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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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The Assessment Of Instruments For Detecting Surface Water Spills And A Three-Dimensional Model Of The Elk River Spill, Aubrey E. Harris Jan 2015

The Assessment Of Instruments For Detecting Surface Water Spills And A Three-Dimensional Model Of The Elk River Spill, Aubrey E. Harris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Source water protection has been an increasing area of concern due to the risks associated with chemical storage and oil and gas operations. To better identify and mitigate risk, models and tools are needed to evaluate the dispersion of pollutants in possible spill scenarios. This information may be used to determine the placement of in-stream water quality monitoring instruments and to develop early-warning systems and emergency plans.;In this work, two approaches of applying chemical dispersion models are described: one to determine the necessary concentration to generate a signal from in-stream measurements; and second to demonstrate, in a numerical three-dimensional model, …

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Essays On Low-Income Communities And Crime, Kaitlyn R. Harger Jan 2015

Essays On Low-Income Communities And Crime, Kaitlyn R. Harger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is a collection of essays examining issues related to low-income communities and criminal behavior. The first chapter of this dissertation provides an introduction to policies used to aid disadvantaged communities and marginalized populations. It also provides an outline of the research agenda of the dissertation as a whole. Chapter 2 examines the role of the New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) in attracting new businesses and employment to low-income communities. This federal tax credit program was designed to increase investment in eligible communities by offering private investors a federal-income tax credit in exchange for investment. The results suggest that …

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An Actor's Process In Performing The Role Of Tom Wingfield In Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie", Beau Harris Jan 2015

An Actor's Process In Performing The Role Of Tom Wingfield In Tennessee Williams' "The Glass Menagerie", Beau Harris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The following pages will chronicle my experience of discovering The Glass Menagerie, as well as my development of the character of Tom for a production at West Virginia University under the direction of Kathleen Amshoff. I will walk you though my experience from the day I was cast to the very last show by describing to you my research, the rehearsal process, outcomes of the process, and finally my evaluation of the production as well as my own work.

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3d Seismic Attribute-Assisted Analysis Of Microseismic Events In The Marcellus Shale, Ariel Kelton Hart Jan 2015

3d Seismic Attribute-Assisted Analysis Of Microseismic Events In The Marcellus Shale, Ariel Kelton Hart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microseismic monitoring is often used during the process of oil and gas exploitation to monitor seismicity that may be triggered by hydraulic fracturing, a common practice in the Appalachian Basin. Anthropogenically-induced minor upward fracture growth is not uncommon in the Marcellus shale; however, in the area of study, significant microseismic activity was registered above the target zone. In order to ascertain whether out-of-zone growth might have been predictable and identify which areas are more likely to experience brittle failure first, 3D seismic and microseismic data were analyzed with a focus on better understanding variations in the acoustic properties associated with …

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The Social, Anti-Social Network: A Qualitative Study On Pro Social Benefits Of Online Multiplayer Gaming, Kent L. Hastings Jan 2015

The Social, Anti-Social Network: A Qualitative Study On Pro Social Benefits Of Online Multiplayer Gaming, Kent L. Hastings

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Using the social capital and uses and gratifications perspectives, this study employs a qualitative, interview-based approach to studying the pro-social benefits of online multiplayer gaming.Through in-depth interviews, this study contributes to the literature of pro-social benefits of online multiplayer gaming by corroborating past research with evidence that online multiplayer gaming fosters the generation of social capital, both bridging and bonding, and cultural capital. Further, online gaming offers players a sense of community, provides them the tools to form and work together in coordinated teams, and allows them to feel a sense of mastery, excitement, and accomplishment with each in-game victory.

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Feasibility And Supply Analysis Of U.S. Geothermal District Heating And Cooling System, Xiaoning He Jan 2015

Feasibility And Supply Analysis Of U.S. Geothermal District Heating And Cooling System, Xiaoning He

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Geothermal energy is a globally distributed sustainable energy with the advantages of a stable base load energy production with a high capacity factor and zero SOx, CO, and particulates emissions. It can provide a potential solution to the depletion of fossil fuels and air pollution problems. The geothermal district heating and cooling system is one of the most common applications of geothermal energy, and consists of geothermal wells to provide hot water from a fractured geothermal reservoir, a surface energy distribution system for hot water transmission, and heating/cooling facilities to provide water and space heating as well as air conditioning …

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Sequence Stratigraphy And Reservoir Characterization Of The Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation For A Cored Well In Harrison County, West Virginia, Victoria L. Hilliard Jan 2015

