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Articles 2281 - 2310 of 3673
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Examining The Influence Of Indicator Variables On Crowding And Visitor Experience: A Case Study Of The White Salmon River In Washington, Candace L. Weaver
Examining The Influence Of Indicator Variables On Crowding And Visitor Experience: A Case Study Of The White Salmon River In Washington, Candace L. Weaver
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to assess social carrying capacity on the White Salmon River. The study chose a series of evaluative standards and indicator variables to test the relationship between possible predictors and feelings of crowding for river users. The study also sought to discover any relationships between the user's feelings of crowding and overall visitor satisfaction. Interviews and surveys were conducted during the summer of 2009 onsite at the three possible White Salmon River whitewater exit points. The findings were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. It was found that river users were very satisfied with their river …
Synthesis Of Helical And Bowl-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Via Benzannulated Enyne-Allenes, Bo Wen
Synthesis Of Helical And Bowl-Shaped Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Via Benzannulated Enyne-Allenes, Bo Wen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The cascade radical cyclization of the benzannulated enyne-allenes provides an efficient synthetic pathway to a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Three indeno-fused 4,5-diheteroarylphenanthrenes were synthesized by thermolysis of corresponding benzannulated enyne-allenes. Its X-ray structure shows that the substituents at C4 and C5 positions of the phenanthryl system are essentially parallel to each other and cause severe helical twist of the structures. The presence of two terpyridyl units in 2.2c allowed it to be used as a ligand for the synthesis of dinuclear ruthenium(II) bis(terpyridine) complexes possessing severe helical twists.;Several 1,4-naphthoquinone methides were synthesized via an unusual acid-catalyzed cascade cyclization sequence …
Long-Term Climate Trend In Mid-Atlantic Region, Usa, Chenjie Wu
Long-Term Climate Trend In Mid-Atlantic Region, Usa, Chenjie Wu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Climate change on global scale has been studied by many researchers while regional studies are limited. The most recent international summary of climate change science (IPCC 2007) suggested a remarkable trend of increasing global surface temperature but no statistically significant trend in precipitation on a global average due to large variability in both space and time. Thus, this study focused on detecting climate changes and effects in the Mid-Atlantic Region, an important ecological system in the US and the world. Climate data from 25 stations with daily measurements for more than 100 years from the National Climate Data Center were …
The Role Of Nonmuscle Myosin Iia In Endothelial Cell, Jing Zhu
The Role Of Nonmuscle Myosin Iia In Endothelial Cell, Jing Zhu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Myosins are molecular motors that convert chemical energy into mechanical force. Vertebrate cells contain three myosin II isoforms, designated as myosin IIA, IIB and IIC, and each isoform has unique biochemical and biophysical charasterics. It is generally accepted that all three isoforms are involved in regulating actin structures and cell contraction. However, it is unknown what role(s) each isoform plays in maintaining actin structures and generating cellular force. Experiments presented in this thesis will begin to document what role myosin IIA plays in endothelial cell contraction and actin dynamics.;Myosin IIA ablated from endothelial cells by infection with adenovirus encoding a …
Assessing The Influence Of Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge, Perception Of Personal Risk, And Delay Discounting Of Future Health On Diet And Physical Activity, Kimberly Bosworth Blake
Assessing The Influence Of Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge, Perception Of Personal Risk, And Delay Discounting Of Future Health On Diet And Physical Activity, Kimberly Bosworth Blake
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) can be favorably impacted by healthful diet and physical activity, health care providers face a population that generally exhibits unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles. Identifying strategies to improve the effectiveness of health care provider guidance is urgently needed to reduce CHD risk. The objective of this series of studies was to determine the association between CHD knowledge, perceived risk, and delay discounting and diet and physical activity (PA) levels in adults. The research design was cross-sectional and the methods included an online survey to obtain information regarding CHD knowledge, perceived …
Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy Regimes And Population Health: Assessing Causal Loops, Stephanie J. Frisbee
Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy Regimes And Population Health: Assessing Causal Loops, Stephanie J. Frisbee
