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Essays On The Effects Of State And Local Public Policy: Gasoline Taxes, Clean Indoor Air Regulations, And Gross Receipts Taxes., Randall A. Childs
Essays On The Effects Of State And Local Public Policy: Gasoline Taxes, Clean Indoor Air Regulations, And Gross Receipts Taxes., Randall A. Childs
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a collection of essays examining the secondary effects of state and local public policies. The first chapter provides an introduction and outlines the research agenda for the dissertation. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of the gasoline unit and ad valorem excise taxes on consumption of gasoline by grade. The results show that, while the unit excise tax can cause consumers to substitute toward higher quality (higher octane) gasoline, the opposite effect can also occur as prices rise and the income effect outweighs the substitution effect. Chapter 3 examines the effects of clean indoor air regulations on employment …
Franz Liszt's Pianistic Approach To Franz Schubert's Songs: "Muellerlieder" Lw. A128., Solee Lee Clark
Franz Liszt's Pianistic Approach To Franz Schubert's Songs: "Muellerlieder" Lw. A128., Solee Lee Clark
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Liszt’s Müllerlieder, based on six songs from Schubert’s Die schöne Müllerin, deserves to be incorporated more often both as performance repertoire and as pedagogical material. Background information about the composer Franz Liszt precedes the comprehensive study of Müllerlieder. It is followed by a detailed analysis of both Schubert’s Die schöne Müllerin and Liszt’s Müllerlieder. Individual songs are analyzed in terms of form, tempo, melody, harmony, texture, and structure. In addition, the placement of melodies and the use of accompaniment figures in Liszt’s version are also addressed. Liszt’s respect and appreciation for Schubert’s music is particularly evident in Liszt’s transcriptions of …
A Genetic Variant Of The Adaptor Protein, Afap-110, Efficiently Activates C-Src Resulting In Podosome Formation., David A. Clump
A Genetic Variant Of The Adaptor Protein, Afap-110, Efficiently Activates C-Src Resulting In Podosome Formation., David A. Clump
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The actin filament associated protein of 110 kDA (AFAP-110) is a well-characterized protein composed of amino-terminal binding motifs that function upstream of a carboxy-terminal actin binding domain. In vitro studies demonstrate that the amino-terminal pleckstrin homology 1 (PH1) domain interacts with activated PKCα, relaying signals that activate Src family kinases via SH3 and SH2 binding. Serving as an adaptor protein, AFAP-110 relays signals that result in the assembly of motility structures. These findings could be of physiological as well pathological significance as AFAP-110 colocalizes with SFKs in the developing brain as well as in the glial-derived tumor, glioblastoma multiforme. More …
Pharmacists And Tobacco Cessation Counseling: Attitudes And Beliefs, Impact Of Cessation Training On Practice, And Feasibility Of Training And Implementation Into The Pharmacy Practice Setting., Jarrett W. Coffindaffer
Pharmacists And Tobacco Cessation Counseling: Attitudes And Beliefs, Impact Of Cessation Training On Practice, And Feasibility Of Training And Implementation Into The Pharmacy Practice Setting., Jarrett W. Coffindaffer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tobacco use remains one of the leading preventable causes of death in the United States (U.S.), contributing to nearly 440,000 deaths each year and resulting in an annual cost of more than {dollar}75 billion in direct medical costs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of pharmacists in high tobacco use and low tobacco use states toward tobacco cessation counseling, as well as the barriers and motivators associated with tobacco cessation counseling in the pharmacy practice setting and (2) to determine the feasibility of implementing a tobacco cessation program in the pharmacy practice …
Effects Of Aqui-S Exposure In 3 Species Of Fish From The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California., Melody Danley
Effects Of Aqui-S Exposure In 3 Species Of Fish From The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California., Melody Danley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There is need for an anesthetic to sedate fishes that does not require a mandatory post-exposure withdrawal period. Such an anesthetic could be used to sedate handled fishes as they are moved from tank to tank on the farm, surveyed in the wild, released from state and federal hatcheries, or harvested for human consumption. A proprietary form of clove oil, AQUI-S® , was recently submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval as a 0-day withdrawal anesthetic for use on aquatic organisms. As part of the approval process, a large series of efficacy and toxicity studies are required. …
