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Valuation Of Electric Utility Generating Assets In A Competitive Environment, Mary Barbara Cain
Valuation Of Electric Utility Generating Assets In A Competitive Environment, Mary Barbara Cain
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Electricity industry restructuring, technological advances, and changing environmental laws and regulations are providing opportunities for many electricity companies to substantially lower their cost of doing business. One such cost is property tax, which in a majority of states is based upon the fair market value of property. Traditionally, assets of a regulated utility were valued at fair market value based upon the regulated price of electricity or "rate base". Valuation methods such as the income approach, replacement cost approach, comparable sales approach, and the stock and debt approach are common assessment methods for property tax (ad valorem) purposes. The appropriateness …
Growth Kinetics And Doping Of Gallium Nitride Grown By Rf-Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Aaron Joseph Ptak
Growth Kinetics And Doping Of Gallium Nitride Grown By Rf-Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Aaron Joseph Ptak
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A reduced rate for growth of GaN by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy often limits growth to temperatures less than 750°C, with the reduction significantly larger than thermal decomposition rates. Conditions producing a flux consisting predominantly of either atomic nitrogen or nitrogen metastables have been established using various rf-sources. Atomic nitrogen, possibly coupled with the presence of low energy ions, is associated with the premature decrease in growth rate. An active nitrogen flux consisting primarily of nitrogen metastables produces a temperature dependence more consistent with decomposition rates. Growth with molecular nitrogen metastables results in significantly improved electrical properties.;Magnesium incorporation was studied …
Sorption Of Lead And Arsenic On Soil Components And Effectiveness Of Phosphates For Remediating Lead And Arsenic Contaminated Soils, Harjinder Sandhu
Sorption Of Lead And Arsenic On Soil Components And Effectiveness Of Phosphates For Remediating Lead And Arsenic Contaminated Soils, Harjinder Sandhu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
High concentration of trace elements such as arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) represents one of the potentially costly threats to water and soil resources as well as serious threats to humans. Clay minerals are potential binding agents for pollutants due to their high cation exchange capacity and large surface area. Laboratory investigations were undertaken to evaluate the effect of Fe and Al hydrous oxide coatings on the sorption of Pb and As. Four clay minerals attapulgite, illite, kaolinite and montmorillonite with a range of surface characteristics were selected to investigate the Pb and As sorption. The minerals were coated with …
Nonlinear Transient And Steady State Analysis For Self-Excited Single-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Generator, Jingdong Chen
Nonlinear Transient And Steady State Analysis For Self-Excited Single-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Generator, Jingdong Chen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
With today's trend for distributed generation and the need for alternative and renewable energy sources, self-excited induction and synchronous reluctance generators have attracted more attention for wind, tidal and hydro power generation applications. Compared to synchronous and DC generators, they have the advantages: they are brushless, they are robust, they do not need DC excitation and they are relatively low cost.;Compared with SEIG, the self-excited reluctance generator (SERG) not only has the advantages of simplicity and ruggedness, but can also have enhanced steady-state characteristics and high efficiency over a wide range of operation. Moreover, its output frequency is determined only …
Space-Time Block Coding With Imperfect Channel Estimates, Dirk Alan Baker
Space-Time Block Coding With Imperfect Channel Estimates, Dirk Alan Baker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Space-time block coding (STBC) is a method that combines diversity and coding without a corresponding increase in bandwidth and with minimal complexity in the receiver. The performance of STBC with perfect channel state information (CSI) being available at the receiver has been shown to provide approximately 10 dB of improvement over uncoded transmission in Rayleigh fading when using Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) at a bit error rate of 10 -3. In this thesis, the performance of space-time block codes is analyzed when the receiver must rely on noisy, or imperfect, estimates of the channel. It is shown that for …
Evaluating Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Aftertreatment Devices With A Split Exhaust Configuration, Eric Roy Corrigan
Evaluating Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Aftertreatment Devices With A Split Exhaust Configuration, Eric Roy Corrigan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
West Virginia University evaluated diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and lean-NOx catalysts as part of the Diesel Emissions Control-Sulfur Effects (DECSE) program. In order to perform thermal aging of the DOC and lean-NOx catalysts simultaneously and economically, each catalyst was sized to accommodate half of the engine exhaust flow. Simultaneous catalyst aging was then achieved by splitting the engine exhaust into two streams such that approximately half of the total exhaust flowed through the DOC and half through the lean-NOx catalyst. This necessitated splitting the engine exhaust into two streams during emissions measurements. The fraction of exhaust entering the measurement system …
