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Finite Element Modeling Of Cells In Response To Loading: Effect Of Cytoskeleton., Chee Wui Loke Jan 2005

Finite Element Modeling Of Cells In Response To Loading: Effect Of Cytoskeleton., Chee Wui Loke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis marked by degeneration of the cartilage and bone in joints, which causes severe joint pain associated with daily activities. Articular cartilage is one of the major load bearing tissue that transfers load across joints and with synovial fluid provides a bearing surface for the diarthrodial joints. It is made up of highly specialized cells called chondrocytes that are responsible for its growth and maintenance. Mechanical loading and cell-matrix interactions have been shown experimentally to influence the biological behavior of chondrocytes. Biological behavior of the chondrocytes is important because they are highly associative with the …

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A Study Of Persuasion, Propaganda And The Effectiveness Of Messages., Kelly M. Saunders Jan 2005

A Study Of Persuasion, Propaganda And The Effectiveness Of Messages., Kelly M. Saunders

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study of persuasive and propagandistic messages explores the differences and similarities among the two, as well as elements necessary for success, using previous research in the field. In addition, this report includes an analysis of the diffusion, framing, placement within newspaper articles, and effects of news content relating to the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth disseminated during the 2004 Presidential campaign. The results of this study suggest a need for greater scrutiny among reporters regarding messages distributed by interest groups.

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Unbalanced Frame: A Content Analysis Of Four Main American Newspapers And Their Coverage Of Colombia And The Drug Issue., Olga Elena Velez Galvis Jan 2005

Unbalanced Frame: A Content Analysis Of Four Main American Newspapers And Their Coverage Of Colombia And The Drug Issue., Olga Elena Velez Galvis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study used content analysis of The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Miami Herald and Dallas Morning news and analyzed their coverage of Colombia and the drug issue during 1993, 1998 and 2003. The main purpose was to observe how these publications reported on this topic over that specific period of time. Findings showed prevalence of episodic stories over the thematic ones. These papers primarily presented episodic news coverage on Colombia and their drugs, which exhibited mainly a negative tone. On the other hand, thematic news coverage on Colombia and its drugs were more positive than the episodic, since …

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The Determinants Of State Work Attachment Strategy Choices And The Effects Of Work Attachment Strategies On Welfare Recipients, Former Recipients, And Poverty., Kyoung Hag Lee Jan 2005

The Determinants Of State Work Attachment Strategy Choices And The Effects Of Work Attachment Strategies On Welfare Recipients, Former Recipients, And Poverty., Kyoung Hag Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study explores how national factors such as the high performance bonus, work participation rate penalty, and caseload reduction credits from federal government influence state work attachment strategy choices. In addition, this study examines the effects of state work attachment strategies, such as lifetime limits, sanctions, and work requirements, on the employment and earning outcomes for welfare recipients in various states, along with the poverty rates in those states and the employment and economic status of former welfare recipients. Using three multivariate regression methods such as OLS regression, logistic regression, and ordered logistic regression using SPSS, this study analyzes administrative …

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A Study Of The Continuum Of Integration Of Mathematics Content With Science Concepts At The Middle School Level In West Virginia., Edna Marie Meisel Jan 2005

A Study Of The Continuum Of Integration Of Mathematics Content With Science Concepts At The Middle School Level In West Virginia., Edna Marie Meisel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the practices and perceptions of regular education seventh grade middle school mathematics teachers in West Virginia concerning the integration of mathematics objectives with science concepts. In addition, this study also emphasized the use of integrated curriculum continuum models to study mathematics teachers' practices and perceptions for teaching mathematics objectives in connection with science concepts. It was argued that the integrated curriculum continuum model can be used to help educators begin to form a common definition of integrated curriculum. The population was described as the regular education seventh grade middle school mathematics teachers …

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Agenda Setting And Denial In The States. Nonprofit Hospital Tax Exemptions: A North Carolina Case Study., Linda Struyk Millsaps Jan 2005

Agenda Setting And Denial In The States. Nonprofit Hospital Tax Exemptions: A North Carolina Case Study., Linda Struyk Millsaps

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research has two objectives. First, it examines the nature of state-level agenda setting, comparing it to the prevailing federal level theories of agenda setting and agenda denial. Specifically it examines state tax exemptions for nonprofit hospitals in North Carolina to determine if this policy arena follows acknowledged theories of agenda setting and denial, or if there is something unique about tax policy that creates a different agenda setting dynamic. Areas of focus included the status of nonprofit hospital property tax exemptions on the policy agenda and how the issue came to that position. Interviews with legislators, lobbyists, hospital and …