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tobacco products remain among the most controversial consumer products of all time: cigarettes are the only legal product that, when used as intended, are lethal. The global and individual burden attributable to the primary use of tobacco, or secondary or tertiary exposure to cigarette smoke, whether measured by morbidity, mortality, or economic costs, is substantial. With the combined efforts of scientific research, public health and policy advocates, the image and use of tobacco products has undergone profound change. However, while much has been achieved regarding the attitudinal, behavioral, and policy changes needed to diminish the individual, social, and economic costs …
Burden Of Care And Health -Related Quality Of Life Among Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rahul Khanna
Burden Of Care And Health -Related Quality Of Life Among Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rahul Khanna
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Caring for a child with autism is a challenging experience for parents, who also have to assume the role of a caregiver. Several studies have documented the occurrence of negative outcomes among caregivers of children with autism. Autism has been shown to affect every aspect of caregivers' lives, whether it is their mental health, physical health, financial health, or social health. The purpose of this study was to gather in-depth information about the impact of autism on primary caregivers. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used for this purpose. As part of the project, three studies were conducted. Data …
Analysis Of Carrion Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Population Genetics Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (Aflp) Profiles., Christine J. Picard
Analysis Of Carrion Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Population Genetics Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (Aflp) Profiles., Christine J. Picard
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Worldwide, there are over 1000 species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Blow flies display a variety of habits, however they are best known for their role in the decomposition of carrion. As yet, there are few studies of their population genetic structure, although such data would contribute to such fields as pest management, taxonomy, forensic entomology and veterinary medicine. Although it is typically assumed that carrion fly populations are panmictic, this has been disputed. This research focused on developing a new protocol to understand the population genetic structure in carrion flies using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles. My specific …
Mechanism For Heterogeneous Reduction Of Selenite By Zero Valent Iron-Steel Wool., Donglin Huang
Mechanism For Heterogeneous Reduction Of Selenite By Zero Valent Iron-Steel Wool., Donglin Huang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although selenium is as essential element for animal and human growth, selenium released from coal mining process and coal combustion residues to surface and groundwater may cause toxicity to aquatic life. There is urgent need for an easy and accurate analytical method to speciate and determine trace selenium concentrations in waters impacted by coal mine drainage, and treatment technique to remove selenium from aqueous solution. The primary objective of present work is to develop a speciation procedure and analytical method for inorganic selenium species (Se0, SeIV, SeVI) with Multimode Sample Introduction System-Inductive Coupled Plasma Optic Emission Spectrometer (MSIS-ICP). Experiments showed …
Artificial Neural Networks For Reservoir Level Detection Of Carbon Dioxide Seepage Location Using Permanent Down-Hole Pressure Data., Jalal Jalali
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Monitoring the potential seepage of CO2 is a required practice for any CO2 sequestration project. Monitoring is used in order to ensure the efficiency of the sequestration process and that the CO 2 will remain in the target formation for extended periods of time. Different techniques that exist in the literature differ based on their resolution and location of their application. Monitoring techniques can be divided into three categories: surface techniques, which measure CO2 at or above the surface, shallow depth techniques, which monitor the concentration of CO2 in soil or shallow aquifers, or deep techniques, which monitor CO2 movement …
Considering The Curricular Impact Of Lactation Consulting/Counseling On Breastfeeding Decisions Within Two West Virginia County Wic Programs., Joni M. Johnson Gray
Considering The Curricular Impact Of Lactation Consulting/Counseling On Breastfeeding Decisions Within Two West Virginia County Wic Programs., Joni M. Johnson Gray
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Due to a glaring absence of research into the breastfeeding decisions of Appalachian women, this study investigates the potential influences of the WIC program and its counseling on the infant feeding decisions of West Virginia women. Using the lens of critical theory, the study employs a mixed methods research approach, including the distribution of a breastfeeding perception survey, extended interviews with WIC lactation consultants and an analysis of WV WIC’s proposed and practiced breastfeeding education curriculum. Results suggest that WV mothers are informed about the benefits of breastfeeding, but not necessarily from interactions with the WIC program. Rather, a latent …