Sequence Stratigraphy And Reservoir Characterization Of The Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation For A Cored Well In Harrison County, West Virginia, Victoria L. Hilliard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Middle Devonian Marcellus Formation is an important unconventional shale play in North America. It has an approximate aerial extent of 100,000 square-miles and has been estimated to contain upwards to 489 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas. Through the advent of horizontal drilling, in combination with hydraulic fracture simulation, the Marcellus Formation has been exploited at exponential rates. In order to increase production and drill more profitable wells, the geology of the Marcellus is being studied in more detail. In particular, geologic parameters such as geomechanical properties, total organic carbon (TOC), porosity, and mineralogy could have a direct relationship …

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A Study Of Self Consolidating Concrete For Cast In Place Applications: Current Practices, Rapid Wcm Determination, And Stability Effects Of Pumping, Jared Hershberger Jan 2015

A Study Of Self Consolidating Concrete For Cast In Place Applications: Current Practices, Rapid Wcm Determination, And Stability Effects Of Pumping, Jared Hershberger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is a relatively new type of concrete mixture that does not require external compaction during placement. Compared to traditional vibrated concrete (TVC), SCC is much more fluid, which gives it the ability to flow and fill formwork without the need for any external compaction efforts. Although the increased cement content and chemical admixtures found in SCC typically results in a higher material cost, the potential for cost savings in reduced construction time and labor are significant. The potential of this relatively new type of concrete have yet to be realized due to a lack of regulation and …

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Evaluation Of Age, Growth And Diet Of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Corbin D. Hilling Jan 2015

Evaluation Of Age, Growth And Diet Of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Corbin D. Hilling

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis describes population characteristics of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) in Cheat Lake, West Virginia in two chapters. The first chapter is comprised of a literature review on the ecology, diet and growth of Channel Catfish, as well as the influence of water level fluctuations on biota. The second chapter examines the age, growth and fall diet of Channel Catfish in Cheat Lake, West Virginia. Acidification has historically impaired Cheat Lake's fish community, but recent mitigation efforts within the Cheat River watershed have improved water quality and species richness. Presently, Channel Catfish are abundant and attain desirable sizes for …

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Development Of An Erosion Control Seed Mixture That Includes Native Species, George A. Hilvers Jan 2015

Development Of An Erosion Control Seed Mixture That Includes Native Species, George A. Hilvers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The West Virginia Divisions of Highways (WVDOH) utilizes the establishment of grass cover as a temporary and permanent management practice to mediate the effects of erosion on highway construction sites. Current West Virginia regulations include five seed mixtures for permanent applications that include combinations of nine species. Six of these species are identified as invasive, and all nine species are considered introduced or both native and introduced. This research developed alternative seed mixtures that included low threat or native species. The alternative seed mixtures were then evaluated in a field test. The research also examined seedbed preparation techniques, the performance …

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Identification And Biosensing Application Of Molecular Recognition Elements, Ka Lok Hong Jan 2015

Identification And Biosensing Application Of Molecular Recognition Elements, Ka Lok Hong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Molecular recognition elements (MREs) are biomolecules such as single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), RNA, small peptides and antibody fragments that can bind to user defined targets with high affinities and specificities. This binding property allows MREs to have a wide range of applications, including therapeutic, diagnostic, and biosensor applications. The identification of MREs can be achieved by using the process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). This process begins with a large library of 109 to 1015 different random molecules, molecules that bind to the user defined target or positive target are enriched in the process. Subsequently, this process …

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Biomechanical Evaluation Of Surgical Loupes, Marsha Chapman Holcomb Jan 2015

Biomechanical Evaluation Of Surgical Loupes, Marsha Chapman Holcomb

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cervical musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a known occupational hazard in micro surgeons who use loupes (telescopes mounted on glasses) to operate, with over 80% having neck pain related to performing surgery. Despite this known occupational risk, the cause, prevention, and treatment of cervical MSDs have been largely ignored in this population. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of loupe use on cervical spine load and characterize the impact of loupe mount angle. In the study, loupes were systematically altered during surgical tasks simulated by twelve healthy individuals (6 male and 6 female) in a laboratory setting. …

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Cooperative Learning In Rural Mathematics Classrooms: Interactions Of Instructional Coaching, And Achievement, Joanna Burt-Kinderman Jan 2015

