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The Mythical Speech Of Janine Antoni, Patrick L. Jones
The Mythical Speech Of Janine Antoni, Patrick L. Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The confrontation of societal myths has been a major concern of many female artists since the 1960s. However, confronting the ideological construction of myth is not enough to discredit it. The semiology of myth, according to Roland Barthes (1915-1980), simply absorbs this confrontation by placing the artist in the position of a signifier of the myth itself. Paradoxically, in order to discredit myth the artist must "speak the myth," in order to empty the ideological content of the myth through the adoption of mythical speech. This produces a counter-myth. Language as a vehicle of feminist expression has been a permeating …
Regulation Of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor By Reovirus In Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Kasturi Pal
Regulation Of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor By Reovirus In Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Kasturi Pal
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Most pathogens invade the human body through mucosal surfaces. Enteric viruses are one such group of pathogens that are of great public health significance because they cause a number of serious diseases including gastroenteritis, hepatitis and poliomyelitis. Gastrointestinal disease is the second most common cause of morbidity worldwide, with diarrhea ranking first among infectious diseases in the categories of frequency and mortality in children. The mucosal epithelium provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens by serving as the first sensors of microbial infection and launching an innate immune response that leads to the development of adaptive immunity. An …
Intestinal And Systemic Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte And Humoral Immune Responses To Oral And Parenteral Reovirus Infection, Jonathan Reid Fulton
Intestinal And Systemic Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte And Humoral Immune Responses To Oral And Parenteral Reovirus Infection, Jonathan Reid Fulton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This work was undertaken to determine effects of routes of infection with reovirus induction of responder cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Further, this work concerns differential effects of age on humoral and CTL responses following oral and parenteral reovirus infection. Despite considerable knowledge about non-intestinal systemic viral immunity, intestinal immune response to viral infection is less understood, and it remains unknown what differences, may occur in CTL populations induced by local viral infections in the intestine or systemic periphery.;We infected mice orally or in hind footpads with reovirus, serotype 1, strain Lang (TIL), and utilized flow cytometry to assess T cell …
High Frequencies Of Hiv-1 Recombination And The Evolutionary Potential Of A Hybrid Retrovirus, Terence D. Rhodes
High Frequencies Of Hiv-1 Recombination And The Evolutionary Potential Of A Hybrid Retrovirus, Terence D. Rhodes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Retroviruses have a great capacity to evolve in order to over come selection pressures in the environment. Such evolutional power comes from the high mutation rate and the high viral titers that can ensue during an infection. Mutation generates variation in the viral genome. In addition, previous reports found that retroviruses recombine at a relatively high rate. These sources of variation can then be exploited by the population to ensure the presence of advantageous mutations, which become amplified during virus propagation. Because the adaptability is based on the evolutionary potential of the virus, it is essential to study the mechanisms …
Learning And Developing Professional Behaviors As Part Of An Entry-Level Physical Therapy Education: A Survey Of Students And Practicing Clinicians, D. Scott Davis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the state of professionalism in the physical therapy profession. The literature suggests that professionalism is a concern in many professions including medicine, law, nursing, audiology, and physical therapy. Two separate but parallel surveys were used to identify the opinions and experiences of physical therapy students and licensed physical therapists. The student survey consisted of a four-page paper and pencil survey that was mailed to 20 randomly selected CAPTE accredited physical therapy programs. Of the 1,525 available students, 336 (22%) physical therapy students participated in the investigation. The clinician survey consisted of a …
An Evaluation Of Vibration And Other Effects On The Accuracy Of Grip And Push Force Recall, Thomas W. Mcdowell
An Evaluation Of Vibration And Other Effects On The Accuracy Of Grip And Push Force Recall, Thomas W. Mcdowell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Operators of vibratory hand tools can be at risk of developing health problems associated with repeated forceful actions and exposure to intense hand-transmitted vibration. To better assess health risks, comprehensive risk evaluations of these tasks must include quantitative assessments of hand-tool coupling forces. Researchers have used instrumentation for such measurements; but those techniques may be ill-suited for certain field environments. Psychophysical force-recall techniques have been proposed as alternatives to handle instrumentation. This study comprised two experiments that examined the effects of vibration and other factors upon force-recall accuracy and reliability. In each experiment, participants applied specific grip and push forces …