Response Rate Or Number Of Repetitions: Which Aspect Of Drill And Practice Testing Most Contributes To Paired-Associate Learning., Scott Davis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Precision teaching methods began in the 1960s and have grown in utility and popularity over the last four decades (Downer, 2007). The methods are used to teach across multiple contents with an emphasis in achieving fluency as opposed to mere accuracy. Speed drills, frequently used to determine the learner's current level of fluency, were found to have a significant treatment effect on learning (McGreevy, 1978; Scott, Wolking, Stoutimore, & Harris, 1990; White & Haring, 1976). The purpose of this study is to isolate and measure the treatment effect of two key aspects of the speed drill and practice component of …
Control Of Nitrogen Oxide And Pm Emissions From Scr-Equipped 2010 Compliant Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Over Different Engine-Out Calibrations., Raffaello Ardanese
Control Of Nitrogen Oxide And Pm Emissions From Scr-Equipped 2010 Compliant Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Over Different Engine-Out Calibrations., Raffaello Ardanese
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diesel engines constitute a valuable solution to the growing demand for higher fuel efficiencies, especially in relation to the rapid growth of fuel prices in recent years. However, the substantially lean conditions typical of diesel exhaust pose a serious challenge to the traditional exhaust aftertreatment devices. The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology has proven to be a viable technology for reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from heavy-duty diesel engines. The diesel particulate filter (DPF) significantly reduces particulate matter (PM); primarily, the solid carbon component of total PM. However, the absence of carbon, downstream of the DPF introduces new …
Comparative Study Between Two Esl Writing Approaches: Computer Processing Microsoft Word Vs. Hand Writing Of Two Freshmen College Saudi Student Groups., Ayed T. Al-Harbi
Comparative Study Between Two Esl Writing Approaches: Computer Processing Microsoft Word Vs. Hand Writing Of Two Freshmen College Saudi Student Groups., Ayed T. Al-Harbi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This comparative study investigated the effectiveness of two writing approaches, hand writing (using paper and pencil) and computer processing (using Microsoft Word), in improving the writing of English freshmen students at two colleges in Saudi Arabia. Three dependent variables: overall writing quality (OWQ), writing apprehension (WA), and attitudes toward writing with computer (ATWC) were measured based on two independent variables: gender and the medium used. The research was designed to assess whether students actually wrote better using word processing software than they did when writing with paper and pencil. One hundred college students studying English were selected from a population …
The Effectiveness Of Using Cooperative Learning Method On Esl Reading Comprehension Performance, Students' Attitudes Toward Cl, And Students' Motivation Toward Reading Of Secondary Stage In Saudi Public Girls' Schools., Latifah A. Alharbi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the effects the use of cooperative learning method in English as a second language reading comprehension performance and how it improves the students' second language, their attitudes toward cooperative learning, and their motivation toward reading. Sixty ESL Saudi high school students from The Third Secondary School in Arrass City participated in this study and where divided into two groups (experimental group vs. control group). A pretest-posttest control group design was employed. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test the differences between the experimental and the comparison group. The results of this analysis …
Palladium-Catalyzed Syntheses Of Indoles, Pyrroloindoles, Quinolines; A Base-Mediated Formation Of N-Alkoxyindoles, And Progress Toward The First Total Synthesis Of Echinosulfone A., Serge R. Banini
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A variety of heterocyclic compounds including indoles, quinolines, and pyrroloindoles has been synthesized. The key step in these alkaloids' syntheses is a palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heteroannulation previously discovered in our laboratory. The ultimate reducing agent in these palladium-catalyzed cyclizations is carbon monoxide. Furthermore, a base-mediated formation of 2-unsubstituted N-alkoxyindoles is described from readily available nitrostyrenes. Finally, progress towards the first total synthesis of the highly bioactive Echinosulfone A is reported.
