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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Chemical And Physical Modification Of Petroleum, Coal-Tar, And Coal-Extract Pitches By Air-Blowing, Nathan D. King Aug 2004

Chemical And Physical Modification Of Petroleum, Coal-Tar, And Coal-Extract Pitches By Air-Blowing, Nathan D. King

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Treatment by air-blowing was pursued as a process to modify the properties of pitches. The focus of this research was to compare the effects of air-blowing a coal-extract pitch with a petroleum pitch and coal-tar binder pitch. Hydrogenation of a bituminous coal in tetralin was used to produce the coal-extract pitch. The three pitches were air-blown in a 1-liter autoclave at temperatures of 250°C, 275°C, and 300°C for various time periods. The air-blown pitches were then characterized by softening point, coke yield, solubility, viscosity, density, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR, and optical texture. The results showed that air-blowing was a …

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Recruitment Strategies Used By High School Agriculture Education Teachers In West Virginia, Danny R. Dewhurst Aug 2004

Recruitment Strategies Used By High School Agriculture Education Teachers In West Virginia, Danny R. Dewhurst

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recruitment is the act of enrolling new members as well as keeping current levels of members or students. Questionnaires were sent to all agricultural education teachers in West Virginia to determine what strategies were being used to maintain and increase enrollment in agriculture education programs throughout West Virginia. The first questionnaire was sent to 97 agricultural education teachers asking them to list recruiting activities that they used to promote their programs. A second questionnaire was sent asking them to rate the effectiveness of recruitment activities they have participated in over the past four (4) years. Forty-six secondary agricultural education teachers …

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Demography And Genetic Structure Of An Allegheny Woodrat Population In Northcentral West Virginia, Mary Elizabeth Manjerovic Aug 2004

Demography And Genetic Structure Of An Allegheny Woodrat Population In Northcentral West Virginia, Mary Elizabeth Manjerovic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) occurs throughout the Appalachian Mountains forming isolated colonies in rock outcrops, cliffs, and caves. In the past 20--30 years, populations along the northern and western peripheries of the range have experienced drastic declines. There have been suggested reasons for this decline but a lack of long-term data has prevented application of specific management actions. In recent years, there has been more insight into population structure, gene flow, and relatedness among colonies. The objectives of my study were to examine these factors at a localized level to further assist with future management decisions.;Using data collected over …

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Diet, Physical Activity, And Television Viewing In Relation To The Body Weight Status Of West Virginia Adolescents, Kimberly M. Morris Aug 2004

Diet, Physical Activity, And Television Viewing In Relation To The Body Weight Status Of West Virginia Adolescents, Kimberly M. Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Context. The obesity epidemic is now threatening youth. Yet little is known regarding the factors associated with adolescent weight status.;Objective. To determine whether dietary intakes, physical activity, and hours spent viewing television are related to the body weight status of West Virginia adolescents.;Design, setting, and participants. This descriptive study included survey, diet recall, and body mass index data from 1,036, 14--20 year olds attending West Virginia high schools during the years 2002 to 2003.;Results. Overweight students consumed less kilocalories (∼378) (P < .001), less servings of total grains (P < .01) and a greater percentage of their energy from protein (P = .01). A significantly less amount of overweight students reported participating in strengthening/toning physical activities on three or more days of the week (P < .01).;Conclusion. Overweight adolescents within the state of West Virginia appear more likely to restrict their energy intake rather than exercise to lose weight. Thus, public health intervention strategies to help these students reach a healthy weight while maintaining adequate nutrition are imperative.

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Sources And Ecological Consequences Of Deposited And Suspended Sediments In Small Tributaries Of The Upper Elk River Watershed, West Virginia, Cynthia Louise Sanders Aug 2004

Sources And Ecological Consequences Of Deposited And Suspended Sediments In Small Tributaries Of The Upper Elk River Watershed, West Virginia, Cynthia Louise Sanders

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Deposited and suspended sediments were sampled in small tributaries of the upper Elk River watershed to determine if differences exist in sediment transport and deposition based on land management activities of low disturbance, development, or timber harvesting. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ) were sampled to determine if a negative relationship existed between populations and deposited or suspended sediments. There were no significant relationships in deposited sediments among land use yet timber harvest and developed lands had significantly higher transported sediments than low disturbance lands. There were no significant relationships between brook trout populations and deposited sediments. However, a slight negative …

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Three Essays On Spatial Spillovers Of Highway Investment And Regional Growth, Samia Islam Aug 2004

