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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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The Quantification Of Oscillatory Force Parameters That Affect Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury In An In Vivo Rodent., Kenneth Bradley Geronilla Jan 2001

The Quantification Of Oscillatory Force Parameters That Affect Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury In An In Vivo Rodent., Kenneth Bradley Geronilla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Skeletal muscle injury is a major concern in areas of occupational health and sports medicine. To date, the mechanisms responsible for muscle injury are not clearly understood. The objective of this research was to quantify the dynamic force parameters resulting from oscillatory contractions (stretch-shortening cycles), which are associated with skeletal muscle injury. An in vivo rodent experimental model was used to study the oscillatory contraction response of the dorsiflexor muscles in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo testing of anesthetized animals was accomplished via a custom designed isokinetic rat dynamometer, which allowed for continuous monitoring of muscle force output. The rats …

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Processing Improvement Of Moirã© Interferometry For Accurate Crack-Tip Deformation Measurement., Ridha Kamil Jan 2001

Processing Improvement Of Moirã© Interferometry For Accurate Crack-Tip Deformation Measurement., Ridha Kamil

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent research advancement of moiré interferometry has incorporated phase shifting, a technique for better accuracy and easier digital image processing. However, moiré interferometry with phase shifting also revealed some sensitivity problems. Background noise associated with the topography of the specimen and optical effect produces rough and discontinuous displacement fields, which makes it difficult to obtain accurate strains and stresses. In this research, two alternate methods that improve the sensitivity of moiré interferometry, with and without phase shifting is developed. The result is a smoother displacement fields with higher sensitivity at the crack tip area. A single edge notched bend specimen …

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Transfer Function Model For An Oxy-Fuel-Fired Batch Tank., James Robert Rhodes Jan 2001

Transfer Function Model For An Oxy-Fuel-Fired Batch Tank., James Robert Rhodes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Oxy-fuel combustion is an alternative method for melting glass that has recently become increasingly attractive as one way for the glass industry to improve its energy efficiency and reduce its environmental impacts. Research, however, is still needed to better appreciate the advantages that oxy-fuel combustion offers to the users of the batch tanks. Efforts have been underway by the WVU Projects with Industry Program to identify the parameters that govern the combustion and control behavior of an oxy-fuel fired batch tank. The two primary goals of this thesis are to develop a transfer function model for the oxy-fuel fired batch …

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A Computational Study Of Mixing In A Liquid Jet Impinging On An Immiscible Liquid Layer., Sherif Mohamed Kandil Jan 2001

A Computational Study Of Mixing In A Liquid Jet Impinging On An Immiscible Liquid Layer., Sherif Mohamed Kandil

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Droplet formation is a phenomenon that has great significance in multiphase flows, and it takes place in many natural and man-made applications. The application of interest in this study is the turbulent mixing of Diesel fuel and seawater during the refueling process of naval ships outfitted with compensated fuel ballast tanks (CFBT). Several phenomena take place in fuel tanks that cause turbulent mixing and thus droplet formation. These phenomena include, among other phenomena, a stratified shear flow of two immiscible fluids of different densities, and a densely buoyant vertical jet flow of a higher density fluid impinging on a quiescent …

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Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling Of Total Hip Arthroplasty: Creep Under Dynamic Load., Ganesh Thyagarajan Jan 2001

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling Of Total Hip Arthroplasty: Creep Under Dynamic Load., Ganesh Thyagarajan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Theclinical success of the polished tapered stem in particular has widely been demon strated. However, the mechanical environment of this stem is not understood. The overall goal of this research was to understand the influence of bone cement creep on the me chanical environment of a polished tapered stem using a physiological three-dimensional finite element model. Specifically, the objectives were to: (1) Investigate the influence of three different commercially available cements on stem subsidence and cement mantle stresses. Both short (24 hours) and long (16 years) term simulations were conducted; (2) Consider the effect of cyclic loading (using a creep …

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Enjoying A Bad Life: Short Fiction Drawn From Disorder., Kate Green Van Sant Jan 2001

Enjoying A Bad Life: Short Fiction Drawn From Disorder., Kate Green Van Sant

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

My own cultural background is somewhat confused, and I inherited from my late father many strange and suspicious stories that can never be corroborated. This allowance for ambiguity also reminded me of my fondness for the labyrinths and forking paths of Borges, and I realized that this duality was probably closely related to my travels between cultural frontiers and my frequent passages between mania and depression. The narrator struggles for independence and emotional stability with humor, attempting to pull order, both creative and practical, from her disorder. Her success is to be judged not as much in her accomplishments as …