Cooperative Learning In Rural Mathematics Classrooms: Interactions Of Instructional Coaching, And Achievement, Joanna Burt-Kinderman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cooperative learning in school mathematics has been widely studied. However, variation is found in efficacy of this approach. This study examines the particular fit of a cooperative learning approach in rural mathematics classrooms. Research centers on two rural sixth-grade mathematics classrooms whose teachers have had varying degrees of experience in and support for a student-centered cooperative approach to mathematics. This study examines the overall effect of cooperative learning in this setting, then searches for differences in outcomes that may correlate with differences in experience, support, and teacher training in cooperative learning processes. Throughout the school year, benchmark measures of students' …

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Improving Community College Student Success Through Investment Of A Community Capitals Framework: A Multi-Case Study, Gregory T. Busch Jan 2015

Improving Community College Student Success Through Investment Of A Community Capitals Framework: A Multi-Case Study, Gregory T. Busch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how community colleges invest in a wide range of resources to achieve student success and how that investment can be better understood through the roles of the constructs found in the Community Capitals Framework. To address these questions, the top two Ohio community colleges demonstrating the greatest positive percent growth in overall student success from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed through case studies. From these inductive inquiries, success initiatives and college interventions to overcome barriers to student success were grouped into strands. The strands reflected a collection of similar themes helpful for …

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A Qualitative Study Of Medical Student Perceptions Of The West Virginia University School Of Medicine's Competency-Based Electronic Portfolio System's Design And Implementation, Carrie A. Calloway Jan 2015

A Qualitative Study Of Medical Student Perceptions Of The West Virginia University School Of Medicine's Competency-Based Electronic Portfolio System's Design And Implementation, Carrie A. Calloway

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The West Virginia University School of Medicine (WVU SoM) created and implemented medical student electronic portfolios in the 2012-2013 academic year as a means to stimulate self-reflection and life-long learning, document competency attainment using both formative and summative assessments of performance and facilitate career counseling and advising. Though existing research explores the benefits and challenges of electronic portfolios in medical education, few studies investigate them from the medical student perspective. This phenomenological qualitative research study examined medical student perceptions---through their stories of the electronic portfolio system as a tool for documenting and reflecting on performance---in order to better understand how …

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Effect Of Gas Compression On Mining Fire Scenario In Gaseous And Dusty-Gaseous Environments, Anish Raman Calavay Jan 2015

Effect Of Gas Compression On Mining Fire Scenario In Gaseous And Dusty-Gaseous Environments, Anish Raman Calavay

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Accidental gas and dust explosions constitute a tremendous hazard for personnel and equipment in industries dealing with flammable gases and explosive materials. Historically, the coal mine industry has one of the highest occupational fatality and injury rates, claiming hundreds of miners' lives every year. To reduce the risk of mining scenarios, a joint team of West Virginia University and Worcester Polytechnic Institute are developing a comprehensive analytical, computational and experimental platform that will eventually be able to quantify the probability of a fire initiation and/or a deflagration-to-detonation transition as well as the methodologies how to terminate or, at least, mitigate …

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The Relation Of Ethnic Identity To Self-Esteem And Academic Self-Concept Of African American Students At A Predominantly White Institution, Drummond Russell Bush Jan 2015

The Relation Of Ethnic Identity To Self-Esteem And Academic Self-Concept Of African American Students At A Predominantly White Institution, Drummond Russell Bush

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Social scientists have challenged professionals and educators alike to develop a better understanding of the influences a predominantly White environment has on the academic and interpersonal experiences of African American college students. This study explored the psychosocial impact of several factors, both dispositional (e.g., ethnic identity, self-esteem, and academic self-concept) and contextual (e.g., racial composition of the institution), for 91 African American college students enrolled at a predominantly White institution in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Pearson correlations indicated the other group orientation sub-factor of ethnic identity is positively correlated with self-esteem and academic self-concept. Multiple regression analyses …

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The Role Of Thin Slices Of Behavior And Incentive Compensation In Employee Selection Decisions, Andrew Michael Carnes Jan 2015

The Role Of Thin Slices Of Behavior And Incentive Compensation In Employee Selection Decisions, Andrew Michael Carnes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite notable research attention, past studies addressing decision stability have provided conflicting recommendations regarding the stability and impact of initial impressions in an interview context. As a result, this dissertation focused on the integration of literature addressing decision making, employee selection, and influence processes in an attempt to provide both a theoretical and empirical foundation for future research addressing initial impressions throughout the interview process. Utilizing fuzzy trace theory and the thin slices of behavior literature, it was hypothesized that impressions formed at career fairs and at the beginning of interviews would account for significant variance in final impressions of …

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Path Planning And Control Of An Autonomous Quadrotor Testbed In A Cluttered Environment, Trevor W. Caplinger Jan 2015