The Evaluation Of Virulent And Hypovirulent Inocula Of The Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria Parasitica, To Incite Infection And Spermatize Virulent Cankers., Shawn C. Kenaley
The Evaluation Of Virulent And Hypovirulent Inocula Of The Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria Parasitica, To Incite Infection And Spermatize Virulent Cankers., Shawn C. Kenaley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Transgenic hypovirulent (HV) strains of Cryphonectria parasitica [Murrill] M.E. Barr engineered to contain an infectious cDNA copy of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (Hypoviridae; CHV1) may provide an efficient mechanism to introduce hypoviruses into genetically heterogeneous populations of the chestnut blight fungus. However, elucidating the factors that affect the infection of chestnut and spread of C. parasitica is needed to fully utilize the potential of transgenic HV strains for the biological control of chestnut blight. In one study, three experiments were conducted at a forested site near Bartow, West Virginia. The seasonality of HV and virulent canker development was measured in the …
Numerical Modeling Of Near-Surface Carbon Dioxide Migration With Barometric Pumping Effects., Guoxiang Liu
Numerical Modeling Of Near-Surface Carbon Dioxide Migration With Barometric Pumping Effects., Guoxiang Liu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
With anthropogenic activities, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has dramatically risen, very likely resulting in global warming and climate change. Capturing and disposing of the produced CO2 in geological formations can mitigate this problem provided that there is no substantial leakage from the subsurface back to atmosphere for hundreds of years. The detection of any CO2 leakage is essential to verify that the sequestration is effective, to initiate corrective actions if leakage is discovered, and to accurately assign storage credits in a "cap and trade" regulatory system. Natural fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are one factor that influences the …
Engendering Clinical Competencies In Physician Assistant Programs: A Mixed Study Of Marietta College's Student Assessment Of Learning And Professional Practice., William A. Childers
Engendering Clinical Competencies In Physician Assistant Programs: A Mixed Study Of Marietta College's Student Assessment Of Learning And Professional Practice., William A. Childers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study involved the physician assistant clinical competencies. Marietta College Physician Assistant alumni were surveyed both quantitatively as well as qualitatively about how well engendered they became with the physician assistant competencies as a result of their completion of the program. Although data did show all competency means to be perceived as average in nature, several statistically significant differences were found when analyzed using demographic data. Recommendations for future research should compare the competencies and gender as well as reassess the weakest areas of each competency.
The Effects Of A Phytogenic Feed Additive Versus An Antibiotic Feed Additive On Oxidative Stress In Broiler Chicks And A Possible Mechanism Determined By Electron Spin Resonance And The Effect Of Allopurinol, Uric Acid Sodium Salt Administration, And Inosine On Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity And Plasma Uric Acid In Broilers., Tabatha L. Settle
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the first study was to compare a phytogenic feed additive and an antibiotic feed additive when measuring oxidative stress in young broilers. Phytogenic feed additives are plantderived products used in poultry feeding to improve overall performance of broilers. Although the precise mechanism by which the increased growth rate is realized remains uncertain, these products have antioxidant components that are known to reduce oxidative stress. This is considered important in that reactive oxygen species (ROS), the causative factor of oxidative stress, can result in damage to biological systems within the bird. In this study, 588 one day-old Cobb …
Applications Of Krische Allylation Towards Natural Product Synthesis., Melvin Rajaratnam
Applications Of Krische Allylation Towards Natural Product Synthesis., Melvin Rajaratnam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A short asymmetric synthesis of the anti-cancer natural product Rugulactone has been attempted. The synthetic route begins with a mono-Krische allylation of 1,3-propane diol resulting in (S)-hex-5-ene-1,3-diol. Acylation followed by ring closing metathesis (RCM) led to the desired α-pyranone core. Similarly, we focused on the bis-Krische allylation, selective acylation and the RCM sequence towards total synthesis of various αpyranone natural products and their analogues. The progress toward this synthesis is described.
