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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Comparison Of The Obturation Density Of Gutta Percha Using Cold Lateral Condensation And Varying Continuous Wave Of Condensation Techniques, Jamie Michelle Day Aug 2006

Comparison Of The Obturation Density Of Gutta Percha Using Cold Lateral Condensation And Varying Continuous Wave Of Condensation Techniques, Jamie Michelle Day

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study compared the density of gutta percha when using cold lateral condensation (CLC) and continuous wave of condensation (CWC) under varying temperature and plugger depths. Seventy acrylic blocks were instrumented. The blocks were weighed and assigned to seven groups. Group 1 was obturated with CLC. The remaining six groups were obturated with CWC. Groups 2-4 were obturated by advancing the plugger to 3 mm short of the working length at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C, respectively, and then backfilled. In groups 5-7 the plugger was advanced to 5 mm short of working length. The blocks were weighed again after obturation. …

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Subsurface Stratigraphy And Depositional Controls On Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Sediments In Southwestern Pennsylvania, Bret A. Mcdaniel Aug 2006

Subsurface Stratigraphy And Depositional Controls On Late Devonian-Early Mississippian Sediments In Southwestern Pennsylvania, Bret A. Mcdaniel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Subsurface correlation of well-logs and isopach mapping of Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian units have been coupled with outcrop measured sections to determine the nature and distribution of Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian sandstones in southwestern Pennsylvania. The stratigraphic section studied ranges from the Upper Venango Formation to the Price Formation and includes the Hundred Foot, Murrysville (Cussewago/Berea) and Weir sandstones of southwestern Pennsylvania. Isopach maps were generated for the Hundred Foot sandstone, Oswayo Shale, Murrysville sandstone, Riddlesburg Shale, and Weir sandstones as well as eight cross-sections across the study area. The resulting sediment distribution patterns along the developing edge of the Late Famennian-Early …

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Optical-Based Atr Algorithms For Applications In Swarmed Uavs, Vasavi Rangammagari Aug 2006

Optical-Based Atr Algorithms For Applications In Swarmed Uavs, Vasavi Rangammagari

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Swarmed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) technology are becoming an important element of electronic warfare. The advantages of UAVs over piloted vehicles have increased the need to develop robust and reliable ATR algorithms. Various issues like changing weather, camouflage, low contrast and resolution, clutter, inadequate databases place a limit on the performance capabilities of a typical ATR algorithm. In an effort to deal with these issues, a correlation-based algorithm is proposed in this thesis. This algorithm calculates the correlation between the input image and a target template which is created by projecting a 3-D model from …

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Web-Based Forensic Information Management System, Parmjit Singh Aug 2006

Web-Based Forensic Information Management System, Parmjit Singh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The focus of this work was on the design and implementation of a web based forensic information management system for the West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory (WVSPFL). The software tool enables law enforcement agents to submit crime information to the Forensic Laboratory via a secure Internet connection. The tool also enables each of the nine units of WVSPFL to process the information electronically. Online electronic forms were created to mirror the existing paper based forms, making the transition easier. The existing processes were standardized and streamlined, there by minimizing information inconsistency. The crime information once gathered is automatically uploaded …

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Connecting Wv Fee-Fishing Businesses With The Larger Tourism Market Through The Development Of Tourism Package, Zongxiang Mei Aug 2006

Connecting Wv Fee-Fishing Businesses With The Larger Tourism Market Through The Development Of Tourism Package, Zongxiang Mei

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There is substantial demand for fishing packages in West Virginia. Fee-fishing businesses in West Virginia are often characterized as small businesses, and they could benefit from connecting with larger travel packages that are more likely to attract out-of-state anglers. The objectives are: (1) identify mini-market segments based on fee-fishing experiences; (2) examine how fee-fishing mini-markets can better connect with the larger outdoor recreation markets; and (3) to use this information to identify gaps in recreational offerings and develop tourism packages in a West Virginia test market. Six fee-fishing mini-markets were identified. Regression analysis results indicate that it is possible to …

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Aluminum Resistance Of Mycorrhizal Plants, Katrina R. Klugh Aug 2006

Aluminum Resistance Of Mycorrhizal Plants, Katrina R. Klugh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aluminum (Al) in acidic soils is toxic to plants, affecting growth, water uptake, and nutrient assimilation. Aluminum resistance of plants has been ascribed to organic acid exudation from roots and changes in plant physiology resulting from the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbiosis. This dissertation describes four studies that address questions regarding Al resistance of mycorrhizal plants.;In chapter 2, Liriodendron tulipifera, a common tree species in northeastern U.S. forests, was inoculated with several species of AM fungi and exposed to Al. Biomass and plant nutritional data showed that the AM species Glomus clarum conferred the most benefit to plant hosts. Organic …