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Mechanotransduction In Bone: Passive And Load-Induced Fluid Transport In Rat Femora., Bixia Li Jan 2001

Mechanotransduction In Bone: Passive And Load-Induced Fluid Transport In Rat Femora., Bixia Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The capacity of bone tissue to alter its mass and structure in response to mechanical demands has long been recognized but the mechanisms involved remained poorly understood. Load-induced interstitial fluid flow has been postulated to provide a mechanism for transduction of the mechanical signals to the cellular level to activate bone adaptation. This research is to investigate experimentally the effects of mechanical loading on fluid flow in bone by introducing stain/tracer. Rat femurs were used to test the passive diffusion and mechanical transport properties of the stain in bone. It was found that fluorescein is compatible with an animal model …

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A Prototype Automatic Dental Identification System (Adis)., Diaa Eldin Mohamed Nassar Jan 2001

A Prototype Automatic Dental Identification System (Adis)., Diaa Eldin Mohamed Nassar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this work we apply combined digital image processing and artificial neural network techniques in developing a prototype of an automatic dental identification system (ADIS) to be employed for postmortem forensic identification. The prototype ADIS follows a pyramidal image-matching architecture used in developing an analogous fingerprint comparison system. Owing to the differences in image natures, we used new techniques and modified some mathematical models. We introduce an adaptive technique for dental radiograph enhancement and an adaptive strategic searching technique for neural network training. The training and testing results we obtained are promising.

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Manufacturing Security: Mass Media Coverage Of Depleted Uranium Weapon Use In Okinawa, Japan., Yoko Abe Jan 2001

Manufacturing Security: Mass Media Coverage Of Depleted Uranium Weapon Use In Okinawa, Japan., Yoko Abe

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972, thirty-eight U.S. military bases still remain in the prefecture. While the local residents’ entreaties to end their suffering from the consequences of the U.S. military presence remain strong, the U.S. and Japanese governments have adopted measures to maintain the U.S. military foothold. This study examined the viewpoints of six claimsmakers to illustrate an overlooked political process in the perpetuation of the U.S. military presence. The research applied a content analysis of newspaper articles appearing in the Okinawa Times following the disclosure of the U.S. Marine Corps’ use of depleted uranium weapons. …

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Mechanisms Of Lung Injury Caused By Residual Oil Fly Ash: Role Of Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species., Anthony Brent Lewis Jan 2001

Mechanisms Of Lung Injury Caused By Residual Oil Fly Ash: Role Of Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species., Anthony Brent Lewis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Inhalation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) has been shown to increase pulmonary morbidity in exposed workers. We examined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ROFA-Induced lung injury. ROFA (ROFA-Total) was suspended in saline, incubated, centrifuged, and separated into soluble (ROFA-Soluble) and insoluble (ROFA-Insoluble) fractions. The generation of ROS from ROFA samples was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with saline, ROFATotal, ROFA-Soluble, and ROFA-Insoluble (1 mg/ 100 g body wt). Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage cells were harvested at 4, 24, and 72 hours after instillation. Chemiluminescence, lipid peroxidation, and biochemical parameters …

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An Analysis Of A Reformulated Emission Control Diesel Effects On Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Exhaust Emissions., Paidamoyo Andrea Nyika Jan 2001

An Analysis Of A Reformulated Emission Control Diesel Effects On Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Exhaust Emissions., Paidamoyo Andrea Nyika

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Four fleets of heavy-duty diesel engine vehicles were emissions characterized using the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratory chassis dynamometer. Diesel exhaust emissions are comprised of a mixture of gases, liquid aerosols and substances made up of trace elements. They contain complex products of combustion including; carbon (soot), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and water. With tougher laws and regulations being implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to achieve cleaner air in the future, pressure has been mounting on vehicle users, factories, power …

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A Profile Of The Construction Equipment Industry In Mexico: A Perspective For Manufacturers Of Construction Equipment., Oscar Octavio Rangel-Celorio Jan 2001

A Profile Of The Construction Equipment Industry In Mexico: A Perspective For Manufacturers Of Construction Equipment., Oscar Octavio Rangel-Celorio

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research is aimed at devising a procedure that includes the understanding and appraising of the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and risks associated with investing in the construction equipment industry in Mexico in relation to economic variations. It is expected that the results of this research could be used by U.S. companies interested in the export-import business as a guideline for decision-making when considering accessing this particular market. This work uses statistical and forecasting models that show the relationship between economic variables and the construction equipment industry, and establishes different economic conditions under which these models may give alternative results, offering …