Looking Back: Primary Decision Makers' Narratives About The Decision To Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment From A Family Member., Jean M. Seifarth
Looking Back: Primary Decision Makers' Narratives About The Decision To Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment From A Family Member., Jean M. Seifarth
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background. Advances in biomedical and critical care technology make it possible to prolong life in patients with severe illness or injury; however, these innovations render choices regarding Life-Sustaining Treatments (LST) more complex for the decision maker. This study addressed a gap in the literature regarding how primary decision makers reflected on the time they were responsible for making a critical decision to withdraw LST for their family member who experienced an unexpected illness or trauma. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the primary decision makers’ narratives about the decision to withdraw Life Sustaining Treatment (LST) of a …
Evaluation Of Industrial Promoted Agroforestry In Andhra Pradesh And Madhya Pradesh, India, Brian D. Mcdonald
Evaluation Of Industrial Promoted Agroforestry In Andhra Pradesh And Madhya Pradesh, India, Brian D. Mcdonald
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In many parts of the world, pulp and paper companies are becoming heavily dependent on private agroforestry schemes. With growing demand for wood fiber and limited commercial land to grow it on, the forest industry is continually turning to private farmers and individuals to contract timber. In order to alleviate this problem, many companies have turned to out-grower schemes to supply wood to the mills. Local farmers now have the opportunity to benefit from company extension and supplies, and in return, the company can guarantee its supply of raw materials.;A recent trend in agriculture is adding trees to farmers? traditional …
Cloning And Characterization Of A Novel Oocyte-Specific Gene Fbos Encoding An F-Box Protein In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), Lei Wang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Oocyte-specific genes play critical roles in oogenesis, folliculogenesis and early embryonic development. Through analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a rainbow trout oocyte cDNA library, we identified a novel transcript which is represented by multiple ESTs derived only from the oocyte cDNA library. Analysis of tissue distribution of the novel Fbos gene by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed that the novel gene is only expressed in unfertilized oocytes but not in 10 somatic tissues examined. Northern blot analysis showed the transcript size is approximately 2.1 kb. The full-length cDNA sequence for the novel gene Fbos was obtained by …
Preparing Medical Students To Counsel For Smoking Cessation, Aubree M. Guiffre
Preparing Medical Students To Counsel For Smoking Cessation, Aubree M. Guiffre
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Smoking is a national epidemic. Medical providers are the first line of defense to help patients reduce or stop smoking. However, smoking cessation counseling does not occur consistently or regularly. Medical providers must be trained to counsel for smoking cessation, with certain areas requiring attention in order for the training to be successful. There is a relationship between medical students who have high rates of self-efficacy related to smoking cessation counseling and high rates of actual counseling. Understanding the relationships between knowledge, skills, attitudes, and the medical school year in training on self-efficacy is important to better prepare medical students …
The Role Of Urban Forests In Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study Of Savannah, Ga, Stacy L. Casinelli
The Role Of Urban Forests In Sustainable Tourism Development: A Case Study Of Savannah, Ga, Stacy L. Casinelli
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to identify a range of stakeholder (tourism providers, resource managers, elected officials, tour operators and tourists) perceptions, issues and concerns of Savannah, Georgia's, urban forests to help develop opportunities for the growing sustainable tourism industry. Stakeholder interviews were conducted using an open ended, semi-structured questionnaire. Based on the three dimensions and the scope of sustainable development, the themes, trends and patterns that emerged were utilized to assess the current issues facing Savannah's urban forest. Through content data analysis, four overarching themes surfaced: development, preservation, balance, and diversity. The results of this study indicate a …
Immunity-Based Detection, Identification, And Evaluation Of Aircraft Sub-System Failures, Hever Y. Moncayo
Immunity-Based Detection, Identification, And Evaluation Of Aircraft Sub-System Failures, Hever Y. Moncayo
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis describes the design, development, and flight-simulation testing of an integrated Artificial Immune System (AIS) for detection, identification, and evaluation of a wide variety of sensor, actuator, propulsion, and structural failures/damages including the prediction of the achievable states and other limitations on performance and handling qualities. The AIS scheme achieves high detection rate and low number of false alarms for all the failure categories considered. Data collected using a motion-based flight simulator are used to define the self for an extended sub-region of the flight envelope. The NASA IFCS F-15 research aircraft model is used and represents a supersonic …
Variation Among Phytophthora Cinnamomi Isolates From Oak Forest Soils In The Eastern United States, Jordan E. Eggers
Variation Among Phytophthora Cinnamomi Isolates From Oak Forest Soils In The Eastern United States, Jordan E. Eggers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates, collected from eastern US forest soils, were studied to determine the extent of phenotypic, genotypic, and pathogenic variation present. Four microsatellite loci were targeted for genetic analysis. Phenotypic characteristics measured were sporangia length, width, and length:width ratio; chlamydospore, oogonia, and oospore diameter; antheridia width, colony morphology on PDA; and colony growth rate on clarified V8 agar at 20°C, 24°C, 28°C, and 32°C. Red oak logs were inoculated with select isolates to determine relative pathogenicity. Microsatellite analysis showed that the genetic variability of the eastern US oak forest P. cinnamomi isolates was low. Isolates were grouped into two …