Time-Dependent Circumferential Deformation Of Cortical Bone Subjected To Internal Radial Loading, Christopher Uriah Brown
Time-Dependent Circumferential Deformation Of Cortical Bone Subjected To Internal Radial Loading, Christopher Uriah Brown
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Human cortical bone is a complex composite material that displays time-dependent deformation. The response of bone to loads in the transverse orientation is not well understood and has implications to the stability of a press-fit hip implant. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical procedure to replace the hip joint. It involves inserting an implant into the shaft of the femur. One method of implant fixation is a press-fit of the implant into the bone canal. Press-fit fixation relies on the elastic response of the proximal femur to hold the implant in place until new bone growth occurs. The radial load …
Multimedia -Assisted Reading In Spanish And Its Relationship With The Cognitive Control Of Field Dependence And Field Independence, Laura Janes Little
Multimedia -Assisted Reading In Spanish And Its Relationship With The Cognitive Control Of Field Dependence And Field Independence, Laura Janes Little
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines the influence of the cognitive controls of field independence and field dependence on the use of a multimedia-assisted reading program and reading recall. The participants were 11 university students of intermediate Spanish as a second language. The participants were classified as field dependent or field independent based on GEFT scores. The participants read a passage about Mayan architecture that was converted to a multimedia-assisted format. Participants could access as many or as few of the multimedia aids as they chose. After completing the reading, a recall measure was obtained in which participants wrote everything they could recall …
Effects Of Work Stoppages At Selected Steel Mills On Production And Safety Systems, Daniel Hartley
Effects Of Work Stoppages At Selected Steel Mills On Production And Safety Systems, Daniel Hartley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this research was to identify if there was a significant difference between the OSHA recordable incidence rates at a selected steel manufacturer prior to a major work stoppage and subsequent to the work stoppage. Monthly and quarterly time periods were evaluated to determine the level of change that occurred between prior and post work stoppage periods. Raw steel production was also evaluated to determine the effects of the work stoppage on production totals. OSHA recordable incidence rates were generally lower after the work stoppage, while production totals were higher after the work stoppage. In many instances the …
Relationships Among Grammatical Accuracy, Discourse Features, And The Quality Of Second Language Writing: The Case Of Thai Efl Learners., Charuporn Pongsiriwet
Relationships Among Grammatical Accuracy, Discourse Features, And The Quality Of Second Language Writing: The Case Of Thai Efl Learners., Charuporn Pongsiriwet
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study attempted to combine the study of grammatical accuracy with the study of discourse features of second language writing. It was designed to investigate (1) the frequent types of grammatical errors in EFL writing; (2) whether there is a relationship between scores on grammatical accuracy and discourse features of writing; and (3) the effects of grammatical accuracy and discourse features on the evaluation of writing quality. The participants of the study consisted of 155 university freshmen majoring in agriculture, education, engineering, English, and general science who enrolled in Foundation English at Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus in Thailand. Data …
An Application Of Complexity Theory To The Development Of Web-Based Education At A University In The United States., Daniel Nickles Huck
An Application Of Complexity Theory To The Development Of Web-Based Education At A University In The United States., Daniel Nickles Huck
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines the perceptions of higher education administrators concerning the activities related to the implementation of web-based education at a university in the United States during the 1990's. In pursuing an Orientational Qualitative Inquiry, I conducted ethnographic interviews during calendar year 2000 of academic affairs and information technology professionals, and I reviewed relevant documentation related to the university's web-based education efforts. I initially employed an a priori theoretical framework based on Loosely Coupled Systems Theory to guide my data collection, but my analysis of data led me to adopt Complexity Theory to adequately explain my findings. More specifically, I …
An Assessment Of The English-Language Needs Of Second-Year Thai Undergraduate Engineering Students In A Thai Public University In Thailand In Relation To The Second-Year Eap Program In Engineering., Patama Kittidhaworn
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was to investigate the English-language needs of 182 second-year Thai undergraduate engineering students in a Thai public university in Thailand for their study in their second-year English program in engineering. A two-part self-assessment questionnaire was constructed based upon the previous research on the English-language needs of English as a Second Language (ESL)/English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, particularly in Science and Technology in relation to English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The first part of the questionnaire asks for their demographic variables: gender, specialty, years of studying English in the school(s), and self-reported English proficiency in Listening, Speaking, …