Three Essays On Spatial Spillovers Of Highway Investment And Regional Growth, Samia Islam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The impact of transportation infrastructure on regional employment can be reflected through changes in the accessibility of the region affected. A certain region may benefit from the positive externalities associated with a public works project even though the facilities are located in another region. The extent of these spillovers can be determined by using a measure of proximity to highway infrastructure in a model of employment. The first essay in this dissertation examines the distance decay in employment growth and the spatial spillovers of highway investment in the 411-county Appalachian region. Although distance decay in employment is not evident after …

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Software Quality And Reliability Prediction Using Dempster -Shafer Theory, Lan Guo Aug 2004

Software Quality And Reliability Prediction Using Dempster -Shafer Theory, Lan Guo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As software systems are increasingly deployed in mission critical applications, accurate quality and reliability predictions are becoming a necessity. Most accurate prediction models require extensive testing effort, implying increased cost and slowing down the development life cycle. We developed two novel statistical models based on Dempster-Shafer theory, which provide accurate predictions from relatively small data sets of direct and indirect software reliability and quality predictors. The models are flexible enough to incorporate information generated throughout the development life-cycle to improve the prediction accuracy.;Our first contribution is an original algorithm for building Dempster-Shafer Belief Networks using prediction logic. This model has …

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Results On Hyperspaces, Jorge M. Martinez-Montejano Aug 2004

Results On Hyperspaces, Jorge M. Martinez-Montejano

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A characterization of Cp(X), the family of subcontinua of X containing a fixed point of X, when X is an atriodic continuum is given as follows. Assume Z is a continuum and consider the following three conditions: (1) Z is a planar absolute retract; (2) cut points of Z have component number two; (3) any true cyclic element of Z contains at most two cut points of Z. If X is an atriodic continuum and p ∈ X, then Cp(X) satisfies (1)--(3) and, conversely, if Z satisfies (1)--(3), then there exist an arc-like continuum (hence, atriodic) X and a point …

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Ctp Synthase And Transporter Function In Coxiella Burnetii, Jeffrey D. Miller Aug 2004

Ctp Synthase And Transporter Function In Coxiella Burnetii, Jeffrey D. Miller

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Coxiella burnetii is a gram negative, obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate in the acidified environment of a phagosome. Like other intracellular parasites, C. burnetii depends on the host cell for many of the substrates required for growth, such as amino acids. It had been observed that avirulent C. burnetii Nine Mile strain (Phase II) organisms in BHK-21 fibroblasts displayed improved growth when extracellular cytidine was introduced to infected cultures. This improved growth was not observed in wild type organisms in the same cell system. This observation, coupled with early enzyme activity studies, suggested that Phase II organisms had …

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Predictability Of Equity Returns And Conditional Asset Pricing, Ou Hu Aug 2004

Predictability Of Equity Returns And Conditional Asset Pricing, Ou Hu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this dissertation, I investigate the applicability of some asset-pricing models by exploiting the predictive power of structural variables and accommodate the characteristic of predictability of stock returns in a theoretical conditional asset-pricing framework.;In the first chapter of the dissertation, I briefly review the relevant literature on the predictability of stock returns, and discuss the motivations for my research, and finally present my contributions to the existing literature while providing some discussions for future research. Chapter 2 examines the ability of the Fama-French three-factor model and the CAPM in estimating portfolios' returns. Instead of using historical average of risk premiums …

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Three Essays On Trade And *Development, Abhra Roy Aug 2004

Three Essays On Trade And *Development, Abhra Roy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the first essay of this dissertation, we analyze the role of education subsidies on child labor in a situation where parents choose the quantity of children to have as well as their educational attainment. We find that lump sum education subsidies may increase (decrease) the equilibrium level of education and child labor depending on whether parents attach more weight on education (quality) or on school enrollment. Marginal education subsidies, in general, have the exact opposite effect. Some authors have found that a rise in the cost of schooling decreases child labor in some countries while increasing it in others. …

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Metal -Surface Reactions In Mixed Aqueous Organic Solvents, Rafif K. Srour Aug 2004

Metal -Surface Reactions In Mixed Aqueous Organic Solvents, Rafif K. Srour

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The effect of mixed aqueous-organic solvents on exchange and adsorption reactions onto clay minerals is examined in this study while accounting for the effect of cosolvents on metal solution properties, ionic activity and complexation. In the absence of published values, a determination of the primary association constant of selected ions in solution was conducted using conductometric methods. These stability constant values were used to correct for ion-pairing in the exchange and the adsorption experiments. A spectrophotometric determination of pH was accomplished through the quantification of the conditional dissociation constants, sKI, of two indicators (methyl red and phenol red) at constant …