The Development Of A Typology For Interracial Relationships, Juan M. D'Brot
The Development Of A Typology For Interracial Relationships, Juan M. D'Brot
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether Foeman and Nance's (1999) model of interracial relationship development could be adapted into a generalizable interracial relationship typology and whether there would be distinct differences in the affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions of each stage. Long-table analysis of four focus group interviews confirmed differences among the four stages of Foeman and Nance's model. Further examination of focus group transcripts revealed differences between the affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimension of each stage, but few differences between the affective and cognitive dimensions across stages. Implications for the study of relationship development, limitations, and …
Benefits To Signal Timing Optimization And Its To Corridor Operations, Darian Glitz
Benefits To Signal Timing Optimization And Its To Corridor Operations, Darian Glitz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Traffic signals are one of the primary constraints on corridor capacity in the highway/arterial network. The amount traffic is impeded is heavily dependent on the quality of the signal timings.;The purpose of this research was to conduct a case study of a congested corridor to demonstrate the benefits of traffic signal retiming/optimization on corridor operations. Tactically, this research involved development and application of a methodology to develop and assess signal timing plan alternatives. The research demonstrated the benefits in terms of delay, travel time, emissions, and fuel consumption. Strategically, this project can be used to provide a concrete example of …
Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy
Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An increase in the quantity of food is required to meet the demand of an increasing in the population. The agricultural industry continues to grow to meet this demand. This thesis focuses on a new method to deal with the increasing amount of animal waste that is produced as a result of the increasing food demand. By reacting animal waste with an aqueous solution and diesel fuel, a major fraction of the waste becomes a diesel fuel extender. The extended diesel fuel contains no ash and has a viscosity similar to conventional diesel fuel. The extended diesel fuel contains 20% …
Summer Home Range, Habitat Use, Movements, And Activity Patterns Of River Otters (Lontra Canadensis) In The Killbuck Watershed, Northeastern Ohio, David A. Helon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
River otters (Lontra canadensis), one of the most aquatic Mustelids, are important components of riparian systems and are an important fur-bearing species. Several studies evaluating post-release survival and movements have been conducted; however, there have been deficient long-term studies to determine the status of these river otter populations once established. During 2002 and 2003m 16 river otters (7 female, 9 male) were trapped and radio-tagged. Overall, mean female home range size was 802.4 ha and mean male home range size was 1,101.7 ha. Mean home range size was similar between genders in 2002, but was greater for males than females …
Knowledge And Attitudes Of West Virginia Extension Agents And High School Agricultural Educators With Regard To Meat Goats And The Meat Goat Industry, Angela L. Kirk
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes on meat goats and the meat goat industry in West Virginia by West Virginia Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers. A descriptive research design was selected for the study. A mailed questionnaire was sent to 51 Extension agents and 88 agriculture teachers who were the accessible population. Of the 139 agriculture educators 99 responded to the survey, for a response rate of 71.2%. A majority (67.1%) of Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers have noticed an increase in the meat goat industry in their areas and …
Sensitivity Comparison Evaluation Of Computer-Generated Three Dimensional Surface Topography To Conventional Maxillofacial Radiographic Imagery, Michael A. Hazey Iii
Sensitivity Comparison Evaluation Of Computer-Generated Three Dimensional Surface Topography To Conventional Maxillofacial Radiographic Imagery, Michael A. Hazey Iii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Objectives. LumenIQ's ImageIQ software enhances conventional radiographs by adding 3-D depth. This study evaluated whether a preference exists for ImageIQ format versus conventional radiographs, determined whether ImageIQ format is as sensitive as 2-D radiographs when detecting existing periodontal defects and simulated periodontal defects. Methods. 34 dental practitioners compared 12 radiographic cases with ImagelQ format. A panel of evaluators classified periodontal defects from 2-D radiographs and ImageIQ images. Simulated periodontal defects were radiographed with various radiographic variables altered, converted to ImageIQ 3-D format, and measured to evaluate the ImageIQ format compared to the 2-D control. Results . ImageIQ format showed improved …
Spatial Variation In Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis ) Population Dynamics And Juvenile Recruitment Potential In An Appalachian Watershed, Zachary W. Liller
Spatial Variation In Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis ) Population Dynamics And Juvenile Recruitment Potential In An Appalachian Watershed, Zachary W. Liller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