The Stationary Alfven Wave In Laboratory And Space Regimes., S M. Finnegan
The Stationary Alfven Wave In Laboratory And Space Regimes., S M. Finnegan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this thesis, a non-linear, collisional, two-fluid model of uniform plasma convection across field-aligned current (FAC) sheets, describing stationary Alfven (StA) waves is developed in support of laboratory experiments performed to test the hypothesis that a stationary inertial Alfven wave pattern forms within a channel of parallel electron current across which plasma is convected. In a previous work, Knudsen (D. J. Knudsen, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 10,761 (1996)) showed that, for cold, collisionless plasma, stationary inertial Alfven (StIA) waves can accelerate electrons parallel to a background magnetic field and cause large, time-independent plasma-density variations having spatial periodicity in the direction …
Methods Of Evaluation Of Teaching Quality In English Departments In Baccalaureate Liberal Arts Colleges: What Helps Instructors Improve Their Teaching., George Fulda
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was conducted because limited research has been conducted in the specific use of formative evaluations in higher education and how it helps instructors improve their teaching. Additionally, this study examined the relationship between formative evaluation and faculty development. A mixed-method approach was used to discover the methods of formative evaluation used in English Departments in Baccalaureate Liberal Arts Colleges. A web survey determined revealed these methods in use. From the responding institutions, faculty from three case-study institutions reflecting best practices participated in interviews and document analysis to determine: what dimensions of teaching are evaluated through different methods, how …
Computerized Approaches To Enhance Understanding Of Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Can Reaction Mechanisms And Cplex Prelaboratory Methodology., Abdulrahman G. Al-Shammari
Computerized Approaches To Enhance Understanding Of Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Can Reaction Mechanisms And Cplex Prelaboratory Methodology., Abdulrahman G. Al-Shammari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Two approaches to enhance the understanding of organic reaction mechanisms are described. First, a new method for teaching organic reaction mechanisms that can be used in a Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) environment is proposed and tested (Chapter 1). The method concentrates upon the important intermediate structures, which are assumed to be on the reaction coordinate, and which can be evaluated and graded by currently available computer techniques. At the same time, the “curved arrows” that show the electron flow in a reaction mechanism are neglected, since they cannot be evaluated and graded with currently available computer techniques. By allowing student practice …
Evaluating An Insurance -Sponsored Weight Management Mprogram Using The Re-Aim Model., Christiaan G. Abildso
Evaluating An Insurance -Sponsored Weight Management Mprogram Using The Re-Aim Model., Christiaan G. Abildso
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Determining the public health impact of behavioral obesity treatment programs and industries with whom to ally in disseminating successful programs is critical to our nation's health. In a recent report the National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation (2005) recognized the leverage that health plans might have by establishing incentives for member participation in obesity treatment programs (i.e., weight management). The RE-AIM model (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance; Glasgow, Vogt, & Boles, 1999) is designed to summarize the public health impact of health promotion programs and assist decision makers in understanding the ability of programs to: (a) reach large …
Alterations In Jak/Stat Signaling Pathway And Blood-Brain Barrier Function: Mechanisms Underlying Worsened Outcome Following Stroke In The Aged Rat., Vincent A. Dinapoli
Alterations In Jak/Stat Signaling Pathway And Blood-Brain Barrier Function: Mechanisms Underlying Worsened Outcome Following Stroke In The Aged Rat., Vincent A. Dinapoli
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Effective interventions and therapeutic strategies for stroke victims are few. Investigative focus on the discovery of neuroprotective drugs has drawn attention from gaining a deeper understanding of stroke pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying ultimate neuronal and functional loss. In this study we have described a method for improving the precision and accuracy of clot placement within the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of rats, creating thromboembolic method of occlusion relevant to the majority of strokes seen clinically and included the use of aged animals. We evaluated the pathologic and physiologic differences of stroke in young, adult and elderly female rats, demonstrating an …
Three Essays On Development In Specialized Economies: The Resource Curse In U.S. States And Small Island Economies., Leslie J. Dunn
Three Essays On Development In Specialized Economies: The Resource Curse In U.S. States And Small Island Economies., Leslie J. Dunn
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a collection of papers examining the political, social and economic consequences of specialized economies. The first chapter introduces the concept and potential impacts of an economy choosing to focus on one specific industry, either out of desire or necessity, in their quest for development. The two industries considered in this study are the natural resource sector and the external sector, which includes such industries as tourism. Chapter two explores the connection between rent seeking and resource intensity in U.S. states. A theoretical model is developed relating the immobility of a state’s dominant industry to the tax rate …
Does Student Passivity Exist? The Impact Of The Student And Instructor On Involvement In And Outside Of The College Classroom., Robert J. Sidelinger
