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Potential Failure Mode Analysis For Mineral Extraction Near Reservoirs, Thomas K. Wachtel
Potential Failure Mode Analysis For Mineral Extraction Near Reservoirs, Thomas K. Wachtel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research was performed to develop a method of determining the potential hazard of underground mining near surface bodies of water. Underground mining creates a void within the subsurface that is eventually filled by overburden material. This strain movement perpetrates through the strata layers through fracturing and bedding plane separation, creating a depression above the mined seam (subsidence). The effect of subsidence may occur rapidly over the course of several weeks to months (longwall mining, pillar extraction) or may occur slowly (room and pillar mining); in some cases over one hundred years. These strain movements may affect the physical properties …
Examining The Link Between Sexually Explicit Media Use And Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adolescents And Young Adults, A. Jamesa Wagwau
Examining The Link Between Sexually Explicit Media Use And Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adolescents And Young Adults, A. Jamesa Wagwau
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The current study examined the link between sexually explicit media use and the different forms of sexual risk-taking among emerging adults. The study focused on emerging adults aged 18 -- 25 years. This is a critical stage for sexual risk-taking which has not been adequately investigated by prior studies. Using online data collected from 146 American based young adults (45.1% female; 74.6% European American, 9.7% Asian /Asian American, 6.7% Black/African American, 0.7% Native American and 8.2% Multiethnic, mean age = 22.89 years), sexually explicit media use was analyzed in connection with sexual risk-taking variables (i.e., multiple sexual partners, condom use …
Does Enhanced Nitrogen Input Affect The Structure And Composition Of Forest Vegetation? Results From Long-Term Experiments At The Fernow Experimental Forest, Christopher Alan Walter
Does Enhanced Nitrogen Input Affect The Structure And Composition Of Forest Vegetation? Results From Long-Term Experiments At The Fernow Experimental Forest, Christopher Alan Walter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effects of nitrogen (N) deposition have been studied in many ecosystems, and one general pattern of response that has emerged from these studies is a decline in species richness. Globally, anthropogenic deposition of N has more than doubled the ambient input of N in terrestrial ecosystems, and the rate at which humans produce reactive N continues to increase annually. As a result of both the current and projected future rates of N input, N deposition is a threat to biodiversity worldwide and is projected to contribute, along with other global change factors, to species extinction. To prevent the loss …
Eye Tracking To Evaluate Proficiency Of Crime Scene Investigators With Varying Levels Of Expertise: The Ability To Recognize Evidence And Understand Its Significance, Renuka Devi Watalingam
Eye Tracking To Evaluate Proficiency Of Crime Scene Investigators With Varying Levels Of Expertise: The Ability To Recognize Evidence And Understand Its Significance, Renuka Devi Watalingam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Crime scene analysts are the core of criminal investigations; decisions made at the scene greatly affect the speed of analysis and quality of conclusions that directly impact the successful resolution of a case. If an examiner does not recognize the pertinence of an item on scene, it cannot be used to support his or her theory regarding the crime. Conversely, unselective evidence collection will include irrelevant material, thus increasing a forensic laboratory's backlog and sending the investigation into an unproductive and costly direction. Therefore, it is critical that analysts recognize and properly evaluate forensic evidence that can support or disprove …
Effects Of Parent And Peer Behaviors On Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Are Positive And Negative Peer Behaviors Moderators?, S. Michelle Watson
Effects Of Parent And Peer Behaviors On Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Are Positive And Negative Peer Behaviors Moderators?, S. Michelle Watson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Adolescents and young adults account for a significantly high proportion of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection cases in the United States. According to Jessor's Problem Behavior Theory, combined protective factors, such as exposure to positive parenting and peer behaviors, create an environment that is supportive of conventional behaviors and discouraging of problem behaviors. There is an extensive amount of literature on parent and peer influences on adolescent sexual behavior but few studies address the interactive influence of both parent and peer behaviors on adolescent sexual risk-taking. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal supportiveness …
Measuring And Changing Preschool Children's Stuttering Attitudes, Mary E. Weidner
Measuring And Changing Preschool Children's Stuttering Attitudes, Mary E. Weidner
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Negative or uninformed stuttering attitudes proliferate among the general public, and burgeoning research has shown that such attitudes might emerge as early as the preschool years. Despite decades of research on the topic, much remains unknown about the origin of stuttering attitudes and the factors that bear on their development. Moreover, conclusive recommendations to improve attitudes toward stuttering have yet to be advanced.;Purpose: This study sought (a) to objectively measure stuttering attitudes among preschool children, (b) to examine predictive factors that might account for those attitudes, and (c) to determine the effect of a new educational program on improving …