I examined the spatial variation in brook trout population dynamics and juvenile recruitment potential in the upper Shavers Fork watershed, West Virginia. The objectives of my research were to (1) identify physico-chemical factors contributing to the spatial variation in the abundance of juvenile brook trout within small basin area stream reaches, (2) quantify patterns of brook trout distribution, movement, and post reproductive demographic parameters across multiple spatial scales, and (3) place the upper Shavers Fork watershed brook trout population along the continuum of watershed-scale metapopulation models. I sampled brook trout population size structure, physical habitat, and water chemistry at the …
Comparison Of Parenting Practices, Acculturation, And The Acceptability Of Behavioral Parent Training Programs Between A Native American And A Non-Native American Sample, Joshua J. Masse
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Behavioral parent training (BPT) has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for children with disruptive behavior disorders. Although a great deal of promising research concerning BPT exists, it is important to recognize that current BPT programs were developed and normed based on European-American ideologies regarding parenting, with the assumption that these programs will apply to parents from cultural minority groups as well. The current study evaluated differences in parenting practices between a sample of Native American parents and non-Native parents. In addition, group differences regarding sensitivity and acceptability of techniques that are commonly used in BPT programs were …
Mechanisms Of Environmental Carcinogenesis And Metal -Induced Cellular Signaling, Jacquelyn Jo Bower
Mechanisms Of Environmental Carcinogenesis And Metal -Induced Cellular Signaling, Jacquelyn Jo Bower
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Low dose chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens is a major cause of human cancers. More than 375 known or suspected environmental carcinogens have been identified, many of which are transition metals or metal containing compounds (IARC, updated to 2004, http://www-cie.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.html). Although much research has focused on the ability of these metals to induce reactive oxygen species formation (ROS), DNA damage, and apoptosis, less effort has been put forth to examine the cellular signaling mechanisms responsible for these effects. Our experimental research has focused on the signaling pathways induced in response to arsenic exposure. Arsenic is a highly interesting transition metal …
Chemotherapy Disrupts Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Function, Suzanne Davis Clutter
Chemotherapy Disrupts Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Function, Suzanne Davis Clutter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A variety of bone marrow microenvironment derived signals influence steady state hematopoiesis as well as hematopoietic recovery following bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow stromal cells found in this unique anatomical niche influence hematopoiesis, in pail, through production of soluble cytokines and chemokines. Developmental signals are also initiated by physical interaction of hematopoietic progenitor cells with stromal cells which are mediated by binding of their integrins to receptors on the stromal cell surface. Finally, the extracellular matrix, including many components produced by stromal cells, provides structure as well as a scaffold on which hematopoietic growth factors can be concentrated and stabilized …
Oxidative Stress In Skin Induced By Chemical And Physical Agents, Ashley Rebecca Murray
Oxidative Stress In Skin Induced By Chemical And Physical Agents, Ashley Rebecca Murray
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Free radicals threaten various tissues and are involved in the development and progression of many pathological states and diseases. More than other tissues, the skin is exposed to a variety of chemical, environmental, and physical agents which are capable of inducing radical formation resulting in the development of oxidative stress. The skin possesses an elaborate antioxidant network to deal with reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, excessive exposure and/or radical production can overwhelm the antioxidant capabilities of the skin causing oxidative damage to proteins, DNA, and lipids. The central hypothesis of these studies is that exposure to oxidizible chemicals and/or environmental …
Effects Of Environmental Factors On The Paternal Brood Pouch And Sound Production In Two Sympatric Pipefish Species From The Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, Jennifer L. Ripley
Effects Of Environmental Factors On The Paternal Brood Pouch And Sound Production In Two Sympatric Pipefish Species From The Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, Jennifer L. Ripley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pipefishes and seahorses of the family Syngnathidae are important inhabitants of diminishing grass beds threatened by excessive nutrient loads, sedimentation, and chemical contaminants. This research examined the influence of these environmental factors on two sympatric pipefishes from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia. Syngnathids are characterized by a unique mode of reproduction in which the male carries developing embryos in a placenta-like ventral brood pouch until the fry are free-swimming. Interspecific comparisons revealed differences in parental nutrient allocation to embryos. In Syngnathus fuscus, females produce nutritionally poor eggs and males implant developing embryos adjacent to blood vessels. The loose connection between eggs …
An Economic Valuation Of Improved Water Quality In Opequon Watershed, Matthew C. Benson