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The Startup And Evolution Of The State Journal: A Statewide Newspaper Reports On Business, Phillip Daniel Page Jan 2005

The Startup And Evolution Of The State Journal: A Statewide Newspaper Reports On Business, Phillip Daniel Page

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two Charleston, West Virginia, brothers, Robert C. and Henry E. Payne, III, and Charleston lawyer Fred F. Holroyd established The State Journal in October 1984 as a weekly newspaper to serve a statewide business readership. The newspaper evolved through difficult early years and eventually became profitable through the sales leadership of Lorenelle White, who would purchase the newspaper with her husband in 1997. She eventually would re-establish the newspaper’s weekly publishing cycle. The Whites would sell The State Journal in 2001 to a newly formed media business, West Virginia Media Holdings, which would increase in the newspaper’s editorial resources. Since …

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An Exploration Of The Adjustment Processes Of Freshmen Student-Athletes And Non -Athlete Students., V Paul Downey Jan 2005

An Exploration Of The Adjustment Processes Of Freshmen Student-Athletes And Non -Athlete Students., V Paul Downey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the adjustment to college of freshmen student-athletes (n = 78) and students (n = 174) at a Division I university. Participants were surveyed using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ; Baker & Siryk, 1999). Student-athletes were found to be significantly less committed to earning their undergraduate degrees than non-athletes, during both week seven and week 15 of their first semester. Predictor variables accounted for 24% of the variance in social adjustment with a more positive perceived impact of personal-social factors and an internal locus of control, emerging as significant predictors. Commitment …

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Change In The Political System Of Republic Of Korea (Rok) And The United States (United States)-Rok Alliance., Pyungwon Kong Jan 2005

Change In The Political System Of Republic Of Korea (Rok) And The United States (United States)-Rok Alliance., Pyungwon Kong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The United States (U.S.)-Republic of Korea (ROK) alliance is one of the most successful bilateral alliances within the international system, since its formation after the Korean War (1950-1953) in 1953. However, there has been increasing divergence in the perception of Seoul and Washington about the alliance. Thus, the dependent variable of this study is change in South Korea's perception of the alliance. Not downplaying the importance of systemic explanations of this phenomenon, this study employs foreign policy approaches to explain transformation of Seoul's perception of the alliance. However, the study goes beyond democratization and war theory to analyze how socio-economic …

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Exposures To Silica And Inducers Of Xenobiotic Metabolism In The Rat Lung, Lori A. Battelli Dec 2004

Exposures To Silica And Inducers Of Xenobiotic Metabolism In The Rat Lung, Lori A. Battelli

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

CYP1A1 metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as those in cigarettes, to reactive intermediates which interact with DNA and lead to cancer. Silica is a lung carcinogen. Epidemiology studies of silica and lung cancer are not all positive. A possible explanation for these inconsistencies may be that silica is a modifier of PAH metabolism and, thus, cigarette smoke carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that crystalline silica exposure alters CYP1A1 expression, thereby modifying lung cancer risk. Rats exposed to both crystalline silica and the model PAH, beta-naphthoflavone (NF), a CYP1A1 inducer have significantly decreased CYP1A1 enzymatic activity and CYP1A1 protein expression. In the …

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Finite Element Analysis Of Interaction Between Actin Cytoskeleton And Intracellular Fluid In Prechondrocytes And Chondrocytes Subjected To Compressive Loading, Sundar Viswanathan Dec 2004

Finite Element Analysis Of Interaction Between Actin Cytoskeleton And Intracellular Fluid In Prechondrocytes And Chondrocytes Subjected To Compressive Loading, Sundar Viswanathan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Prechondrocytes exhibit a change in their actin cytoskeletal arrangement when subjected to loading. This study looks at the implications of the altered solid-fluid interactions due to this change. A 2-D Finite element model of a cell was developed. A solid-fluid interaction solution procedure was validated and used to determine fluid flow/pressure in a cell when subject to deformation. These values were then used to calculate fluid flow induced stresses on individual actin fibers. The results suggest that prechondrocytes alter their cytoskeletal structure to reduce stresses as a result of fluid flow due to deformation of the cell.