High-Temperature Stress-Accerated Grain Boundary Oxidation Mechanism On Inconel 783 Superalloy, Cezar Cisloiu
High-Temperature Stress-Accerated Grain Boundary Oxidation Mechanism On Inconel 783 Superalloy, Cezar Cisloiu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Under high temperature and stress (as in the front of the crack tip) oxygen can diffuse to the grain boundaries and react with the constitutive elements of the alloy producing brittle oxide layers, which cause the embrittlement of the material, and a brittle elastic, intergranular failure. Crack growth tests were performed on INCONEL 783 three-point-bend specimens in air and controlled oxygen atmosphere at 650°C and 538°C on two types of specimens, with and without beta-phase. Initial elastic crack growth was observed at test specimens without beta-phase. The specimens with beta-phase didn't reveal elastic crack growth. Based on the results of …
Research Article Introductions In Thai: Genre Analysis Of Academic Writing., Chalermsri Jogthong
Research Article Introductions In Thai: Genre Analysis Of Academic Writing., Chalermsri Jogthong
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study presents an analysis of research article introductions (RAIs) written in Thai by Thai academic writers. The analysis is based on 40 Thai RAIs taken from Thai journals in educational and medical fields. The rhetorical characteristics and linguistic features of the RAIs are examined using the CARS model proposed by Swales (1990). The results show that the pattern of studied RAIs supports the general framework presented by Swales but the specific steps in the introductions are less consistent with the model. The Thai writers avoided criticizing and evaluating the works of others. They adopted different strategies in establishing a …
Beyond The Workplace: The Uneven Development Of The Japanese Space -Economy And The Role Of Labor, 1965-1994., Shawn Michael Banasick
Beyond The Workplace: The Uneven Development Of The Japanese Space -Economy And The Role Of Labor, 1965-1994., Shawn Michael Banasick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Despite the rapid industrialization and high rates of economic growth that Japan experienced for much of the postwar period, there have been relatively few attempts by English-language researchers to investigate Japan's domestic space-economy at the regional scale. This dissertation examines the process of uneven development in Japan from 1965 to 1994. The conceptual framework for the analysis is a regional political economy approach, combining theories of uneven development with recent work by Michael Webber and David Rigby on regional profit rates in manufacturing and the determinants of profit rate change over time. In addition, insights from the recent literature on …
An Analysis Of Quality Of Life, Income Distribution And Rural Development In West Virginia., James Obadiah Bukenya
An Analysis Of Quality Of Life, Income Distribution And Rural Development In West Virginia., James Obadiah Bukenya
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The term quality of life has been described as a vague entity (Grayson and Young, 1994) and conceptualizing it, has proved to be difficult. Nevertheless, understanding how individuals form their needs to create life satisfaction is important because these subjective evaluations determine life adjustment and mobility behavior and is the basis of demand for public actions. Additionally, more effective social programs can be designed based on the knowledge of how individuals form their needs to create life satisfaction and avoid problems that may result because the perceptions of the planners and policy makers do not always coincide with those of …
A Flow Rate Measurement System For A Mobile Emissions Measurement System., Andrew David Fuller
A Flow Rate Measurement System For A Mobile Emissions Measurement System., Andrew David Fuller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The most realistic procedure for the determination of regulated diesel engine exhaust emissions is over-the-road testing. A Mobile Emissions Measurement System (MEMS) was developed by West Virginia University for over-the-road emissions testing. A component of this system is the flow rate measurement device, an Annubar, incorporated within a flow tube. To measure flow rate from this differential pressure device, a differential and absolute pressure transducer had to be selected. Experimentation was performed and it was determined that a Validyne P365 differential pressure transducer and an Omega PX-203 absolute transducer were optimal. Flow pulsations are present in diesel engine exhaust and …
A Database For Dismantling Of Obsolete Vessels., Pooja Sibal
A Database For Dismantling Of Obsolete Vessels., Pooja Sibal
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This project developed a software tool and associated databases to show information on ships available for cutting, the ship name, type, year built, UIC number, ship status, light ship displacement, length, beam, changes made, dead weight, number of propellers, propulsion type, dismantling site and vessel site of the ship(s). Information on the previously dismantled vessels is also kept. The Database for Dismantling of Obsolete VEssels (DOVE) also provides total towing cost for a selected ship based on the total tow distance, the light ship displacement of the ship, the unit tow cost/mile-ton and the tow preparation cost. A cutting technology …
The Job Satisfaction Level Of Chinese And Indian-Born Engineering Faculty At A Research I University., Susan Mary Madhavan