An Economic Valuation Of Improved Water Quality In Opequon Watershed, Matthew C. Benson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Opequon watershed is in northern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia. In both states, Opequon Creek is classified as impaired due to violation of the bacteria standard and the narrative General Standard. Both states are using Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) plans to improve water quality. As part of the TMDL process, a contingent valuation survey was developed which would measure the benefits of improved water quality in Opequon watershed. Five thousand surveys were mailed to households in West Virginia and Virginia. Median willingness-to-pay (WTP) values were estimated from grouped tobit models. For in-state water quality improvements, …
A Comprehensive Analysis Of The Determinants Of State Medicaid Prescription Drug Expenditures, Sanjoy Roy
A Comprehensive Analysis Of The Determinants Of State Medicaid Prescription Drug Expenditures, Sanjoy Roy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Prescription drug payments are the fastest growing and most widely varying expenditures across state Medicaid programs. To aid health policy efforts, this study identified determinants of drug utilization and expenditures using Andersen's Behavior Model of Health Services Utilization. A Structure Equation Model was built using five-year data for 48 states, to test relationships among the latent constructs of policy, access, predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, and need for healthcare; and, their influence on drug utilization. Only predisposing characteristics and enabling resources showed significant effects on drug utilization. Cluster Analysis classified state Medicaid programs into eight groups that differ on federal matching, …
Women's Livelihood Strategies In Diverse Contexts: Constructing Feminist Topographies In Appalachia And South Africa, Amy Danielle Pratt
Women's Livelihood Strategies In Diverse Contexts: Constructing Feminist Topographies In Appalachia And South Africa, Amy Danielle Pratt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation investigates the livelihoods of women heading households in rural parts of Appalachia and South Africa and develops a conceptual and methodological framework for transnational, comparative feminist research. Situated within a feminist geographical framework that is informed by feminist materialism and livelihoods analyses, it focuses on both historical and contemporary socioeconomic, cultural, and political forces at various scales of analysis that either enable or restrict women's ways of 'making due' in the two regions. The study focuses on five counties in northern West Virginia in the Appalachian region and Limpopo, including the former bantustan of Venda, in South Africa …
An Assessment Of Impacts Of Mute Swans (Cygnus Olor) On Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (Sav) In Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Ketan Shrikant Tatu
An Assessment Of Impacts Of Mute Swans (Cygnus Olor) On Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (Sav) In Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, Ketan Shrikant Tatu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mute Swans (Cygnus olor) contribute to the localized decline in Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) through foraging in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. I assessed intensity of feeding activity of 868 Mute Swans in non-breeding flocks and breeding pairs through focal sampling during 2003 and 2004. I also assessed SAV reduction due to Mute Swan herbivory by measuring difference in percent cover, shoot density, and canopy height among 2 year controls (n = 54), 2 year exclosures (n = 54), and 1 year exclosures (n = 54) at 18 sites on the eastern shore during the same time period. Analyses of the …
Cerulean Warbler Selection Of Forest Canopy Gaps, Kelly A. Perkins
Cerulean Warbler Selection Of Forest Canopy Gaps, Kelly A. Perkins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Forest canopy gaps are through to be an important component in Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) habitat. This study examined the selection of forest canopy gaps within Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) territories and in core areas of territories on the Lewis Wetzel Wildlife Management Area and surrounding properties in Wetzel County, West Virginia in 2004 and 2005. The study objectives were to (1) determine the use and selection of gaps according to type, size, and structure, (2) determine if gap size was related to gap density, total gap area (%), or perimeter amount, and (3) determine if distances of territories to …
Effects Of Various Environmental Parameters On The Reduction Of Arsenic(V) To Arsenic(Iii) By Dissolved Organic Matter., Tsanangurayi Tongesayi
Effects Of Various Environmental Parameters On The Reduction Of Arsenic(V) To Arsenic(Iii) By Dissolved Organic Matter., Tsanangurayi Tongesayi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of inorganic As(V) with Suwannee River fulvic acid (FA) in aqueous solutions and in real samples. Samples of inorganic As(V) were incubated with FA under various solution conditions and aliquots from the incubated samples were taken at various time intervals and analyzed for As(III) using square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The study demonstrated the following important aspects of As speciation: (1) FA can significantly reduce As(V) to As(III), (2) Reduction of As(V) to As(III) is a function of pH, (3) Reduction of As(V) to …
George Eliot And The Anxious Construction Of The Domestic Other: Racial Inheritance, Radical Femininity And Masculinity, And National Identity In "The Spanish Gypsy" And "Daniel Deronda"., Christina E. Godlewski