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Facilitating Sensor Interoperability And Incorporating Quality In Fingerprint Matching Systems, Rohan D. Nadgir Aug 2006

Facilitating Sensor Interoperability And Incorporating Quality In Fingerprint Matching Systems, Rohan D. Nadgir

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis addresses the issues of sensor interoperability and quality in the context of fingerprints and makes a three-fold contribution. The first contribution is a method to facilitate fingerprint sensor interoperability that involves the comparison of fingerprint images originating from multiple sensors. The proposed technique models the relationship between images acquired by two different sensors using a Thin Plate Spline (TPS) function. Such a calibration model is observed to enhance the inter-sensor matching performance on the MSU dataset containing images from optical and capacitive sensors. Experiments indicate that the proposed calibration scheme improves the inter-sensor Genuine Accept Rate (GAR) by …

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Evaluation And Performance Prediction Of Multimodal Biometric Systems, Nevena Samoska Aug 2006

Evaluation And Performance Prediction Of Multimodal Biometric Systems, Nevena Samoska

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Multibiometric systems fuse the evidence presented by different biometric sources in order to improve the matching accuracy of a biometric system. In such systems, information fusion can be performed at different levels; however, integration at the matching score level is the most commonly used approach due to the tradeoff between information content and accessibility. This work develops a tool in order to analyze the impact of various normalization schemes on the matching performance of score-level fusion algorithms. The tool permits the systematic evaluation of different fusion rules after employing normalizing and mapping the match scores of different modalities into a …

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Media Representation And Portrayal Of African-American Athletes, Justin Zackal Aug 2006

Media Representation And Portrayal Of African-American Athletes, Justin Zackal

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The racial composition of athletes competing at major colleges and in professional sports in America is disproportioned to the general population and journalists that cover their sports. With African-Americans accounting for such a large contingent of athletes, how their race is perceived by society is often predicated on the coverage they receive. The purpose of this study is to look at the importance of media coverage of African-American athletes, and to show if White media scrutinize African-American athletes more than they do White athletes. The misrepresentation of African-American athletes in the press box could mean an unequal playing field in …

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Cycles And Weight Effects On Emissions And Development Of Predictive Emissions Models For Heavy Duty Trucks, Kuntal A. Vora Aug 2006

Cycles And Weight Effects On Emissions And Development Of Predictive Emissions Models For Heavy Duty Trucks, Kuntal A. Vora

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

NOX and PM emissions data from the 5--mode CARB HHDDT Schedule, UDDS, and AC5080 were reviewed, with reference to each other. Next, two-dimensional correlations were used to predict the emissions rate on one cycle from the rates of two other cycles. The two-dimensional analysis yielded better correlations.;The emission of NOX, CO, CO2, HC and PM were analyzed with respect to weight. Vehicles did not follow linear NOX emissions trends over large weight ranges. Fleet-wide emissions for HHDDT could be predicted.;Lastly, a method was proposed to predict emissions based on the vehicle's emissions history from other cycles and on the properties …

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Development Of Predictive Nox Model For On -Road Heavy -Duty Diesel Engines, Mohan Krishnamurthy Aug 2006

Development Of Predictive Nox Model For On -Road Heavy -Duty Diesel Engines, Mohan Krishnamurthy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Emissions models currently employed by EPA and CARB do not account for the variations in engine operation and their effect on emissions. Alternatively, this study, demonstrates the feasibility of using Engine Control Module (ECM) broadcast parameters such as Engine Speed, Engine Torque, Injection Timing, Fueling Rate, Manifold Air Temperature, Manifold Air Pressure, Coolant Temperature and Oil Temperature as inputs to in order to predict engine-out exhaust NO x emissions. These parameters were obtained when the engine operates in the Not-to-Exceed (NTE) zone, (which is defined by 40 CFR §86.1370-2007) for a continuous time period of at least 30s in length.;This …

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A Pc-Based Fluid And Heat Transfer Analyzer For Two-Phase Flow In Pipes, Gbolahan Afonja Aug 2006

A Pc-Based Fluid And Heat Transfer Analyzer For Two-Phase Flow In Pipes, Gbolahan Afonja