Instructional Coaches In West Virginia: Who They Are And What They Do, Mary Lynn Westfall
Instructional Coaches In West Virginia: Who They Are And What They Do, Mary Lynn Westfall
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Implementing practices and programs into a school and making sure they are successful requires a collaborative effort among all involved in the school. With the expectations of what a school is to provide for students and faculty, school principals have been charged with serving as the building manager and instructional leader of the school. Teacher leadership has flourished as principals seek assistance from other education professionals. Instructional, or academic, coaches are formal teacher leaders who may work with teachers and principals. They can work closely with teachers to improve teaching practices and work to overcome the isolationism that traditionally exists …
Migratory Genomics Of Lake Sturgeon, Justine Whitaker
Migratory Genomics Of Lake Sturgeon, Justine Whitaker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Lake sturgeon are large, freshwater fish and the only species of sturgeon native to the Great Lakes. Their historic range extends from the Hudson Bay, down through the Great Lakes and into the Mississippi River basin. In the early 1900's, sturgeon became a valuable fishery and were soon overfished for both meat and caviar. This, in combination with damming, pollution, and habitat degradation, caused a drastic decline in their population. Some populations were extirpated, while others have been reduced to 1% of their historic population size (Auer, 1996). The St. Clair-Detroit River System (SCDRS) hosts one of the largest lake …
Biology, Ecology And Efficacy Of Lecanicillium Muscarium As A Potential Fungal Biocontrol Of The Invasive Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) On Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis), Kristen L. Wickert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an exotic insect pest of eastern hemlock. The entomopathogen Lecanicillium muscarium, including the commercially available strain MycotalRTM, is a potential candidate for fungal biocontrol. There are many factors to consider when using a fungal biocontrol such as ecology and genetic variation of candidate strains and interactions with other fungi and life stages of the target insect pest. Efforts of this study focused on: 1) sampling for reservoirs for L. muscarium and other Lecanicillium spp., 2) elucidating interactions between Lecanicillium and other fungi present in hemlock tissues and 3) characterizing genetic diversity of Lecanicillium and subsequent …
Eye Detection And Face Recognition Across The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Cameron F. Whitelam
Eye Detection And Face Recognition Across The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Cameron F. Whitelam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Biometrics, or the science of identifying individuals based on their physiological or behavioral traits, has increasingly been used to replace typical identifying markers such as passwords, PIN numbers, passports, etc. Different modalities, such as face, fingerprint, iris, gait, etc. can be used for this purpose. One of the most studied forms of biometrics is face recognition (FR). Due to a number of advantages over typical visible to visible FR, recent trends have been pushing the FR community to perform cross-spectral matching of visible images to face images from higher spectra in the electromagnetic spectrum.;In this work, the SWIR band of …
Wilderness Recreation---An Analysis Of Social Carrying Capacity, Regional Differences, And The Role Of Gender, Katharina Will
Wilderness Recreation---An Analysis Of Social Carrying Capacity, Regional Differences, And The Role Of Gender, Katharina Will
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The overall purpose of this thesis was to identify gender-based and regional differences in wilderness recreation. First, demographic information, trip characteristics, motivation satisfaction, crowding and conflict variables were analyzed across all wilderness areas. Then, regional differences and gender-based differences were examined.;On-site surveys were conducted in eight wilderness areas in the Klamath National Forest and the Stanislaus National Forest in California, as well as in the Deschutes and Willamette National Forests in Oregon. Data collection took place in summer and early fall of 2010 and resulted in a total of 2,559 usable surveys. Frequencies and valid percentages were used to describe …
Consumers' Uses Of Nutrient Content Claims And Their Relationship With Health Orientation And Online Media Exposure And Attention, Kelly A. Williams
Consumers' Uses Of Nutrient Content Claims And Their Relationship With Health Orientation And Online Media Exposure And Attention, Kelly A. Williams
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this research is to explore consumers' general uses of nutrient content claims on food packaging. In addition, the research looks at an individual's self-reported health orientation, as well as their personal online media usage. This study used quantitative research to explore these factors. An online survey of the individuals who make personal health and food choices was conducted to better understand their reported uses of nutritional claims, as well as their lifestyle habits. Findings suggest that individuals do use nutrient content claims while looking at food packaging, and that this significantly relates to their health orientation and …
