region resulting in the creation of forest edges. In this study, variability in air temperature and moisture, soil temperature and moisture, photosynthetically active radiation and wind velocity are quantified for open, edge and interior environments of reclaimed surface mines in north central West Virginia. Tree species composition, soil pH and compaction were also examined. Mean daily air and soil temperature, wind velocity and photosynthetically active radiation are lower, and soil and air moisture higher inside the forest than in the open or at the edge. Soil temperature, …

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Adolescent Friendship, Relationship Quality, And Delinquency: Associations With Social And Cognitive Problem-Solving Performance., Lisa Swenson Jan 2003

Adolescent Friendship, Relationship Quality, And Delinquency: Associations With Social And Cognitive Problem-Solving Performance., Lisa Swenson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Problem-solving performance of 132 adolescents was examined to determine whether performance was affected by individual (i.e., delinquency, gender) or contextual variables (i.e., friendship, situation-specific relationship quality). A friendship nomination procedure was used to pair individuals with a same-sex friend or nonfriend. Partners discussed and generated solutions for two cognitive isolation-of-variables tasks (adapted from Azmitia & Montgomery, 1993) and four social problem vignettes (two delinquency-related and two relationship quality-related problems; adapted from Berg, 1989; Owens, 2001). Following discussion of the problems, partners were separated and completed answer sheets for each problem. Participants then completed a delinquency measure (adapted from Mak, 1993), …

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Ground Control Support Consideration For Pre-Driven Longwall Recovery Rooms., Stephen Cesare Tadolini Jan 2003

Ground Control Support Consideration For Pre-Driven Longwall Recovery Rooms., Stephen Cesare Tadolini

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pre-driven longwall recovery rooms can be used to safely recover longwall equipment from the current coal panel. The entry is developed and supported ahead of time so that the required combinations of standing and internal supports can be installed before the longwall face approaches. The combination of the internal bolting system and the standing concrete supports are critical for the successful and safe extraction of the longwall equipment. A combined support system that is too soft or too stiff can result in excessive recovery room closures or brittle failures of the concrete crib systems. Three-Dimensional finite element models, combined with …

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A Geological And Geophysical Investigation Of Ice Mountain Algific Talus, Hampshire County, West Virginia, Kevin M. Andrews Jan 2003

A Geological And Geophysical Investigation Of Ice Mountain Algific Talus, Hampshire County, West Virginia, Kevin M. Andrews

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ice Mountain is an algific talus slope located in Hampshire County, West Virginia, protected for its status as a biological refugium. Both the origin of the slope and the mechanism by which cold air is produced from the base of the slope have remained mysteries to local residents and tourists for many years. This research effort takes a scientific approach to exploring the mysteries of Ice Mountain. Bedrock and surficial geologic mapping provides an understanding of the physical environment of the slope area, while geophysical survey data provide clues to the subsurface of the slope. The algific talus consists of …

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Portmanteau, Peggy Ann Edwards Jan 2003

Portmanteau, Peggy Ann Edwards

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Portmanteau is a blend of two words incorporated to make a new meaning. In my painting I combine two animals to make a new life form. The weak, defenseless animals get armament and the fierce, dominant carnivores are made less threatening so that man will not find it necessary to destroy them. My animals are hybrids and with hybridity anything is possible because hybridity is about making meaning without being bound by actuality. My hybrid animals are whimsical and funny but I create them for a serious reason. I want people to look at them and see that they are …

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A Case Study Of Four School Library Media Specialists' Leadership In Louisiana., Linda Jean Underwood Jan 2003

A Case Study Of Four School Library Media Specialists' Leadership In Louisiana., Linda Jean Underwood

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to understand the daily activities of effective school library media specialists in an elementary school, middle school, and high school in a Louisiana parish, non-church, public school system through qualitative research using interviews, observation field notes, and written documentation from the three schools. The importance of the study was that there is little known about the leadership role of the school library media specialist and the role of the school library media specialist. Further, the literature concerning effective schools and effective school library media specialists is separate. The study had four conclusions. First, an …