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Information Dissemination By Compounding, Bohe (Bob) Wang Aug 2004

Information Dissemination By Compounding, Bohe (Bob) Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Gossiping and broadcasting are two problems of information dissemination. In gossiping, every point in the network knows a unique item of information and needs to communicate it to all other points. Most of the recent interest in gossiping is due to its importance in the area of network communications and other areas of parallel and distributed computing.;Determining precisely the values of the minimum number of edges in a gossip graph is known to be a very hard problem. Very few values are known in the general case. G. Fertin and R. Labahn[Fer00],[FL00] used the k-way compounding method to construct gossip …

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Biologically Inspired Evolutionary Temporal Neural Circuits, Reza Derakhshani Aug 2004

Biologically Inspired Evolutionary Temporal Neural Circuits, Reza Derakhshani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Biological neural networks have always motivated creation of new artificial neural networks, and in this case a new autonomous temporal neural network system. Among the more challenging problems of temporal neural networks are the design and incorporation of short and long-term memories as well as the choice of network topology and training mechanism. In general, delayed copies of network signals can form short-term memory (STM), providing a limited temporal history of events similar to FIR filters, whereas the synaptic connection strengths as well as delayed feedback loops (ER circuits) can constitute longer-term memories (LTM). This dissertation introduces a new general …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Molecularly Doped Tri-P-Tolylamine/Polycarbonate Blends Using Solid-State Nmr, Brian D. Kesling Aug 2004

Synthesis And Characterization Of Molecularly Doped Tri-P-Tolylamine/Polycarbonate Blends Using Solid-State Nmr, Brian D. Kesling

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Polymers doped with organic photoconductors play an important role in the xerography process. The macroscopic distribution of the doped polymers has been assumed to follow a uniform distribution model as a result of the lack of information regarding the spatial relationships or macroscale organization of the dopant molecules. Because of the amorphous nature of the blend, characterization of the dopant molecule organization is unattainable by the traditional method of x-ray diffraction. Solid-state NMR experiments begun by Hewitt et al. have been expanded using two modern solid-state NMR techniques: Rotational Echo, Double Resonance (REDOR) and Rotational Echo, Adiabatic Passage Double Resonance …

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Epidemiological Burden Of Depression And Its Impact On Adherence To Oral Hypoglycemic Agents And Related Economic Outcomes In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Iftekhar D. Kalsekar Aug 2004

Epidemiological Burden Of Depression And Its Impact On Adherence To Oral Hypoglycemic Agents And Related Economic Outcomes In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Iftekhar D. Kalsekar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Presence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes may affect their adherence to oral hypoglycemics and consequently glycemic control and economic outcomes. These potential effects may be more significant when one considers that depression is highly prevalent in patients with diabetes. This study involved two phases. Phase one of the study examined the epidemiological relationship between depression and type 2 diabetes. Phase two of the study examined the impact of depression on patterns of use and adherence to oral hypoglycemics in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Impact of depression on expenditures related to type 2 diabetes and overall …

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Rna Analysis As A Method To Determine The Age Of A Biological Sample, Stacey E. Anderson Aug 2004

Rna Analysis As A Method To Determine The Age Of A Biological Sample, Stacey E. Anderson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

DNA analysis by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) allows for the unambiguous identification of the person from whom a biological sample was derived but provides no information about when the sample was deposited. The ability to determine the age of blood or a biological sample would be of significant benefit to the forensic science community. This would provide a temporal linkage between the blood of the perpetuator and the commission of a crime or it could be used to exclude evidence that does not correspond to the time a crime was committed. It was hypothesized that ex vivo RNA decay was …

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Development Of Coker Feeds From Aromatic Oil And Bituminous Coal Digests, L. Mitchell Clendenin Aug 2004

Development Of Coker Feeds From Aromatic Oil And Bituminous Coal Digests, L. Mitchell Clendenin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Kingwood coal has been digested with two coal derived (anthracene oil and carbon black base) and two petroleum derived (slurry oil and Maraflex oil) aromatic oils, both raw and catalytically hydrogenated. After a parametric study to determine reaction conditions (T, P, solvent, hydrogenation level), six one-gallon digestions were performed, using hydrogenated carbon black base (HCBB-L3), hydrogenated slurry oil (HSO-L3), hydrogenated Maraflex oil (HMO-L3) and combinations thereof. After solids separation, the coal digest liquids were air-blown at 250°C for 5 hours. Air-blown digests were carbonized and all products analyzed physically and chemically to determine the feasibility of using this process in …