Performance Improvement Study On High Horsepower Compression Ignition Diesel Engines In Mining Haul Trucks At High Altitude, Michael S. Wise
Performance Improvement Study On High Horsepower Compression Ignition Diesel Engines In Mining Haul Trucks At High Altitude, Michael S. Wise
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Railways and mining operations are reaching new heights as end users break altitude barriers to increase efficiencies of their business and provide more goods. Diesel engines are the primary source of power used in both of these applications, whether it is for electricity generation or transportation of products. In particular, the copper and gold mining occurring in the Andes Mountains require diesel engines to operate at altitudes above 15,000 ft. At these altitudes the air density is low and the air temperature often falls below 0° F during the winter, providing a less than ideal atmosphere for the operation of …
Complex Regulation Of Protein Trafficking And Photoreceptor Cell Development By Small Gtpases, Zachary C. Wright
Complex Regulation Of Protein Trafficking And Photoreceptor Cell Development By Small Gtpases, Zachary C. Wright
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons optimized for the capture of light and the signal transduction to downstream cells that provides vision. Proper photoreceptor cell function depends heavily on efficient regulation of protein-protein interactions both during development and in the adult retina. Despite years of research on photoreceptor development and protein trafficking, the components vital to these processes are poorly understood. Interestingly, there are a number of small GTPases, which act as molecular switches, that are believed to play a role in regulating such interactions throughout the process of ciliogenesis, OS formation and protein trafficking. However, research into the role of …
On Designing Tattoo Registration And Matching Approaches In The Visible And Swir Bands, Xuan Xu
On Designing Tattoo Registration And Matching Approaches In The Visible And Swir Bands, Xuan Xu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Face, iris and fingerprint based biometric systems are well explored areas of research. However, there are law enforcement and military applications where neither of the aforementioned modalities may be available to be exploited for human identification. In such applications, soft biometrics may be the only clue available that can be used for identification or verification purposes. Tattoo is an example of such a soft biometric trait. Unlike face-based biometric systems that used in both same-spectral and cross-spectral matching scenarios, tattoo-based human identification is still a not fully explored area of research. At this point in time there are no pre-processing, …
Integrating Stimulation Practices With Geo-Mechanical Properties In Liquid-Rich Plays Of Eagle Ford Shale, Ahmed Yusuf
Integrating Stimulation Practices With Geo-Mechanical Properties In Liquid-Rich Plays Of Eagle Ford Shale, Ahmed Yusuf
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Many of the techniques for hydraulically fracturing design were attempted in the liquid-rich Eagle Ford developments. This study shows why different results were observed due to the variation of geomechanical stresses of the rock across a play and related reservoir properties. An optimum treatment for a liquids-rich objective is much different than that for a gas shale due primarily to the multiphase flow and higher viscosities encountered.;This study presents a new treatment workflow for liquids-rich window of Eagle Ford Shale. Review and integration of data from multiple sets across the play are used as input to a 3D hydraulic fracture …
Responses And Adaptation Strategies Of Terrestrial Ecosystems To Climate Change, Zhen Yu
Responses And Adaptation Strategies Of Terrestrial Ecosystems To Climate Change, Zhen Yu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Terrestrial ecosystems are likely to be affected by climate change, as climate change-induced shift of water and heat stresses patterns will have significant impacts on species composition, habitat distribution, and ecosystem functions, and thereby weaken the terrestrial carbon (C) sink and threaten global food security and biofuel production. This thesis investigates the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and is structured in four main chapters.;The first chapter of the thesis is directed towards the impacts of snow variation on ecosystem phenology. Variations in seasonal snowfall regulate regional and global climatic systems and vegetation growth by changing energy budgets of …
Effects Of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline And Betaine On Dairy Cattle Health And Performance, Yu Zang
Effects Of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline And Betaine On Dairy Cattle Health And Performance, Yu Zang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Dairy cows experience extensive lipid mobilization in adipose tissue during the transition from gestation to lactation. A high amount of circulating non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) results in fatty liver that is associated with reduced milk production (Duffield et al., 2009), metabolic diseases (Hammon et al., 2006), and decreased reproductive performance (Walsh et al., 2007). The function of VLDL is to export TAG from liver. Previous work suggested that micronutrients supplemented may elevated VLDL export. Choline has been shown to increase milk production and milk fat yield (Erdman et al., 1991) and decrease triacylglycerol (TAG) in the liver (Pomfret et al., …