The Job Satisfaction Level Of Chinese And Indian-Born Engineering Faculty At A Research I University., Susan Mary Madhavan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to assess the job satisfaction level of Engineering faculty from India, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China at a Research I University. Analysis was based on how academic rank, country of origin, or gender affected their level of job satisfaction and their degree of adjustment to the department, the college or the university as a whole. The following factors were assessed: teaching, research, recognition, workload, physical surroundings, reward systems, administration, collegiality and service. Structured interviews were conducted and taped of twenty faculty members at the study institution, detailing the above factors. An overall …
Retroviral Recombination During Reverse Transcription: An Analysis Of The Mechanism, Frequency, And Effect Of The Viral Packaging Signal (Ψ)., Jeffrey Allan Anderson
Retroviral Recombination During Reverse Transcription: An Analysis Of The Mechanism, Frequency, And Effect Of The Viral Packaging Signal (Ψ)., Jeffrey Allan Anderson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Retroviral recombination occurs during replication and produces a DNA copy that contains genetic information from two parental RNAs. Recombination increases variation within the viral population by reassortment of mutations. In the presence of selective pressures, such as drug treatments, host immunosurveillance, or anti-viral vaccines, retroviruses are able to evolve rapidly leading to higher viral titers and increased pathogenicity. Two models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of recombination. The first model, minus-strand recombination, proposed that each recombination event generated a recombinant with one template switch. In contrast, the second model, plus-strand recombination, proposed that each recombination event generated a …
A Study Of The Relationship Between Characteristics Of Faculty Members In West Virginia Colleges And Their Level Of Implementation Of Information Technology., Andrew Neale Blackwood
A Study Of The Relationship Between Characteristics Of Faculty Members In West Virginia Colleges And Their Level Of Implementation Of Information Technology., Andrew Neale Blackwood
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the relationships between characteristics of faculty members in West Virginia colleges and their level of information technology (IT) implementation. A one-shot case study research design was used to investigate the connection between the faculty members' gender, age, years of experience, academic discipline, rank, amount of computer education, computer access, Internet access, job satisfaction, and their level of IT implementation. The specially designed Computer Usage Survey was mailed to a randomly selected sample of 95 faculty members; responses were received from 64 (67%) faculty members. Data analysis identified statistically significant relationships between the faculty members' gender, years of …
A Simulation And Analysis Toolbox For Power Systems And Genetic Algorithm-Based Damping Controller Design., Amer Hasanovic
A Simulation And Analysis Toolbox For Power Systems And Genetic Algorithm-Based Damping Controller Design., Amer Hasanovic
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Due to the recent deregulation, difficulty in acquiring rights-of-way to build new transmission lines, and steady increase in power demand, maintaining power system stability becomes evermore difficult and very challenging problem. Implementation of new equipment based on the latest technologies and proper controller design become essential for improvement of transient and oscillatory stability margins. To be able to develop and test these new devices and their controls it is necessary to have simulation package that allows accurate modeling of all power system components. Simulation environment has to be modular enough to allow frequent additions of new components without compromising overall …
An Analysis Of A Reformulated Emission Control Diesel Effects On Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Exhaust Emissions., Paidamoyo Andrea Nyika
An Analysis Of A Reformulated Emission Control Diesel Effects On Heavy-Duty Vehicle Diesel Exhaust Emissions., Paidamoyo Andrea Nyika
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Four fleets of heavy-duty diesel engine vehicles were emissions characterized using the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratory chassis dynamometer. Diesel exhaust emissions are comprised of a mixture of gases, liquid aerosols and substances made up of trace elements. They contain complex products of combustion including; carbon (soot), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and water. With tougher laws and regulations being implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to achieve cleaner air in the future, pressure has been mounting on vehicle users, factories, power …
Mechanisms Of Lung Injury Caused By Residual Oil Fly Ash: Role Of Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species., Anthony Brent Lewis
Mechanisms Of Lung Injury Caused By Residual Oil Fly Ash: Role Of Metal-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species., Anthony Brent Lewis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Inhalation of residual oil fly ash (ROFA) has been shown to increase pulmonary morbidity in exposed workers. We examined the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ROFA-Induced lung injury. ROFA (ROFA-Total) was suspended in saline, incubated, centrifuged, and separated into soluble (ROFA-Soluble) and insoluble (ROFA-Insoluble) fractions. The generation of ROS from ROFA samples was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with saline, ROFATotal, ROFA-Soluble, and ROFA-Insoluble (1 mg/ 100 g body wt). Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage cells were harvested at 4, 24, and 72 hours after instillation. Chemiluminescence, lipid peroxidation, and biochemical parameters …