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The Journey From High School To College: Do Collaborative Connections Improve Student Transition?, Billie A. Unger Jan 2003

The Journey From High School To College: Do Collaborative Connections Improve Student Transition?, Billie A. Unger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Each year, thousands of students enter postsecondary education unprepared for the many academic, social, and emotional challenges they will face. Collaborative programs between secondary and postsecondary institutions have therefore developed as one way to address these issues. Although numerous studies have focused on quantitative evaluation of collaborative programs, few have included qualitative analysis of the opinions and ideas of those students who were involved in the efforts. The purpose of this study was to gauge the effect of student participation in pre-college collaborative experiences on students' transition from secondary to postsecondary education. Within the context of Schlossberg's Transition Theory, the …

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The Influence Of Psychological Separation And Maternal Attachment On Career Choice Commitment In College Seniors., Lasandra R. Ward Jan 2003

The Influence Of Psychological Separation And Maternal Attachment On Career Choice Commitment In College Seniors., Lasandra R. Ward

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Measures of maternal attachment, psychological separation from mother, and career choice commitment behavior (individuation markers) were taken from a sample predominantly composed of senior-level undergraduate students. Responses on the IPPA-R were used to categorize participants descriptively according to their maternal attachment style. Attachment style groups were labeled as Secure, Ambivalent, and Avoidant. Statistical procedures included MANOVA and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Differences were detected among the three maternal attachment style groups on four psychological separation variables. Some variables of psychological separation emerged as predictors of career choice commitment and tendency to foreclose. However, a large portion of the variance of …

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In Support Of “New China”: Origins Of The China Lobby, 1937-1941, Tae Jin Park Jan 2003

In Support Of “New China”: Origins Of The China Lobby, 1937-1941, Tae Jin Park

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The “China Lobby,” a common term applied to groups and individuals aggressively seeking America’s political commitments to and financial aid for Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang (GMD) regime in China, came into popular use in the 1950's, especially as it fit into the highly volatile context of the Cold War. A closer investigation of this lobby, however, reveals that it originated not in the postwar turmoil of Cold War politics but a decade earlier in the equally difficult debate over the proper role of the United States during the “China Incident” of the late 1930's. Pro-Chinese lobbying and propaganda activities in America …

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Effects Of Mutations Of The Iron-Sulfur Protein On The Function And Structure Of The Cytochrome Bc(1) Complex Of Yeast Mitochondria., C Edward Ebert Jan 2003

Effects Of Mutations Of The Iron-Sulfur Protein On The Function And Structure Of The Cytochrome Bc(1) Complex Of Yeast Mitochondria., C Edward Ebert

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Mutational analysis of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) has provided useful information on how the ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex functions to transfer electrons through the complex as well as transport protons from the matrix space to the intermembrane space. Mutations of amino acid residues in the conserved hinge region of ISP have resulted a general decrease of enzymatic activity by 30–70%. Recent developments in crystallography have helped show that the aqueous head region of ISP is mobile. Characterization of the hinge region mutants combined with molecular dynamics simulations of the X-ray crystal structure show that one reason for the conservation …

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Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska Jan 2003

Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Transitions from rich-to-lean conditions of reinforcement often produce extended pausing in operant responding and may underlie maladaptive behavior in natural settings. Reducing their disruptive effects is of basic and applied interest. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of the overall reinforcement rate on pausing. Pigeons were exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50 FR 100 schedule. The number of rich (FR 50) and lean (FR 100) components varied across conditions. Pausing during the rich-to-lean transition was inversely related to the overall rate of reinforcement for two of three pigeons. As the number of rich components comprising the multiple schedule increased, pausing …

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Credit Programs, Poverty Alleviation And Women's Empowerment: A Case Study From Sri Lanka., Seela Aladuwaka Jan 2003

Credit Programs, Poverty Alleviation And Women's Empowerment: A Case Study From Sri Lanka., Seela Aladuwaka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The provision of micro-credit for micro-enterprise development plays an important role in the alleviation and eradication of poverty. In particular, micro-credit programs have been shown to empower women by providing them access to material resources and increasing their participation in household decision-making. Some critics, however, claim that male family members control the loans women receive from credit programs and that women are merely a means for them to access money. Although it is widely believed that these programs are highly effective, there is a debate about the extent to which women are empowered and poverty within these families is reduced. …