Developing High Performance And Stable Hetero-Structured Cathodes And Fundamental Understanding Of Oxygen Reduction And Reaction Behavior, Xinxin Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
New hetero-structured La2NiO4+delta (LNO)/ (La0.6Sr0.4)0.95Co0.2Fe0.8O3-delta (LSCF) SOFC cathodes have been successfully fabricated by the infiltration technique for long-term stability and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetic consideration. The current comparative study of LSCF and LNO-infiltrated LSCF shows a significant reduction in polarization resistance by one order of magnitude and a 67% increase in maximum power density by using LNO-infiltrated LSCF cathodes at 750°C in air. The electronic conductivity relaxation (ECR) results demonstrate that the remarkable improved oxygen exchange properties of LNO/LSCF hetero-structured cathodes are attributed to not only the increase of surface reaction area, but also the introduction of LNO surface …
Total Synthesis Of Ht-13-A And Ht-13-B, Total Synthesis Of Aurantioclavine, Progress Towards The Synthesis Of Cycloclavine, Yilin Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Total synthesis of tetracyclic indole alkaloid ht-13-A and ht-13-B has been accomplished from commercially available (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid and trans4-hydroxy-L-proline respectively. The key synthetic steps include an acyliminium ion allylation, a Mitsunobu reaction, a palladium-catalyzed Stille-Kelly cross coupling reaction, and a carbon monoxide mediated palladium-catalyzed reductive Nheterocyclization. The total synthesis of aurantioclavine has been studied. The synthesis commenced with 2-amino-3-nitrophenol. Key synthetic steps include a Stille coupling reaction, a Heck reaction, a Lewis acid mediated cyclization and a carbon monoxide mediated palladium-catalyzed reductive N-heterocyclization. In addition, the first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-cycloclavine has been studied. Key synthetic steps include a …
Modeling And Control Of Post-Combustion Co2 Capture Process Integrated With A 550mwe Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant, Qiang Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This work focuses on the development of both steady-state and dynamic models for an monoethanolamine (MEA)-based CO2 capture process for a commercial-scale supercritical pulverized coal (PC) power plant, using Aspen PlusRTM and Aspen Plus DynamicsRTM. The dynamic model also facilitates the design of controllers for both traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and advanced controllers, such as linear model predictive control (LMPC), nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) and H? robust control.;A steady-state MEA-based CO2 capture process is developed in Aspen PlusRTM. The key process units, CO2 absorber and stripper columns, are simulated using the rate-based method. The steady-state simulation results are validated using …
Robustness Of Topological Superconductivity In Solid State Hybrid Structures, Piyapong Sitthison
Robustness Of Topological Superconductivity In Solid State Hybrid Structures, Piyapong Sitthison
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions (MFs) makes them an ideal platform for implementing topological quantum computation. In addition to the fascinating fundamental physics underlying the emergence of MFs, this potential for applications makes the study of these quasiparticles an extremely popular subject in condensed matter physics. The commonly called `Majorana fermions' are zero-energy bound states that emerge near boundaries and defects in topological superconducting phases, which can be engineered, for example, by proximity coupling strong spin-orbit coupling semiconductor nanowires and ordinary s-wave superconductors. The stability of these bound states is determined by the stability of the underlying topological superconducting …
Bone Marrow Microenvironment Regulation Of Bcl6 In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, William Lee Slone
Bone Marrow Microenvironment Regulation Of Bcl6 In Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, William Lee Slone
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy with approximately 6000 newly diagnosed cases every year. Although ALL is the most common malignancy in children, it can occur in patients of all ages. Great strides have been made in the treatment of ALL and remission rates are at all-time highs. However, relapse rates have remained relatively consistent, and relapse continues to be correlated with a poor prognosis in patients with ALL. As the site of origin and progression of ALL, the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) is important in regulating tumor cell quiescence and proliferation. Of clinical relevance is the frequency …
Design And Development Of An Online Course For Careers In The Equine Industry, Crystal Elizabeth Smith
Design And Development Of An Online Course For Careers In The Equine Industry, Crystal Elizabeth Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The equine industry provides 640,000 jobs annually in the United States. Spending by suppliers and employees generates additional jobs for a total employment impact of 1.4 million full time equivalent (FTE) jobs. There are horses in every state, and over 4.6 million people are involved in the equine industry as owners, service providers, employers and volunteers. Overall, the horse industry directly contributes over {dollar}39 billion dollars annually to the US economy (American Horse Council, 2005). Students commonly recognize hands-on careers related to owning, training, and breeding horses, or veterinary medicine. However, fewer realize the diverse opportunities as service providers. Students …