Does Student Passivity Exist? The Impact Of The Student And Instructor On Involvement In And Outside Of The College Classroom., Robert J. Sidelinger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The classroom is the center of students' formal educational experience. It is often the one place students have an opportunity to interact with faculty. This dissertation explored the issue of student involvement both inside and outside of the college classroom. First, this study qualitatively examined in-class involvement from the students' perspective. Based on students' descriptions of their perceptions of their involvement/noninvolvement, and their perceptions of other students' involvement/noninvolvement, six themes (e.g., Active Involvement) emerged for in-class involvement and eight themes (e.g., Student Passivity) for in-class noninvolvement. Second, this study quantitatively examined factors (i.e., student characteristics, perceived instructor communication strategies, and …
Mutagenic Potential Of Particulate Matter Emissions From A Single Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: Lubricating Oil Effects., Jacinto L. Solano
Mutagenic Potential Of Particulate Matter Emissions From A Single Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: Lubricating Oil Effects., Jacinto L. Solano
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Interest in alternative fuels is rapidly growing due to environmental concerns. One alternative is hydrogen, which has the potential to replace conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. However, a key enabling factor for hydrogen to be become a viable alternative is the development of lubricating oils specifically formulated for hydrogen-fueled engines. Published data on particulate emissions (PM) from gaseous fueled engines has implicated lubricating oils as major contributors to total mass, though negligible, and the number count of PM emissions. Unlike conventional liquid petroleum-based fuels, which have been shown to be highly mutagenic, there exists …
A Mechanistic And Modeling Study Of Recycled And Virgin Flame Retarded Polycarbonate., David Lee Statler
A Mechanistic And Modeling Study Of Recycled And Virgin Flame Retarded Polycarbonate., David Lee Statler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment is an increasing problem. Consequently, it is desirable to separate and recycle these plastics, especially high-value plastics, such as polycarbonate (PC). One of the concerns is enhancing the PC flame-retardant (FR) properties so it can be reused in equipment housings. Using data on potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate (KSS), it is shown that the flame retardancy of recycled PC can be enhanced. One major advantage of KSS is that it is non-halogenated, playing an important role as the government eliminates potentially unhealthy halogenated FRs. In this study, a PC containing KSS and one containing a …
Madison School "The White Building" Its Beginnings 1916-1939., Judith Ann Stechly
Madison School "The White Building" Its Beginnings 1916-1939., Judith Ann Stechly
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study is a historical descriptive study of the early days of Madison School from the years 1916-1939. Madison School is located on Wheeling Island, Wheeling, West Virginia and is surrounded by the Ohio River. This study traced the history of Madison School and examined factors that were associated with its resilience in the face of many changes: demographics, Progressivism in education, the Great Depression, and the devastating flood of 1936. The events that tell the story of Madison School were collected from primary and secondary sources. The oral histories collected provided the “eyes†of the research from those who …
An Examination Of Mental Health Factors Related To Risk -Taking Behaviors In Children And Adolescents., Sarah B. Stevens
An Examination Of Mental Health Factors Related To Risk -Taking Behaviors In Children And Adolescents., Sarah B. Stevens
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Children and adolescents within the child welfare system are at risk for developing significant mental health problems, due in large part to the chaotic environments in which they live. In many cases, these youth are removed from their family of origin and placed in out-of-home or “foster†care. Many times these children and adolescents endured repeated placements and transitions, which make them vulnerable to problems in the future, particularly by engaging in risky behaviors that may increase the likelihood that they return to the system as parents themselves. This study investigated the impact of anxiety and depression on sexual activity …
An Evaluation Of The Non-Target Effects Of Mosquito Control Pesticides On Uca Pugnax Physiology, Limb Regeneration And Molting Processes., Todd A. Stueckle
An Evaluation Of The Non-Target Effects Of Mosquito Control Pesticides On Uca Pugnax Physiology, Limb Regeneration And Molting Processes., Todd A. Stueckle
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Coastal and estuarine organisms face increasing multiple challenges unique to their environment which include natural and anthropogenic stressors that threaten their physiology, fitness, and population persistence. Synthetic pyrethroid and insect growth regulator pesticide use for agriculture, urban and municipal pest control are of increasing concern in coastal areas as other pesticide groups come under strict regulations and that they possess the potential to significantly impact aquatic resources. My research focuses on how current insecticide release in or near coastal marsh environments alter the physiology, limb regeneration and molting ability of a crustacean indicator species, Uca pugnax, in the intertidal and …
Property Rights: Investment, Development, And Environmental Quality., Carrie B. Kerekes
Property Rights: Investment, Development, And Environmental Quality., Carrie B. Kerekes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a collection of essays that examines the importance of secure property rights institutions. Economists have long noted the importance of secure property rights to promote specialization and the division of labor through voluntary exchange. Private property provides incentives that stimulate entrepreneurship, capital accumulation, and investment that ultimately facilitate economic development. In addition, property rights also provide incentives for the conservation and preservation of resources. Each essay in this dissertation explores a particular aspect of private property rights. This dissertation consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the dissertation, provides a brief overview of the importance of property …
The Relationship Between Training And Experience And General Educators' Attitudes Toward The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities., Jason S. Kight