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Modeling the simultaneous flow of gas and liquid or two-phase gas-liquid flow in pipes is a key aspect in petroleum production. These models can enhance our ability to estimate fluid properties, predict pressure loss, liquid holdup, and flow pattern, and to see the effects of introducing concepts such as heat transfer to the system. Modeling two-phase flow phenomenon also allows visualization of the interaction of one property or parameter to another. The understanding of heat transfer in two-phase gas-liquid flow is important for economic and optimized operations.;This work focuses on the design of a PC-Based Software for modeling the effect …

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Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley Aug 2006

Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Associations between the gender-role orientation of parents and the toy-play behavior of first-born infants were investigated. Fifteen fathers ( M age = 31.13, SD = 4.26) and 46 mothers ( M age = 28.13, SD = 4.97) completed self-administered questionnaires which included questions on feedback to play with gender-typed toys. ANOVA results indicated that mothers provided more masculine-typed toys for their sons than their daughters, and more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons; fathers provided more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons. In addition, mothers provided more encouragement to same-gender-typed play than cross-gender-typed play for both …

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Evaluation Of Carbon Materials For Use In A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell, Gregory A. Hackett Aug 2006

Evaluation Of Carbon Materials For Use In A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell, Gregory A. Hackett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is an efficient, environmentally friendly way to supply the United States with electrical power using its abundant coal reserves. The cell employs a process by which carbon is directly converted to electricity, without the need for combustion or gasification. The thermodynamic efficiency of a DCFC is 80%. The purpose of this research is to renovate fuel cell test stands provided by the US DOE, and to investigate the operation of the DCFC with a variety of solid carbons from several sources. The highly organized carbon form, graphite, is used as the benchmark of the …

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Experimental Testing Of Convective Spray Cooling With The Aid Of An Electrical Field Using The Coulomb Force, Paul Joseph Kreitzer Aug 2006

Experimental Testing Of Convective Spray Cooling With The Aid Of An Electrical Field Using The Coulomb Force, Paul Joseph Kreitzer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Continual advances in the electronics industry and other high heat-flux fields have led to a need for increased heat transfer efficiency. Spray cooling is one of many methods for removing heat from surfaces. Experimental testing conducted at West Virginia University was sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research in collaboration with the Air Force Research Laboratory to test the effectiveness of using inductive spray charging to enhance the heat transfer rate. Modifications made to the experimental test rig built by Hunnell (2005) enabled the study of electro-hydro-dynamics.;Experimental testing using working fluids, FC-72 and HFE-7000, was conducted. Electrodes were …

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To What Extent Does Personal Relevance Impact Behavior After Attending A Laboratory Safety Training Session?, Sandra E. Fouch Aug 2006

To What Extent Does Personal Relevance Impact Behavior After Attending A Laboratory Safety Training Session?, Sandra E. Fouch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Each year in the United States, millions of dollars are spent to educate adults. Therefore, there has been a flurry of interest in answering the question, ''How do adults learn?'' There are different answers and therefore, different theories. The method selected for this study incorporated Andragogic learning into the laboratory safety training at Carnegie Mellon University. This design involved a number of features that recognized the essential maturity of the learner.;The training was developed to present the Laboratory Safety and Hazardous Waste Trainings at Carnegie Mellon University. The new training provided additional discussion points to allow the adults to interact …

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Pair Distribution Functions In Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Interfaces, Deng Cao May 2006

Pair Distribution Functions In Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of Interfaces, Deng Cao

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Thin films of silicon nitride on silicon are well suited materials for many applications including photovoltaics. Large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of silicon/silicon nitride interfaces under externally applied tensile strain are performed in an attempt to improve understanding of this interface. The simulations reveal stress release in form of fracture, slip, pit formation, and interface phase transition under high stress condition. The silicon/silicon nitride interface is described as an eight-component system thereby offering valuable information in some of the thirty-six different pair distribution functions. We find that fracture in silicon nitride, with a centerpiece breaking off the sides, is reflected in a …

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Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy May 2006

Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An increase in the quantity of food is required to meet the demand of an increasing in the population. The agricultural industry continues to grow to meet this demand. This thesis focuses on a new method to deal with the increasing amount of animal waste that is produced as a result of the increasing food demand. By reacting animal waste with an aqueous solution and diesel fuel, a major fraction of the waste becomes a diesel fuel extender. The extended diesel fuel contains no ash and has a viscosity similar to conventional diesel fuel. The extended diesel fuel contains 20% …