Evaluation Of The Expansion Of Behavioral Health Services In A Rural, Primary Care Clinic: A Pilot Project, Carolyn L. Donovan
Evaluation Of The Expansion Of Behavioral Health Services In A Rural, Primary Care Clinic: A Pilot Project, Carolyn L. Donovan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The trend towards integrated behavioral health and primary care services has been supported by the literature. To meet the growing demand for such services, one rural primary care clinic initiated and evaluated a pilot program increasing the number of behavioral health providers. One additional counselor was hired for six hours a week for twelve weeks. The aim of the evaluation was to determine if there was an increase in availability of services, improved communication about referred patients among providers, and increased satisfaction among patients. While outcomes were not statistically significant, positive changes were noted in all areas. The implementation was …
Climatic And Edaphic Influences On The Radial Growth Of Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana), Smoke Hole Canyon, West Virginia, Joshua A. Wixom
Climatic And Edaphic Influences On The Radial Growth Of Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana), Smoke Hole Canyon, West Virginia, Joshua A. Wixom
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The annual variability observed in tree-ring records has been used to reconstruct climate conditions at the local, regional, and global scales. Dendrochronology, the study of tree rings, has typically focused on locations where trees are limited by a single climatic variable (i.e. temperature or moisture availability) at the limits of their range. Individual trees, however, may be limited by one or more variables well within their ecological range. This can occur when individuals are located on ecologically extreme sites where soil moisture and chemistry or increased evapotranspiration impede a tree's ability to grow.;This study examines factors affecting radial growth of …
(Re)Construct: Exploring Objecthood In A Digital Age, Patrick L. Jones
(Re)Construct: Exploring Objecthood In A Digital Age, Patrick L. Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The following paper describes the conceptual framework and several works in the exhibition: "(re)construct: exploring objecthood in a digital age," which was on view at the Laura Mesaros Gallery at the College of Creative Arts, West Virginia University. The exhibition ran from November 30th through December 11th, 2009. The exhibition consisted of both oil paintings on clear acrylic and ink jet photographs. The question which this paper and the exhibition attempts to address is: what are the ontology and the limits of hyperreality in contemporary society? The following paper and the exhibition is epistemologically based and asks the following questions: …
Development Of 1,2,3-Triazole-Borane Complex As Effective Reagent For Aldehyde/Ketone Reductive Amination, Wenyan Liao
Development Of 1,2,3-Triazole-Borane Complex As Effective Reagent For Aldehyde/Ketone Reductive Amination, Wenyan Liao
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Air, moisture and thermally stable 1,2,3-triazole-boranes were successfully prepared and applied as reductants in aldehyde/ketone reductive amination with high efficiency and excellent substrate diversity. Detailed studies regarding to the reaction mechanism and application of this new reagent for other important transformations are currently under investigation in our group.
Mechanism By Which Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat Regulates Lipogenic Gene Expression, Alison Bloom Kohan
Mechanism By Which Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat Regulates Lipogenic Gene Expression, Alison Bloom Kohan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Primary hepatocytes treated with non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids have been used as a model for describing the inhibitory effects of dietary polyunsaturated fats on lipogenic gene expression. This model resembles starvation or uncontrolled diabetes but not dietary fat ingestion, which is delivered to liver via chylomicron remnants. Chylomicron remnants enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate a unique pattern of intracellular signaling. These remnants enhance p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity but do not inhibit insulin signaling or induce extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) or AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation as do non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched remnants and …
Incremental Development And Cost-Based Evaluation Of Software Fault Prediction Models, Yue Jiang
Incremental Development And Cost-Based Evaluation Of Software Fault Prediction Models, Yue Jiang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
It is difficult to build high quality software with limited quality assurance budgets. Software fault prediction models can be used to learn fault predictors from software metrics. Fault prediction prior to software release can guide Verification and Validation (V&V) activity and allocate scarce resources to modules which are predicted to be fault-prone.;One of the most important goals of fault prediction is to detect fault prone modules as early as possible in the software development life cycle. Design and code metrics have been successfully used for predicting fault-prone modules. In this dissertation, we introduce fault prediction from software requirements. Furthermore, we …
Post-Transcriptional Regulation Of Rpos And Hema In Salmonella, Amy Madeline Jones
Post-Transcriptional Regulation Of Rpos And Hema In Salmonella, Amy Madeline Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The first part of this thesis is dedicated to translational regulation of rpoS mRNA by the small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs), DsrA and RprA, in two closely related enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The rpoS gene encodes a second vegetative sigma factor for RNA polymerase, which directs the cell's transcriptional response to general stress and entry into stationary phase. The rpoS gene is highly conserved among the gamma-branch of proteobacteria, and sRNAs are highly conserved in related species. In fact, sequence conservation is thought to have predictive value in sRNA discovery and functional conservation is largely assumed. …