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Stereotypical Perceptions Of The Communication Behaviors Of Gay Males, Daniel W. Brewster Aug 2004

Stereotypical Perceptions Of The Communication Behaviors Of Gay Males, Daniel W. Brewster

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the stereotypical communication behaviors of gay males. The study examined the associations of assertiveness, responsiveness, homonegativity and biological sex. Participants were 359 (195 men, 164 women) students. Participants provided responses to questions about verbal and nonverbal behaviors for known gay individuals and individuals perceived to be gay. The participants then completed the Assertiveness-Responsiveness Measure (Richmond & McCroskey, 1990) in a self-report and observer-report, and the Modern Homonegativity Scale (Morrison & Morrison, 2002). Results indicated some of the more predominant responses to verbal and nonverbal behaviors are inconsistent with the prevalent societal perceptions of homosexuality. Significant associations between …

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Influence Of Rearrangement Of Actin Cytoskeleton On The Overall Material Properties Of Atdc5 Cells During Chondrogenesis, Madhavi V. S. Ayyalasomayajula Aug 2004

Influence Of Rearrangement Of Actin Cytoskeleton On The Overall Material Properties Of Atdc5 Cells During Chondrogenesis, Madhavi V. S. Ayyalasomayajula

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Studies show that when chondrocytes are cultured in 2D, they lose their phenotype. This change is reversed when the cells are embedded in a 3D culture system such as in agarose gel. Previous experiments in our lab showed that when prechodrocytic cells were embedded in agarose, chondrogenesis was triggered in these cells. This work attempts to understand the mechanical implications of this behavior. It also provides an estimate of the sensitivity of the apparatus that would be required to carry out compression loading experiments of gel-cell constructs that can distinguish between pre-chondrocytes and chondrocytes.;ATDC5 cells were cultured in 3D for …

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Synchronization Of Spatiotemporal Patterns And Modeling Disease Spreading Using Excitable Media, Jianxia Cui Aug 2004

Synchronization Of Spatiotemporal Patterns And Modeling Disease Spreading Using Excitable Media, Jianxia Cui

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Studies of the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction are reviewed and the essential features of excitable media are described. The synchronization of two distributed Belousov-Zhabotinsky systems is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Symmetric local coupling of the systems is made possible with the use of a video camera-projector scheme. The spatial disorder of the coupled systems, with random initial configurations of spirals, gradually decreases until a final state is attained, which corresponds to a synchronized state with a single spiral in each system. The experimental observations are compared with numerical simulations of two identical Oregonator models with symmetric local coupling, and a …

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Separation Of Small Particles Due To Density Differences In A Cfb Riser System, Jeremy L. Regester May 2004

Separation Of Small Particles Due To Density Differences In A Cfb Riser System, Jeremy L. Regester

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Common wet density separation processes require large amounts of water, expensive wastewater cleanup, and do not effectively recover fine particles. A circulating fluidized bed riser system was developed as an exploratory system for dry separation by density that will eliminate many problems associated with wet separation. The system sends an air-solid mixture through a vertical riser. The flow pattern in the riser, established by varying gas velocity (Uo) and mass flux (Jp), allowed dense particles to collect at the bottom of the riser while less dense particles were collected through the riser exit at the top. The system was developed …

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Evaluation Of Indirect Tensile Strength To Identify Asphalt Concrete Rutting Potential, Geetha Srinivasan May 2004

Evaluation Of Indirect Tensile Strength To Identify Asphalt Concrete Rutting Potential, Geetha Srinivasan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Superpave mix design procedure, as implemented at the end of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) does not include any testing to evaluate asphalt mixture for resistance to permanent deformation. This prompted the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) to sponsor projects for the development of a simple performance test for rutting potential of asphalt mixtures. Anderson et al. [2003] found that rutting potential can be evaluated by considering indirect tensile strength (IDT), compaction slope measured with the Superpave Gyratory compactor and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA). Anderson evaluated IDT strength at a deformation rate of 3.75 mm/min and …

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Rehabilitation Of Timber Railroad Bridges Using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Wraps, Aaron W. Smith May 2004

Rehabilitation Of Timber Railroad Bridges Using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Wraps, Aaron W. Smith

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study involves the rehabilitation and load testing of 50 + year old open deck timber railroad bridges on the South Branch Valley Railroad (SBVR) in Moorefield, WV. The rehabilitation involved repairing substructure elements including a "Pile cap/pile" joint and an above ground pile with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite wraps, in combination with phenolic formaldehyde adhesives. Static and dynamic testing was performed to determine the dynamic behavior and the live load distribution of the superstructure. This research study is the second phase of a two-phase study with an ultimate objective to investigate the rehabilitation of timber railroad bridges …