A Computational Study Of Mixing In Stratified Liquid-Liquid Flows Using Analogy Between Heat And Mass Transfer., Andrew Charles Burt
A Computational Study Of Mixing In Stratified Liquid-Liquid Flows Using Analogy Between Heat And Mass Transfer., Andrew Charles Burt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Research is being conducted at West Virginia University (WVU) in collaboration with the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD) and Johns Hopkins University (JHU) to study the mixing that occurs during the refueling of U.S. naval vessels. These vessels employ a series of tanks to both store fuel and to maintain the balance of the ship by taking on seawater as the fuel is consumed. Hence, these are referred to as Compensated Fuel/Ballast Tanks (CFBT). This study is applicable to naval destroyers such as the DDG 51 (Arleigh Burke) class. Previous work by Umbel and Wilson under the direction …
A Break-Even Analysis Of Trout Processing In West Virginia: A Case Study Approach., Ryan M. Fincham
A Break-Even Analysis Of Trout Processing In West Virginia: A Case Study Approach., Ryan M. Fincham
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this study was to determine the current status of trout processing in West Virginia and to determine break-even quantities of whole pounds of trout required for the two main processors in the state. Simulation models were developed for each firm specific to the characteristics of the plant. Scenarios were developed according to historical demand for products and product profit margins determined by the model. Results show that the smaller of the plants experiences regional prices, which are higher than what the industry acquires. If the prices decrease, the plant will have to make changes in processing techniques …
Wv Dpms: District-Level Pavement Management System For West Virginia Doh District 5., Anthony W. Ford
Wv Dpms: District-Level Pavement Management System For West Virginia Doh District 5., Anthony W. Ford
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The motoring public has an expectation that they will be provided with roads that are both safe and in satisfactory condition. State highway agencies’ investment of public funds to keep roads in good condition pays large rewards in terms of savings for road users. Highway agencies using a Pavement Management System (PMS) will be provided with information for better decisions to ensure the tax-paying public gets the best value for their dollars. This project consists of developing a useful and efficient network-level PMS for District Five of the West Virginia Division of Highways. The study area includes the counties of …
The Quantification Of Oscillatory Force Parameters That Affect Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury In An In Vivo Rodent., Kenneth Bradley Geronilla
The Quantification Of Oscillatory Force Parameters That Affect Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury In An In Vivo Rodent., Kenneth Bradley Geronilla
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Skeletal muscle injury is a major concern in areas of occupational health and sports medicine. To date, the mechanisms responsible for muscle injury are not clearly understood. The objective of this research was to quantify the dynamic force parameters resulting from oscillatory contractions (stretch-shortening cycles), which are associated with skeletal muscle injury. An in vivo rodent experimental model was used to study the oscillatory contraction response of the dorsiflexor muscles in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In vivo testing of anesthetized animals was accomplished via a custom designed isokinetic rat dynamometer, which allowed for continuous monitoring of muscle force output. The rats …
Processing Improvement Of Moirã© Interferometry For Accurate Crack-Tip Deformation Measurement., Ridha Kamil
Processing Improvement Of Moirã© Interferometry For Accurate Crack-Tip Deformation Measurement., Ridha Kamil
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent research advancement of moiré interferometry has incorporated phase shifting, a technique for better accuracy and easier digital image processing. However, moiré interferometry with phase shifting also revealed some sensitivity problems. Background noise associated with the topography of the specimen and optical effect produces rough and discontinuous displacement fields, which makes it difficult to obtain accurate strains and stresses. In this research, two alternate methods that improve the sensitivity of moiré interferometry, with and without phase shifting is developed. The result is a smoother displacement fields with higher sensitivity at the crack tip area. A single edge notched bend specimen …
A Computational Study Of Mixing In A Liquid Jet Impinging On An Immiscible Liquid Layer., Sherif Mohamed Kandil
A Computational Study Of Mixing In A Liquid Jet Impinging On An Immiscible Liquid Layer., Sherif Mohamed Kandil
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Droplet formation is a phenomenon that has great significance in multiphase flows, and it takes place in many natural and man-made applications. The application of interest in this study is the turbulent mixing of Diesel fuel and seawater during the refueling process of naval ships outfitted with compensated fuel ballast tanks (CFBT). Several phenomena take place in fuel tanks that cause turbulent mixing and thus droplet formation. These phenomena include, among other phenomena, a stratified shear flow of two immiscible fluids of different densities, and a densely buoyant vertical jet flow of a higher density fluid impinging on a quiescent …