Path Planning And Control Of An Autonomous Quadrotor Testbed In A Cluttered Environment, Trevor W. Caplinger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A classical problem for robotic navigation is how to efficiently navigate from one point to another and what to do if obstacles are encountered along the way. Many map based path planning algorithms attempt to solve this problem, all with varying levels of optimality and complexity. This work shows a review of selected algorithms, and two of these are selected for simulation and testing using a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in a dynamic indoor environment which requires replanning capabilities. The Dynamic A* algorithm, or simply D*, and the Probabilistic Roadmap method (PRM) are used in a scenario designed to …

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New Methods For Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C-H Arylation Reactions, Lijun Chen Jan 2015

New Methods For Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C-H Arylation Reactions, Lijun Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have become a powerful tool to construct unsymmetric biaryl structures. Traditional cross-coupling requires prefunctionalized coupling partners, resulting in poor atom- and step-economy. As an alternative, carboxylic acids are attractive coupling precursors after the release of carbon dioxide. Carboxylic acids are readily available in a wide scope and easily stored and handled. Over the past decade, work has been performed on developing new methods for metal catalyzed redox neutral decarboxylative coupling reactions with benzoic acids. However, redox neutral decarboxylative coupling reactions require a prefunctionalized aryl halide or aryl triflate coupling partner. Alternatively, oxidative decarboxylative cross-coupling enables direct C-H …

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Dimensions Of The Use Of Volunteered Geographic Information In Mass Crisis Events, Xiannian Chen Jan 2015

Dimensions Of The Use Of Volunteered Geographic Information In Mass Crisis Events, Xiannian Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent studies have suggested that catastrophic events that trigger mass evacuation require surrounding communities to be well-prepared to act as ingress or pass-through areas for potential evacuees; however surrounding rural communities may have insufficient disaster-related logistical resources. In the response phase of disaster management, officials must be able to deploy resources to demand locations in types and quantities based on real-time requirements. Effective cross-jurisdictional disaster management needs real-time information, which is usually unavailable from official, authoritative sources. Conversely, VGI (volunteered geographic information) has the capability to provide real-time and local information in disaster management. This study investigates the possibility of …

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Effects Of Protein Supplementation On Parasitism And Growth In Grazing Lambs, Crista Crawford Jan 2015

Effects Of Protein Supplementation On Parasitism And Growth In Grazing Lambs, Crista Crawford

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Controlling gastrointestinal nematode infection of sheep has become a challenge resulting from reduced anthelmintic efficacy. Previous data have indicated that grazing lambs supplemented with a 16% CP ration at 1% BW maintained growth comparable to lambs given anthelmintic despite greater infection. Thus the objective of the following studies was to determine the effects of bypass protein on fecal egg count reduction and post weaning growth in parasitized, grazing lambs. Experiment one utilized spring-born Suffolk crossbred lambs separated into 3 supplement groups: alfalfa pellets (AFP) (15% CP), corn and soybean meal (CSM) (19% CP) and corn, soybean meal and fish meal …

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Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Recovery Methods Of Trace Evidence For Pollen Particles, Christie Cyktor Jan 2015

Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of Recovery Methods Of Trace Evidence For Pollen Particles, Christie Cyktor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Within the forensic science community, pollen as a form of trace evidence is extremely underutilized. In many instances, trace evidence examiners and crime scene investigators are unfamiliar with how best to recover pollen from a piece of evidence. Methods such as vacuum sweeping, tape lifting, and sonication have been implemented for the recovery of the test dust from materials such as clothing, shoes, or improvised explosive devices. While these methods are known to be beneficial with some trace materials, their effectiveness with pollen has yet to be determined. The goal of this research project was to implement and compare multiple …

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How Are The Dimensions Of Technology, Culture, Kinship, And Economics And The Experience Of Stress Described By African American Students Who Gained Weight During Their Freshman Year In College?, Shavon Darden Jan 2015

How Are The Dimensions Of Technology, Culture, Kinship, And Economics And The Experience Of Stress Described By African American Students Who Gained Weight During Their Freshman Year In College?, Shavon Darden

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

African American college students are gaining weight at a pace faster than other ethnic groups yet research on this population is lacking. Exploration of freshman weight gain through the cultural lens of an African American student may provide a better understanding of this event. The research question for this study was, "How are the dimensions of technology, culture, kinship, economics, and the experience of stress described by African American students who gained weight during their freshman year in college?." Using Leininger's Cultural Care Theory and Sunrise Model as study frameworks, a qualitative study involving face-to-face interviews was conducted with directed …