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Knowledge And Attitudes Of West Virginia Extension Agents And High School Agricultural Educators With Regard To Meat Goats And The Meat Goat Industry, Angela L. Kirk May 2006

Knowledge And Attitudes Of West Virginia Extension Agents And High School Agricultural Educators With Regard To Meat Goats And The Meat Goat Industry, Angela L. Kirk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes on meat goats and the meat goat industry in West Virginia by West Virginia Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers. A descriptive research design was selected for the study. A mailed questionnaire was sent to 51 Extension agents and 88 agriculture teachers who were the accessible population. Of the 139 agriculture educators 99 responded to the survey, for a response rate of 71.2%. A majority (67.1%) of Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers have noticed an increase in the meat goat industry in their areas and …

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Willingness To Pay As A Predictor Of Viability For Three Different Recreational Pass Variables, Jessica Ann Neff May 2006

Willingness To Pay As A Predictor Of Viability For Three Different Recreational Pass Variables, Jessica Ann Neff

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In 1996, under the Clinton administration, the recreation fee demonstration program (RFDP) was authorized by Congress as a three-year pilot program. The initial authorization of the fee program was extended numerous times until it was proposed to become a permanent part of the legislation. In December 2004, Congress passed the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (FREA) (P.L. 108-447), which permanently authorized the five federal land agencies to continue a recreation fee program for a period of ten years. The purpose behind FREA is to retain recreation fee revenues to supplement appropriations and other funding sources. Recreation fee dollars differ from …

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Development Of A Computer -Administered Analog Assessment To Evaluate Ptsd Symptoms In College Students Who Have Experienced A Motor Vehicle Crash (Mvc), Yi-Chuen Chen May 2006

Development Of A Computer -Administered Analog Assessment To Evaluate Ptsd Symptoms In College Students Who Have Experienced A Motor Vehicle Crash (Mvc), Yi-Chuen Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There has been a paucity of research investigating the characteristics of college students following a motor vehicle crash (MVC), a relatively common event in the lives of college students (e.g., an annual incidence rate of 1.37 per 10,000 resulting from dozing and driving between years 1984 to 1999). Moreover, typical PTSD assessment relies almost exclusively on indirect measures (e.g., interview, self report, rating by others). The purpose of this study was threefold: (a) investigation of the characteristics of college students who had been involved in an MVC versus a control group, (b) development of a computer-administered analog assessment, the adult …

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Colorectal Cancer: Cost-Effectiveness Of Screening And Chemoprevention In Average Risk Males, Jarrett W. Coffindaffer May 2006

Colorectal Cancer: Cost-Effectiveness Of Screening And Chemoprevention In Average Risk Males, Jarrett W. Coffindaffer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study is an economic evaluation of currently recommended colorectal cancer (CRC) screening procedures, and strategies that incorporate chemopreventive options such as aspirin or a cycooxygenase-2 inhibitor. A decision analysis model was constructed to compare alternative CRC screening strategies. A Markov model was employed to simulate the natural history of CRC. Quality adjusted life years were used as the primary outcome measure. The base case analysis represents the overall cost and effectiveness associated with each screening strategy. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each screening strategy. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the factors that have the greatest …

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Women's Livelihood Strategies In Diverse Contexts: Constructing Feminist Topographies In Appalachia And South Africa, Amy Danielle Pratt May 2006

Women's Livelihood Strategies In Diverse Contexts: Constructing Feminist Topographies In Appalachia And South Africa, Amy Danielle Pratt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation investigates the livelihoods of women heading households in rural parts of Appalachia and South Africa and develops a conceptual and methodological framework for transnational, comparative feminist research. Situated within a feminist geographical framework that is informed by feminist materialism and livelihoods analyses, it focuses on both historical and contemporary socioeconomic, cultural, and political forces at various scales of analysis that either enable or restrict women's ways of 'making due' in the two regions. The study focuses on five counties in northern West Virginia in the Appalachian region and Limpopo, including the former bantustan of Venda, in South Africa …

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Three Essays In Environmental Markets: Dynamic Behavior, Market Interactions, Policy Implications, Irene Margaret Xiarchos May 2006

Three Essays In Environmental Markets: Dynamic Behavior, Market Interactions, Policy Implications, Irene Margaret Xiarchos