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The Relationship Between The Emotional Intelligence Competencies Of Principals In The Kanawha County School System In West Virginia And Their Teachers' Perceptions Of School Climate., Leonard J. Allen Jan 2003

The Relationship Between The Emotional Intelligence Competencies Of Principals In The Kanawha County School System In West Virginia And Their Teachers' Perceptions Of School Climate., Leonard J. Allen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant relationship exists between teachers' perceptions of school climate and their principals' emotional intelligence competencies. The CFK Ltd. School Climate Profile was used to assess teachers' perceptions of school climate. Principals' emotional intelligence competencies were measured by the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Teachers and principals were all employees of the Kanawha County School System in West Virginia. The entire population of principals (N = 68) and the entire population of school-based classroom teachers (N = 2081) were provided surveys. One hundred percent of the principals participated and 57% (N …

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"The Journey Is The Destination": A Study Of The Professional Career Development Of Dr. Dorothy June Skeel, 1932-1997. An Exemplary Teacher Educator., Gale Renee Ayanru Jan 2003

"The Journey Is The Destination": A Study Of The Professional Career Development Of Dr. Dorothy June Skeel, 1932-1997. An Exemplary Teacher Educator., Gale Renee Ayanru

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated through qualitative design Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s professional career and scholarly development within the sociocultural context and life history that helped shape her ideas and actions to identify patterns in her life which reflected the social structure in which it was imbedded. The research questions guiding this study were: (1)How were significant aspects of Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s life history and professional knowledge represented in her practice? (2)What patterns and changes occurred in Dr Dorothy Skeel’s career development (3) What meanings and possible interpretations can be understood from the patterns and themes in Dr. Dorothy Skeel’s personal and professional …

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Beyond The Walls: A Research Study Of Eighth-Grade Students Mentored In A Hospital Setting., Aileen Grattan Jan 2003

Beyond The Walls: A Research Study Of Eighth-Grade Students Mentored In A Hospital Setting., Aileen Grattan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research study was designed to evaluate twelve eighth-grade students participating in the fourth year of a mentoring program to determine what effect the mentoring experience would have on the students' sense of a scientific community, their understanding of scientific knowledge and process skills and attitudes toward science. The mentoring program was developed through a partnership established between the researcher, an eighth-grade science teacher at a junior high school, and an administrator of a local hospital, to provide educational opportunities for students mentored by medical professionals. The research design included qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. The qualitative instruments were …

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Social Anxiety And Peer Experiences In Middle Childhood: The Importance Of Group Acceptance And Close Dyadic Friendships., Laurie A. Greco Jan 2003

Social Anxiety And Peer Experiences In Middle Childhood: The Importance Of Group Acceptance And Close Dyadic Friendships., Laurie A. Greco

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Interrelations among social anxiety, peer status, and friendship variables were investigated in an elementary school-aged sample (N = 490). Sociometric procedures, child-report, and teacher-report measures were administered on a single occasion during the fall semester. Relative to other sociometric groups, peer-rejected children reported higher levels of social anxiety and depression and were perceived by teachers as exhibiting more externalizing and internalizing difficulties and less socially skilled behavior and academic competence. Peer status and friendship variables were related to child-, peer-, and teacher-reported internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Regarding the identity of children's best friends, results varied by informant source, with …

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The Role Of Retrochiasmatic Neurons In Seasonal Breeding In The Ewe., Steven L. Hardy Jan 2003

The Role Of Retrochiasmatic Neurons In Seasonal Breeding In The Ewe., Steven L. Hardy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A seasonal change in GnRH secretion is well documented in sheep. An alteration in the estradiol (E2) negative feedback mechanism is thought to promote ovarian quiescence via GnRH inhibition during spring and summer months in response to changes in day length. It is evident that the hypothalamus becomes hypersensitive to E2 during this time, but the mechanism driving the shift is not completely understood. However, it is clear that A15 dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) play a key role in these seasonal changes. These neurons mediated E2 negative feedback in anestrus, but do not respond to E2 …