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Evaluation Of Roadside Vegetation For Erosion Control In West Virginia, Eric M. Davis Jan 2015

Evaluation Of Roadside Vegetation For Erosion Control In West Virginia, Eric M. Davis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH) utilizes the establishment of grass as a temporary and permanent management practice to mediate the effects of erosion on highway construction sites. The disturbed conditions of reclaimed slopes often present challenges for vegetation establishment and long-term cover. Seventy percent cover of vegetation by area is desired. This research evaluated the effectiveness of the current reclamation practices at right of way locations. The status of vegetation cover was considered to identify site factors that contributed to low and high ground cover along roadsides and medians. Thirty-three roadside and median study sites incorporated variability in …

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Amphibian Metamorphosis In Created And Natural Wetlands, Lauren A. Mcpherson Jan 2015

Amphibian Metamorphosis In Created And Natural Wetlands, Lauren A. Mcpherson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Functional assessment of created wetlands is an important factor in monitoring the success of wetland mitigation projects. Determining the ability of a created wetland to replace lost wildlife habitat and to support productive wildlife populations should be a priority in the assessment of created wetland success. We used a mesocosm design featuring water collected from 3 created wetlands and 3 natural wetlands in West Virginia to evaluate how the water quality from the 2 wetland types were able to support metamorphosis in larval spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) and wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica). Spring peepers displayed similar metamorphosis rates in …

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Development And Evaluation Of An Objective Method For Forensic Examination Of Human Head Hairs Using Texture-Based Image Analysis, Allyce S. Mcwhorter Jan 2015

Development And Evaluation Of An Objective Method For Forensic Examination Of Human Head Hairs Using Texture-Based Image Analysis, Allyce S. Mcwhorter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In response to criticism of traditional forensic methods of human head hair examination, the goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an objective method using texture-based image analysis. 120 individuals, including 20 from six different maternal groups, were sampled and their hairs evaluated using the developed method. Different variables were evaluated to develop the most efficient method to increase intra/inter ratio, as well as the percentage of well-classified hairs. The variables included different microscope systems, objective lenses, number of hairs examined per individual, hair shaft regions, focus methods, and normalization filter techniques. Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of …

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Cumulative Effects Modeling In The Mountaintop Removal Mining Region Of The Central Appalachians, Eric Richard Merriam Jan 2015

Cumulative Effects Modeling In The Mountaintop Removal Mining Region Of The Central Appalachians, Eric Richard Merriam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Anthropogenic alteration of natural land cover is a global driver of aquatic resource impairment. It is increasingly recognized that aquatic systems are impacted by multiple land use activities that combine additively and interactively to result in unique patterns of degradation (i.e., cumulative effects). Moreover, stream networks are multi-scaled, hierarchically structured systems wherein localized impacts can have both local (e.g., stream segment) and regional (e.g., watershed) consequences. Thus, there has been a recent push to construct statistical models capable of predicting and forecasting aquatic conditions under current and future landuse scenarios (i.e., scenario analysis) and characterize local and regional processes dictating …

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Expanding The Use Of Rna In Forensic Science: A Quantum Dot Molecular Beacon Approach, Joshua R. Moore Jan 2015

Expanding The Use Of Rna In Forensic Science: A Quantum Dot Molecular Beacon Approach, Joshua R. Moore

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As the popularity of shows such as CSI increases, so does the demand for DNA evidence in court cases. This has led to the overwhelming of capacity for analysis of biological samples at crime labs across the country, and to the development of a massive backlog of DNA evidence waiting to be processed. At the end of 2011, labs had a processing capacity of 250,000 cases per year, but an annual total of nearly 350,000 that needed to be processed. Such delays have effects throughout the US justice system. One way to reduce the backlog would be to increase the …

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Tribo-Mechanical Investigation Of The Functional Components Used In Flexible Energy Harvesting Devices, Nicholas J. Morris Jan 2015

Tribo-Mechanical Investigation Of The Functional Components Used In Flexible Energy Harvesting Devices, Nicholas J. Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

During the previous decade, the development of energy harvesting devices based on piezoelectric materials has garnered great interest. The ability to capture ambient mechanical energy and convert it to useable electricity is a potential solution to the ever-growing energy crisis. One of the most attractive functional materials used in these devices is zinc oxide (ZnO). This material's relative low cost and ease of large-area processing has spurred numerous device designs based around it. The ability to grow ZnO nanostructures of various geometries with low-temperature chemical methods makes this material even more attractive for flexible devices. Although numerous device architectures have …

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