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In order to induce or support voluntary environmental behavior, the mechanisms of existing and possible environmental markets must be understood. This dissertation analyzes two issues related to voluntary environmental behavior: (i) The reactions of firms over the long term to stakeholder concerns about the environment (essay one). (ii) Interactions between recycled and primary markets for metals (essays two and three).;Although these essays consider different phenomena, they are underlain by common factors: the exploration of behavior in environmental markets, the importance of profit as a motivation for firms' actions, the centrality of the role of information, and the necessity to look …

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Workforce Competencies And Work -Based Learning In Maryland Community College Nursing Programs, Richard F. Ammon May 2006

Workforce Competencies And Work -Based Learning In Maryland Community College Nursing Programs, Richard F. Ammon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study assessed whether Maryland community college students who participated in the first semester of a nursing work-based learning clinical experience during the fall 2004 semester perceived that they developed basic workplace competencies necessary to work effectively in the workplace. The total population of the study consisted of 264 nursing students from eight Maryland Community Colleges. The research questions guiding this study were answered using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA).;Major findings indicated that contrary to the hypothesis of the study, instead of showing a gain in competency scores, eight of nine workplace competencies decreased and three …

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Ignition By Air Injection (Cibai) For Controlled Auto-Ignition In A Cfr Engine, Fernando Echavarria May 2006

Ignition By Air Injection (Cibai) For Controlled Auto-Ignition In A Cfr Engine, Fernando Echavarria

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Compression ignition by air injection (CIBAI) has been successfully achieved in a modified single cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignition cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine. The CIBAI cycle was invented by Professor John Loth and Professor Gary Morris, US patent No's: 6,994,057 Feb. 7, 2006 and 6,899,061 May 31, 2005. This new revolutionary combustion concept has the potential to become an alternative to traditional (SI) spark ignited and compression ignited (CI) diesel engines.;The objective of this dissertation was to demonstrate experimentally the viability of achieving ignition by air injection (CIBAI) for controlled auto-ignition in a CFR engine. This experimental work involved the …

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A Study Of The History And Use Of Integrated Marketing Communications Within Publications From 1991--2005, Shawn M. Benkahla May 2006

A Study Of The History And Use Of Integrated Marketing Communications Within Publications From 1991--2005, Shawn M. Benkahla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Integrated Marketing Communications is a relatively new concept which combines both aspects of public relations and advertising to create a more effective and cost efficient method to maintain public awareness and support. The concept of this study is to determine the effectiveness of integrated marketing communications within businesses today. To do the researcher used the means of content analysis in ten different publications through a fifteen year span. The ten publications consisted of four public relations, four advertising and two marketing printings.

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A Study Of The Concept Of Interactivity As It Applies To Online Newspapers, Bradley Thomas Pedersen May 2006

A Study Of The Concept Of Interactivity As It Applies To Online Newspapers, Bradley Thomas Pedersen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project examines how frequently a sampling of online newspapers incorporates interactive features into online content. The newspapers for the study represent the eastern, western and central regions of the United States. The analysis focused on the amount of links and their destination, opportunities for feedback and the use of images, video and audio. The study found that the sampled newspapers do not frequently use links, images, video and audio or give users opportunities to give feedback.

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A Garrett College Learning Community Experience: A Case Study And The Birth Of A Program, Lonnie Calvin Brewster May 2006

A Garrett College Learning Community Experience: A Case Study And The Birth Of A Program, Lonnie Calvin Brewster

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study follows the progress of 19 students who enrolled in a course cluster learning community at Garrett College in the fall of 2002. The purposes of the study were to determine if participation in a learning community experience at Garrett College would have a positive impact on students' academic achievement, attitude toward education, and retention, with outcomes to determine whether Garrett College should launch a learning community initiative. Results were garnered from interviews with 15 of the 19 students and an examination of academic records of all 19 students. The study suggests that learning community participation at Garrett College …

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Learning And Developing Professional Behaviors As Part Of An Entry-Level Physical Therapy Education: A Survey Of Students And Practicing Clinicians, D. Scott Davis May 2006

Learning And Developing Professional Behaviors As Part Of An Entry-Level Physical Therapy Education: A Survey Of Students And Practicing Clinicians, D. Scott Davis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the state of professionalism in the physical therapy profession. The literature suggests that professionalism is a concern in many professions including medicine, law, nursing, audiology, and physical therapy. Two separate but parallel surveys were used to identify the opinions and experiences of physical therapy students and licensed physical therapists. The student survey consisted of a four-page paper and pencil survey that was mailed to 20 randomly selected CAPTE accredited physical therapy programs. Of the 1,525 available students, 336 (22%) physical therapy students participated in the investigation. The clinician survey consisted of a …

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