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An Intelligent System's Approach To Reservoir Characterization In Cotton Valley., Mofazzal Hossan Bhuiyan Jan 2001

An Intelligent System's Approach To Reservoir Characterization In Cotton Valley., Mofazzal Hossan Bhuiyan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Reservoir characterization in the Cotton Valley formation has always been a challenge for the Engineers, Geologist and Geophysists because of its heterogeneity as well as for the fact that well logs and reservoir characteristics are non-correlatable from well to well. This study introduces a new technique to characterize the cotton valley reservoir. Synthetic magnetic resonance imaging logs (MRI) provide information about reservoir characteristics such as effective porosity, fluid saturation and rock permeability more accurately than conventional wireline logs. The fuzzy C- mean analysis tool is utilized to group well logs together based on similarity criteria of the reservoir formation and …

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The Economical Use Of High-Performance Steel In Slab-On-Steel Stringer Bridge Design., Beth F. Clingenpeel Jan 2001

The Economical Use Of High-Performance Steel In Slab-On-Steel Stringer Bridge Design., Beth F. Clingenpeel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the early 90’s a collaborative effort between the American Iron & Steel Institute, the US Navy, and the Federal Highway Administration began the development of high performance steel (HPS). HPS70W is the product of this effort and is currently being employed in bridge design. The benefits of this steel are higher fracture toughness, improved welding characteristics, and enhanced weathering characteristics. However, HPS70W has an increased material relative to traditional bridge steels. Because of the increased cost, there is a need to investigate the economical use of HPS70W in design. A few studies have been performed to explore this issue …

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A Database For Dismantling Of Obsolete Vessels., Pooja Sibal Jan 2001

A Database For Dismantling Of Obsolete Vessels., Pooja Sibal

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project developed a software tool and associated databases to show information on ships available for cutting, the ship name, type, year built, UIC number, ship status, light ship displacement, length, beam, changes made, dead weight, number of propellers, propulsion type, dismantling site and vessel site of the ship(s). Information on the previously dismantled vessels is also kept. The Database for Dismantling of Obsolete VEssels (DOVE) also provides total towing cost for a selected ship based on the total tow distance, the light ship displacement of the ship, the unit tow cost/mile-ton and the tow preparation cost. A cutting technology …

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A Comparison Of The Operating Envelopes Of Diesel-Fueled Truck Engines And Hybrid Electric Bus Engines To The Federal Testing Procedure Cycle., Nene Akunor Azu Jan 2001

A Comparison Of The Operating Envelopes Of Diesel-Fueled Truck Engines And Hybrid Electric Bus Engines To The Federal Testing Procedure Cycle., Nene Akunor Azu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent chassis and on-road testing of hybrid electric buses (HEBs) performed by West Virginia University demonstrated the potential of hybrid technology to be significantly fuel efficient and reduce regulated emissions and greenhouse gas output compared to buses with conventional drivetrains. All heavy-duty engines, including the engines in HEBs, need to be certified through the Federal Testing Procedure (FTP) prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The operation of series HEBs with engine-generator units does not follow the behavior of the FTP, which is transient in nature. It was evident that, unlike conventional buses, HEBs were designed to operate over …

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Retroviral Recombination During Reverse Transcription: An Analysis Of The Mechanism, Frequency, And Effect Of The Viral Packaging Signal (Ψ)., Jeffrey Allan Anderson Jan 2001

Retroviral Recombination During Reverse Transcription: An Analysis Of The Mechanism, Frequency, And Effect Of The Viral Packaging Signal (Ψ)., Jeffrey Allan Anderson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Retroviral recombination occurs during replication and produces a DNA copy that contains genetic information from two parental RNAs. Recombination increases variation within the viral population by reassortment of mutations. In the presence of selective pressures, such as drug treatments, host immunosurveillance, or anti-viral vaccines, retroviruses are able to evolve rapidly leading to higher viral titers and increased pathogenicity. Two models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of recombination. The first model, minus-strand recombination, proposed that each recombination event generated a recombinant with one template switch. In contrast, the second model, plus-strand recombination, proposed that each recombination event generated a …

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The Job Satisfaction Level Of Chinese And Indian-Born Engineering Faculty At A Research I University., Susan Mary Madhavan Jan 2001