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The Effect Of Background Music On The Mathematics Test Anxiety Of College Algebra Students., Stephanie E. Haynes Jan 2003

The Effect Of Background Music On The Mathematics Test Anxiety Of College Algebra Students., Stephanie E. Haynes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the effect of background music, played prior to an exam, on the mathematics test anxiety and academic achievement of college algebra students. Two research questions were posed. The first question inquired if the use of background music played while students study 10 minutes prior to an exam, as opposed to the students studying in silence 10 minutes prior to an exam, reduced the level of mathematics test anxiety. The second question inquired if there would be a significant difference in the achievement scores of the students exposed to background music while studying to background music. The participants …

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A Study Of Selected Songs By Leonard Bernstein Which Reflect His Contribution To The Evolution Of Art Song In America., Yugo Sava Ikach Jan 2003

A Study Of Selected Songs By Leonard Bernstein Which Reflect His Contribution To The Evolution Of Art Song In America., Yugo Sava Ikach

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Within American vocal art music of the twentieth century, there has been an infusion of non-traditional musical traits. Some of these characteristics and idioms find their roots in American popular music and jazz. Although this phenomenon has been met with a certain amount of opposition, its presence is undeniable. The success and acceptance of this blending of styles owes much to the work of Leonard Bernstein. This paper examines a selection of Leonard Bernstein's vocal songs that in some way demonstrate this blending of styles, and notes influence of his opinions via mass media exposure. Bernstein's compositions and opinions have …

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The Evaluation Of Critical Thinking, Reflective Writing, And Cognitive Word Use In Baccalaureate Nursing Students., Monica Metrick Kennison Jan 2003

The Evaluation Of Critical Thinking, Reflective Writing, And Cognitive Word Use In Baccalaureate Nursing Students., Monica Metrick Kennison

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This nonexperimental, descriptive, correlational study addressed the problem of consistency and fairness in evaluating student nurses' reflective writing for evidence of critical thinking. The purposes were twofold: To describe the relationships among teacher ratings, cognitive word use, and a standardized measure of critical thinking in baccalaureate nursing students; and to describe the extent that teacher ratings and cognitive word use are predictive of a standardized measure of critical thinking. A teacher designed tool, the Critical Thinking Scale (CTS), was used by five faculty members to independently evaluate graduates' reflective writings for evidence of critical thinking. The California Critical Thinking Skills …

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Making Instructional Decisions: What Teacher Specialists Decide About And Do For Middle School Students With Reading Difficulty., Frances Laurel Boyd Jan 2003

Making Instructional Decisions: What Teacher Specialists Decide About And Do For Middle School Students With Reading Difficulty., Frances Laurel Boyd

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Concern about the efficacy of American education programs in reading is noted. Amid conflicting reports of what is wrong with American schools, steps must be taken which allow for growth among reading educators, especially those who work with older students who have not yet achieved grade appropriate reading skills. However, those who provide support programs need a body of information which allows them to address real needs that teachers have. The voice of teachers is under represented in program planning, yet could provide information crucial to the development of the most beneficial training and support programs. This study investigated the …

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Fictions Of Nature: Ecology, Science, And Culture In Twentieth-Century British Literature., Neal Bukeavich Jan 2003

Fictions Of Nature: Ecology, Science, And Culture In Twentieth-Century British Literature., Neal Bukeavich

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation examines twentieth-century British fiction concerned with humankind's interactions with the nonhuman world. I analyze a range of literary works, including H. G. Wells's The Food of the Gods (1903), D. H. Lawrence's The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920), and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), John Brunner's Stand on Zanzibar (1968), Graham Swift's Waterland (1983), and J. G. Ballard's Rushing to Paradise (1994). This body of literature remains largely unexamined for its treatments of ecological issues and belongs to a national history deeply implicated in local and global environmental change. Moreover, my consideration of this literary tradition marks a …

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