George Eliot And The Anxious Construction Of The Domestic Other: Racial Inheritance, Radical Femininity And Masculinity, And National Identity In "The Spanish Gypsy" And "Daniel Deronda"., Christina E. Godlewski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation seeks to articulate the extent to which George Eliot engages in an active dialogue with contemporary scientific thought, particularly in respect to England's Jewish and Gypsy populations. I examine The Spanish Gypsy and Daniel Deronda to determine Eliot's position in relation to ideologies on race, gender, and class. Eliot's texts manage to expose some of the contradictions regarding these two "domestic others" within the dominant discourses of the Victorian period. Chapter one sets out my critical and methodological framework and foregrounds the discursive proximity between the Gypsies, the Jews, the working classes, and women in the Victorian period. …
De Novo Asymmetric Syntheses Of Biologically Important Natural Products: Phomopsolide D, Phomopsolide E, Milbemycin Beta3 And Apicularen A., Miaosheng Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
De novo asymmetric synthesis is a strategy that uses asymmetric catalysis to construct chiral molecules from achiral starting materials. One of the advantages of this strategy is that we can synthesize numerous stereoisomers (e.g. the enantiomers) of the target natural product for biological testing. Substituted α,β-unsaturated δ-lactones are an important class of natural products with a wide range of biological activity. Many synthetic methodologies have been developed to synthesize this core structure. However, they depended on either performing kinetic resolutions or chiral starting materials (e.g. carbohydrates). We envisioned using catalytic asymmetric catalysis (de novo approach) to synthesize these complex molecules. …
Iqgap1 Knockdown Enhances The Endothelial Barrier In Vitro, Wentao Zhang
Iqgap1 Knockdown Enhances The Endothelial Barrier In Vitro, Wentao Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
IQGAP1 overexpression inhibits E-cadherin-mediated epithelial cell-cell adhesion by distabilizing the adherens junctions, and activated Rac1 and Cdc42 may prevent these effects by removing IQGAP1 from the adherens junction complex. In the present study, we determined if IQGAP1 associates with the adherens junction of endothelial cells and affects endothelial barrier function. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), IQGAP1 associated with VE-cadherin, the catenins, beta, gamma, alpha, and p120, but not with N-cadherin or the tight junction proteins, occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1. Detergent extracted most of the IQGAP1 associated with VE-cadherin. Treatment of endothelial cells with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which increases the …
The Use Of Β-Actin Mrna Degradation To Estimate Bloodstain Age, Kristin Nicole Nestor
The Use Of Β-Actin Mrna Degradation To Estimate Bloodstain Age, Kristin Nicole Nestor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The time of deposition of biological samples at a crime scene is vital for interpreting the value of the samples in cases where the location by itself is not incriminating. Previous work from our laboratory showed a method to estimate the bloodstain age by using reverse transcription real-time PCR based on the amount of RNA decay of 18S compared to β-actin. In order to eliminate variability in expression levels between 18S and β-actin, an approach utilizing two differently sized regions of the β-actin gene was investigated. Results indicated ethnicity, age, and gender of the individual from whom the blood was …
The Effects Of Residual Trees On Regeneration Dynamics Following A Diameter Limit Harvest, Travis J. Deluca
The Effects Of Residual Trees On Regeneration Dynamics Following A Diameter Limit Harvest, Travis J. Deluca
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Ten years after diameter-limit cutting, shading from residual trees had a negative effect on regeneration growth in three Appalachian hardwood stands. Regardless of shade tolerance, saplings growing outside the crown shading of residual overstory trees had higher densities and were taller and larger in diameter. Most shade-intolerant and mid-tolerant species decreased in total height and diameter as overstory basal area increased. Black cherry height (p<0.0001) and diameter (p=0.0002) had a significant negative relationship with increasing overstory basal area. Total height of shade-tolerant species was not affected and diameter showed a positive relationship. Red maple diameter had a significant positive relationship (p<0.0001) with increasing overstory basal area. Rehabilitation of stands after diameter-limit cutting requires silvicultural release operations to reduce competition in the new cohort.
Mass Spectrometric Investigation Of Metallothionein And Ionic Liquids Using Electrospray Ion Source Coupled With Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Analyzer, Yuchen Lu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Electrospray is a well-developed ionization technique for transferring intact dissolved molecules from liquid into the gas-phase through a capillary emitter. As a 'soft' ionization method, intact molecules are transformed and are ready for mass identification and structure characterization. Quadrupole ion traps are versatile mass analyzers and are well-known for the capability to perform tandem mass scans by which the structural information can be obtained.;Collision-induced dissociation (CID) is applicable used in quadrupole ion trap to produce fragment ions. Metal-protein bond dissociation properties were studied by the tandem mass spectrometry. Binding properties of metal ions and ligand groups on peptide chains were …