The Job Satisfaction Level Of Chinese And Indian-Born Engineering Faculty At A Research I University., Susan Mary Madhavan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to assess the job satisfaction level of Engineering faculty from India, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China at a Research I University. Analysis was based on how academic rank, country of origin, or gender affected their level of job satisfaction and their degree of adjustment to the department, the college or the university as a whole. The following factors were assessed: teaching, research, recognition, workload, physical surroundings, reward systems, administration, collegiality and service. Structured interviews were conducted and taped of twenty faculty members at the study institution, detailing the above factors. An overall …

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On The Feasibility Of Integrated Optical Waveguide-Based In Situ Monitoring Of Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems), Kolin Shay Brown Dec 2000

On The Feasibility Of Integrated Optical Waveguide-Based In Situ Monitoring Of Microelectromechanical Systems (Mems), Kolin Shay Brown

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation explores the feasibility of using integrated optical waveguides to measure the motion of microelectromechanical structures (MEMS). MEMS are a class of silicon devices which are being developed as sensors and actuators. Because these free moving structures are fabricated using processes similar to microfabrication, MEMS devices and traditional electronics can be integrated on the same substrate. This merging of the technologies will allow the miniaturization of large scale mechanical systems. A difficulty with MEMS devices is determining the submicron motion. One method of noninvasive measurement is optical measurement. Research focused on the characterization of one particular MEMS device, a …

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Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry For The Analysis Of Proteins And Small Molecules, Gregg A. Pratt Dec 2000

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry For The Analysis Of Proteins And Small Molecules, Gregg A. Pratt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this document methods for the analysis of proteins and small molecules by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) are discussed. Section I contains an introduction to ESI-MS, including a brief history of mass spectrometry, a discussion of the current theories developed to explain the mechanisms at work during the electrospray process, and an explanation of Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (IT-MS), the type of mass analyzer used for the studies outlined in subsequent chapters.;Section II is devoted to the analysis of proteins by ESI-MS. Chapter 2 gives an overview of protein structure and reviews previous work in the area of protein …

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Voltage Collapse Prediction For Interconnected Power Systems, Amer S. Al-Hinai Dec 2000

Voltage Collapse Prediction For Interconnected Power Systems, Amer S. Al-Hinai

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A steady state analysis is applied to study the voltage collapse problem. The modal analysis method is used to investigate the stability of the power system. Q-V curves are used to confirm the obtained results by modal analysis method and to predict the stability margin or distance to voltage collapse based on reactive power load demand. The load characteristics are considered in this research. Different voltage dependent loads are proposed in order to be used instead of the constant load model. The effect of induction machine load is considered in this study. The load is connected to several selected buses.;The …

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Influence Of Fuel Sulfur Content On Emissions From Diesel Engines Equipped With Oxidation Catalysts, Jason Carter Evans Dec 2000

Influence Of Fuel Sulfur Content On Emissions From Diesel Engines Equipped With Oxidation Catalysts, Jason Carter Evans

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) are a viable exhaust aftertreatment alternative for alleviating regulated exhaust emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) from diesel-fueled heavy-duty engines. This study was a part of the Diesel Emissions Control-Sulfur Effects (DECSE) program that was aimed at determining the impact of diesel fuel sulfur levels on diesel oxidation catalysts that were designed to lower brake-specific PM, HC, and CO emissions from on-highway trucks and buses in the 2002--2004 model years. The research focused on high-temperature DOCs installed on a Cummins ISM370 ESP engine, and low-temperature DOCs installed on a Navistar T444E …

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Optimization Of A Roll Over Protective Structure (Rops) Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Adam Michael Gillispie Dec 2000

Optimization Of A Roll Over Protective Structure (Rops) Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Adam Michael Gillispie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The use of a conventional Roll Over Protective Structure CROPS) on farm tractors over the years has saved numerous lives and prevented countless injuries. By removing the ROPS, the tractor operators place themselves in unwarranted danger.;This led the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and West Virginia University Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering to the development of a deployable ROPS, which could remain down to aid in required housing space for the tractor and prevent debris from striking the tractor operator while being driven.;This research effort focuses on the application of computer-aided design and analysis to structurally optimize the …

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Representative Ways To Analyze And Survey Changes In Long-Term Electrocardiographic Recordings, Simona Gabriela Crihalmeanu Dec 2000