The Relationship Between Training And Experience And General Educators' Attitudes Toward The Inclusion Of Students With Disabilities., Jason S. Kight
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine if relationships exist between general educators' attitudes toward the instructional priorities, potential barriers, potential risks, and potential benefits to the inclusion of students with disabilities in the general education environment and (1) number of special education courses taken, (2) number of years teaching experience, (3) number of years teaching experience in inclusive environments, and (4) number of inservice trainings that dealt specifically with the inclusion of students with disabilities. General educators (n=107) from southwestern Pennsylvania completed an online survey, adapted from Carter and Hughes (2006), that measured their instructional priorities for students …
Rhetorics Of Pain And Desire: The Writings Of The Middle English Mystics., Marisa A. Klages
Rhetorics Of Pain And Desire: The Writings Of The Middle English Mystics., Marisa A. Klages
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation, Rhetorics of Pain and Desire: The Writings of the Middle English Mystics, seeks to explore the connections between desire and pain in the writings of Richard Rolle, Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe and Walter Hilton. All four writers develop a rhetoric that allows them to use pain and/or desire as a catalyst through which their writing becomes embodied. This embodied rhetoric serves the purpose of achieving union with God, while instructing others in the art of fusing the body, pain and desire into the ultimate conduit for divine contemplation. In each chapter, the development of each writer's authority …
Instructors And Their Students: The Relationship Between Out -Of -Class Communication, Student Communication Motives, Student Motivation, And Instructor Job Satisfaction And Motivation., Jennifer L. Knapp
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The bulk of instructional communication research is concerned with the impact of instructors on students, leaving very few studies that focus on the affects of students on instructors. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to identify the impact students have on instructor out-of-class communication (OCC), job satisfaction, and motivation. Student relational, functional, participatory, excuse-making and sycophancy motives for communicating, along with perceived student motivation were examined in order to learn more about the influence of students on instructors. Participants (college instructors, N = 268) completed an online questionnaire about their OCC, job satisfaction, and motivation, as well as perceived …
Functional Domains Of P450 1a1 And 1a2: Molecular Modeling-Guided Structure-Function Study., Youbin Tu
Functional Domains Of P450 1a1 And 1a2: Molecular Modeling-Guided Structure-Function Study., Youbin Tu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cytochromes P450 are a large family of heme-thiolate enzymes which metabolize a wide variety of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Human P450 1A1 and 1A2 are two major members of the P450 1A subfamily. They share 72% sequence identity but display different specificities towards various substrates. In order to further understand the structure-function relationships of these enzymes, we have performed several molecular modeling-based studies that examined various functional domains of P450 1As. In the first part of this project, we have investigated the ligand binding domain by developing a specificity prediction model based on the correlations between MD (Molecular Dynamics)-based …
Integrating Community, Education, And Global Sustainability: The Vash Recycling Model., Tracy A. Vash
Integrating Community, Education, And Global Sustainability: The Vash Recycling Model., Tracy A. Vash
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Action research engages researchers and communities in iterative, reflective inquiry to address issues and solve problems with the support of data analysis. The study was structured by and analyzed using the prototype Vash Recycling Model (VRM). For three years, January 2005 through December 2007, this study engaged textiles, apparel, and merchandising students at West Virginia University in collaboration with The Mission, a homeless shelter in Clarksburg, in a joint recycling project. The VRM, found to be an effective guide in textiles and apparel recycling, assisted environmental sustainability, and in 2007 eliminated 679,271 pounds of waste from the landfill while generating …
Dross Formation Mechanism And Development Of Wear Resistant Scraper In Aluminum-Silicon-Zinc Coating Bath., Ashok Varadarajan
Dross Formation Mechanism And Development Of Wear Resistant Scraper In Aluminum-Silicon-Zinc Coating Bath., Ashok Varadarajan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Steel sheet manufacturers across the globe, face a huge loss of production due to the molten metal corrosion of the pot hardware in continuous galvanizing lines. The development of steel sheet with corrosion resistant for more than 30 years using a high aluminum content zinc coating has made an impact in the construction industry. High aluminum content bath (55 wt%) causes severe corrosion of the pot hardware and causes huge repair and replacement cost with frequent stoppages. One of the main reasons for stoppages is the severe dross formation over the submerged hardware (sink roll), which results in poor coating …
Classroom Environment And Its Effect On Student Achievement In A 3rd Grade Mathematics Classroom: An Autoethnographic Study., Darlene R. Voorhees
Classroom Environment And Its Effect On Student Achievement In A 3rd Grade Mathematics Classroom: An Autoethnographic Study., Darlene R. Voorhees
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Student achievement in mathematics is a concern of policy-makers as well as those who teach the subject. Due to concern regarding lagging mathematical achievement in the United States that began with a series of events that include the launch of Sputnik in the 1950s, the federal report A Nation At Risk, and the Third International Mathematics and Science Study have sparked a fervent desire for school children to succeed and compete mathematically with our global neighbors. Although policy-makers are striving to improve educational practices of mathematics by formulating curriculum plans to foster mathematical achievement and a joy of mathematics, one …