Quality Indicators Of Egg Sticks With Added Omega-3 Fatty Acids And Lutein Under Different Packaging And Temperature Storage, Elizabeth Smith
Quality Indicators Of Egg Sticks With Added Omega-3 Fatty Acids And Lutein Under Different Packaging And Temperature Storage, Elizabeth Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Omega-3 enhanced egg sticks were developed by replacing egg yolk with ?-3 rich salmon, algae, and flax oils. The eggs were fully cooked before analysis. Quality indicators for storage stability were measured throughout a 28-day period under different packaging and storage temperatures. Half of the egg sticks were vacuum packed, while the other half were aerobically covered with household plastic wrap. Further, eggs in both packaging groups were equally split into storage temperatures of 4°C and 10°C, to mimic refrigeration and temperature abuse, respectively. Quality indicators were measured each week in all groups. Quality indicators included texture (TPA, Kramer shear), …
Adolescent Involvement In Volunteerism In Relation To Identity And Educational And Occupational Expectations, Katie Snider
Adolescent Involvement In Volunteerism In Relation To Identity And Educational And Occupational Expectations, Katie Snider
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study evaluated volunteerism, identity, and educational and occupational expectations in order to look more closely at their relationships. The purpose was to fill the gap in the existing literature on how adolescent volunteerism relates to identity development and educational and occupational expectations. The study looked specifically at the type of volunteer activity in which adolescents were involved and the amount of time they spent volunteering each week. Data were collected from 500 10th and 11th grade students in non-urban West Virginia schools. Measures included a volunteer questionnaire, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOMEIS), the Psychosocial Inventory …
Use Of A Functional Movement Screening Tool To Determine Injury Risk In Collegiate Acrobatics And Tumbling Athletes, Sara E. Spencer
Use Of A Functional Movement Screening Tool To Determine Injury Risk In Collegiate Acrobatics And Tumbling Athletes, Sara E. Spencer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Context: Participation in athletic teams and events can lead to injury. As the difficulty in stunts and acrobatic maneuvers increase so does the risk for injury. With this emerging sport and the skills needed to participate, it is important to identify those athletes at risk. Yet, it is unknown whether a functional screening or proprioceptive tool can be used to predict injury in this population. Objective: The purpose of this study sought to determine if compensatory movement patterns predispose acrobatics and tumbling athletes to injury, and to determine if a functional movement screening (FMS) and Lower Quarter Y Balance Test …
Manual Optical Attitude Re-Initialization Of A Crew Vehicle In Space Using Bias Corrected Gyro Data, Christopher J. Gioia
Manual Optical Attitude Re-Initialization Of A Crew Vehicle In Space Using Bias Corrected Gyro Data, Christopher J. Gioia
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
NASA and other space agencies have shown interest in sending humans on missions beyond low Earth orbit. Proposed is an algorithm that estimates the attitude of a manned spacecraft using measured line-of-sight (LOS) vectors to stars and gyroscope measurements. The Manual Optical Attitude Reinitialization (MOAR) algorithm and corresponding device draw inspiration from existing technology from the Gemini, Apollo and Space Shuttle programs. The improvement over these devices is the capability of estimating gyro bias completely independent from re-initializing attitude. It may be applied to the lost-in-space problem, where the spacecraft's attitude is unknown.;In this work, a model was constructed that …
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Jakob Goldner
Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Jakob Goldner
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An obstacle to efficient management of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is the lack of knowledge of its seasonal movements at the landscape level. H. halys is highly mobile and utilizes various commodities throughout the growing season and winter, making it difficult to manage. We hypothesized that H. halys displayed an annual spatial pattern at the farm scale and as they moved into overwintering habitats. To test for a spatial pattern at the farm scale, we conducted a two-year spatial study on three organic farms in West Virginia and New Jersey. A total of 92-127 sample …
Concept And Operation Of Robotic Nondestructive Testing Systems For Space Exploration Objectives, Drew M. Goodman
Concept And Operation Of Robotic Nondestructive Testing Systems For Space Exploration Objectives, Drew M. Goodman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Interaction with asteroid bodies is an important component of the upcoming NASA Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) and further space exploration. To provide in-situ material identification for exploration objectives, two robotic nondestructive testing (NDT) systems titled the Impact Sensor (IS) and Robotic UPV were proposed. The IS device is based on the impact hammer NDT approach. While an impact hammer relies solely on a rebound value, analysis was conducted to determine if impact force-time histories could provide similar information. The IS prototypes consisted of impact mechanisms, as well as; a force torque sensor (FTS) and 7 degree of freedom (7-DOF) robotic …