Representative Ways To Analyze And Survey Changes In Long-Term Electrocardiographic Recordings, Simona Gabriela Crihalmeanu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The goal of this research is to explore techniques with which long-term physiologic time-series data can be analyzed, so that relevant changes in physiological signals, particularly the electrocardiogram signal, can be captured, processed, quantified and stored. A new experimental model was developed such that the electrocardiogram can be monitored continuously over thirteen weeks. Cardiotoxicity was progressively induced with doxorubicin in a rabbit model, and electrocardiographic progressions from normal state to diseased state were continuously tracked. Automated methods for analyzing the data were developed to manage and control the extensive electrocardiogram dataset. A significant challenge to this work is the sheer …

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Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Of Skeletal Tissue From Computed Tomography, Sundareswar Bangalore Jayashekar Dec 2000

Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction Of Skeletal Tissue From Computed Tomography, Sundareswar Bangalore Jayashekar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Edge Detection Techniques play a very important role in medical imaging. Pre-operative diagnosis of diseases such as cancer, tumors, bone fractures etc. depend on edge detection techniques to identify the malignant growths. In orthopedics, edge detection techniques are used in the reconstruction of the skeletal system from modalities such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography).;In this thesis, we develop a simple process for the three dimensional image reconstruction of the human knee, starting from computed tomography scans. Designing a digital image processing technique which successfully separates the bone from the surrounding flesh and muscle tissue is the …

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Development And Evaluation Of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite/Wood Railroad Crossties, Krit Laosiriphong Dec 2000

Development And Evaluation Of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite/Wood Railroad Crossties, Krit Laosiriphong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Railroad crossties are strengthened by wrapping glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRC). In addition, durability of crossties has been found to have enhanced by reinforcing them with GFRC wraps. In order to reduce the cost, GFRC wraps are not used to wrap the entire length of a crosstie, but only in the region that holds steel plates. The objective of this research is to select compatible adhesive between creosote treated wood and glass fabric, and study the performance of wrapped wooden crossties.;Five primer/resin combinations (Resorcinol Formaldehyde group) were screened for strength and durability of treated wood crossties. To evaluate stiffness and …

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Carbon Products From Coal Liquefaction Fractions, Lizbeth Laureano-Perez Dec 2000

Carbon Products From Coal Liquefaction Fractions, Lizbeth Laureano-Perez

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Processes for coal conversion are being evaluated for the development of carbon-product precursors. In the present work, coal hydrogenation is being considered as a procedure for tailoring the properties of the precursors for specific carbon products. The object of this project is to assess and evaluate such coal-derived materials for use as precursors for the production of carbon products. Coal liquefaction samples are made under various processing conditions, e.g. temperature, pressure, solvent. Softening points, ash content and coking values of the samples are determined at WVU by ASTM methods. These samples were also examined for coke microstructure and mesophase formation. …

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Computational Model Of Ductile Erosion By Single Particle Impact, Chandrakant Rai Dec 2000

Computational Model Of Ductile Erosion By Single Particle Impact, Chandrakant Rai

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Erosion by solid particle impact is a common problem in many industrial applications. It results due to mechanical contact between the particle and the metal surface, which in turn result in potential material losses. Erosion of machine parts by the small solid particle entrained in liquid or gaseous working environment is a serious problem in many industrial applications. Numerous experiments have been conducted to obtain empirical relations for predicting material loss due to these impacts and to arrive at an appropriate material for a particular working environment. But with so many new materials being used for different applications, and operating …

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Approaches To Creating Anonymous Patient Database, Shijun Shen Dec 2000

Approaches To Creating Anonymous Patient Database, Shijun Shen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Health care providers, health plans and health care clearinghouses collect patient medical data derived from their normal operations every day. These patient data can greatly benefit the health care organization if data mining techniques are applied upon these data sets. However, individual identifiable patient information needs to be protected in accordance with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and the quality of patient data also needs to be ensured in order for data mining tasks achieve accurate results. This thesis describes a patient data transformation system which transforms patient data into high quality and anonymous patient records that is …

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Hazardous Materials Database, Veena Vadiala Dec 2000

Hazardous Materials Database, Veena Vadiala

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Handling and disposal of a retired object can be a major component of its Life Cycle Cost. Often, during dismantling of a retired object many hazardous materials are released. Disposal of hazardous materials also need to comply with various federal regulations. Agencies like Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set these safety regulations. It is possible to apply generic exposure and release controls to protect workers from hazardous materials. For the most cost effective hazard controls it is necessary first to identify the materials and their properties of primary concern. There is a need …

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