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Modeling And Testing Of Stitched Composite Laminates For Enhanced Interlaminar Strength, Janet M. Wood May 2004

Modeling And Testing Of Stitched Composite Laminates For Enhanced Interlaminar Strength, Janet M. Wood

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research assesses the effects of stitching a four-layer E-glass/Epoxy cross-ply laminate with translaminar reinforcement consisting of E-glass yarns. Both experimental characterization and finite element analysis have been employed to accurately predict and analyze the properties of the stitched material.;Tensile and Double Cantilever Beam testing indicated that translaminar stitching degrades the effective extensional modulus of the laminate by about 15.9 percent, while it enhances the opening Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness. This degradation in the effective in-plane stiffness is attributed to the localized damage inflicted on the fiber plies by the needle penetration of the sewing machine used to insert …

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Optical Measurement Of Ash Particle Size And Velocity In Gas-Solid Flow, Ming Zhang May 2004

Optical Measurement Of Ash Particle Size And Velocity In Gas-Solid Flow, Ming Zhang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this research is the development of an image acquisition and processing prototype system, and its application to measuring the size and velocity distribution of moving particles in a gas-solid environment. The prototype system consists of a digital image acquisition module and MATLAB RTM image-processing module. Two specific applications were conducted. The first is the measurement of ash particle characteristics during surface regeneration of a candle filter system under room and elevated temperatures. The second application is on-line measurement of particle separation in a simulated Circulating Fluid Bed (CFB) riser system. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of …

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Application Of Digital Infrared Thermography For Nondestructive Evaluation Of Composite Bridge Components, Archana Vasudevan May 2004

Application Of Digital Infrared Thermography For Nondestructive Evaluation Of Composite Bridge Components, Archana Vasudevan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this research is to evaluate the applicability of digital infrared thermographic system to detect subsurface defects such as debonds and delaminations in Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bridge decks and other composite bridge components such as beams and columns wrapped with steel or FRP jacket.;This thesis investigates the use of digital infrared thermography on FRP bridge decks both under laboratory and field conditions. Air-filled and water-filled debonds were inserted between the wearing surface and the underlying FRP deck. Also, simulated subsurface delaminations (of various sizes and thickness) were created at the flange-to-flange junction between two FRP deck modules.;The …

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Effects Of Listening To Music In A Precompetition Routine On Mood And Performance, John R. Geer May 2004

Effects Of Listening To Music In A Precompetition Routine On Mood And Performance, John R. Geer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Members of a Division I university women's rowing team ( n = 14) each performed three rowing tasks under three music conditions that asked the participants to use headphones to listen to self-selected music either, (1) not at all, (2) during their precompetition routine, or (3) during the rowing task. Positive and negative affect was assessed immediately prior to and after each task. Results indicated that mood did not differ across music conditions and was not affected by current music use or skill level (p's > .05). No significant differences in time to complete the tasks were found across the three …

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Knowledge And Dissemination Of Sustainable Agriculture Practices By County Extension Agents In Ohio, Pennsylvania, And West Virginia, Erin M. Hersman May 2004

Knowledge And Dissemination Of Sustainable Agriculture Practices By County Extension Agents In Ohio, Pennsylvania, And West Virginia, Erin M. Hersman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and preparation that Extension educators possess concerning the numerous dimensions of sustainable agriculture. From this information, a relationship between the amount of education that Extension educators receive about sustainable agriculture and the amount of information that Extension educators offer to their clientele about this topic was determined. Part-time agriculturalists were perceived to attend workshops/meetings based on sustainable agriculture practices, use more fact sheets or publications on the concepts of sustainable agriculture, and, in turn, apply more concepts of sustainable agriculture. Full-time agriculturalists were attending the workshops and/or meetings …

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Types Of Hardware And Software In Use And Problems Associated With Their Use In Secondary Agricultural Education Programs In West Virginia, David T. Aberegg May 2004

Types Of Hardware And Software In Use And Problems Associated With Their Use In Secondary Agricultural Education Programs In West Virginia, David T. Aberegg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microcomputers have become a vital tool in business, industry, and education. The level and the amount of education that students in West Virginia receive in secondary agricultural classes on microcomputers can affect their ability to compete for jobs and in college curriculums. For agriculture programs to produce quality graduates ready to meet the demands of today's work place, they must have up-to-date microcomputing hardware and software. This study examined the accessibility to computers by teachers of agriculture education in West Virginia. A survey was sent to 74 agriculture education departments in West Virginia. The results showed that most departments are …

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