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Development Of A Test Method To Measure "In-Use" Emissions From Stationary And Portable Diesel Sources, Gurudutt A. Nayak Dec 2004

Development Of A Test Method To Measure "In-Use" Emissions From Stationary And Portable Diesel Sources, Gurudutt A. Nayak

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A cost-effective, accurate and easy-to-use in-field test method was developed that would allow regulatory bodies, such as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to determine in-use compliance with emission standards for newly manufactured portable and stationary engines. As emissions measured during an engine-dynamometer test do not faithfully reflect real-world emissions, a test method that functions like an Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) type test method was developed. Only concentration measurements of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are required to determine compliance using this "compliance factor, F" approach. Hence, errors introduced due to engine work …

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West Virginia Coal Fly Ash Sorption Of Btex, Jerome C. Wentz Dec 2004

West Virginia Coal Fly Ash Sorption Of Btex, Jerome C. Wentz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Sorption is a term used in the environmental field to describe how chemical contaminants in soil and groundwater adhere to solid particles such as: clay, peat and activated carbon for the purposes of remediation, fate and transport. A potential surrogate for sorption of chemical contaminants in groundwater is coal fly ash. Batch test experiments have demonstrated coal fly ash's ability to remove hydrophobic, organic petroleum contaminants including: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater through the processes of sorption. Coal fly ash is a byproduct material of coal fired power plants that is often disposed of on-site or at …

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Forensic Analysis Of Digital Evidence From Palm Personal Digital Assistants, Christopher M. Mcnemar Dec 2004

Forensic Analysis Of Digital Evidence From Palm Personal Digital Assistants, Christopher M. Mcnemar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Personal Digital Assistants are becoming more affordable and commonplace. They provide mobile data storage, computational, and network abilities. When handheld devices are involved in a crime, forensic examiners need tools to properly retrieve and analyze data present on the device. Unfortunately, forensic analysis of handheld devices is not adequately documented and supported.;This report gives an overview of Palm handheld development and current forensic software related to Personal Digital Assistants. Procedures for device seizure, storage, imaging, and analysis are documented. In addition, a tool was developed as part of this work to aid forensic examiners in recovering evidence from memory image …

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Trace Detection Of Mercury Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes, Latha Ramakrishnan Dec 2004

Trace Detection Of Mercury Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes, Latha Ramakrishnan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This Project was undertaken to develop electrochemical techniques using Boron-doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes for the purpose of detecting mercury in solutions in the ppb-ppt range. Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) was used successfully to develop calibration curves for mercury detection in standard solutions in the ppb-ppt range, followed by using these curves for mercury measurements in unknown samples. DPV experiments were performed in nitrate, thiocyanate and chloride media. Investigation in the chloride medium is important since practical samples always contain chloride impurities. The formation of calomel in chloride medium is avoided on the BDD surface by the co-deposition of 3ppm of …

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Geotechnical Investigation Of Montrose Wetland Site, Christopher R. Ryan Dec 2004

Geotechnical Investigation Of Montrose Wetland Site, Christopher R. Ryan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this investigation is to obtain the geotechnical characteristics of the site and to aid in the creation of a proposed engineered wetland at Montrose, West Virginia. The tests performed in the laboratory to obtain the soil properties were: water content, Atterberg limits (liquid and plastic limits), grain size (sieve analysis and hydrometer), specific gravity, field density, and hydraulic conductivity. Tests were performed on soil samples taken from the site during installation of monitoring wells. Results from tests were used in the classification of soil. Additional samples were reconstructed to determine the permeability of the soil. These tests …

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Social Responsibility In Major Newspapers Coverage Of "9/11 Lapses" Controversy, Hai Long Tran Dec 2004

Social Responsibility In Major Newspapers Coverage Of "9/11 Lapses" Controversy, Hai Long Tran

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study measures major newspapers' performance in covering the "September 11 lapses" controversy against social responsibility principles. Content analysis of 535 newspaper items, published by the New York Times, Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, USA Today in one year (Sept. 12, 2001--Sept. 11, 2002), found the papers did not live up to journalistic precepts traditionally listed as required for the press in a democratic society. They were successful in providing a source of comprehensive and balanced information, a forum for exchange of comment and criticism on the government's losses and failures. However, major newspapers failed to aggressively pursue independent investigative …

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Real-Time Video Compression Using Dvq And Suffix Trees, Pavan Kumar Vedantam Dec 2004

Real-Time Video Compression Using Dvq And Suffix Trees, Pavan Kumar Vedantam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Video processing is a wide and varied subject area. Video compression is an important but difficult problem in video processing. Several methods and standards exist which address this problem with varying degrees of success depending on the performance measures adopted. The present research work focuses on the real-time aspect of video processing.;In particular we propose a real-time video compression algorithm based on the concept of differential vector quantization and the suffix tree. Differential vector quantization is a relatively new area that focuses on efficient compression of data. The present work integrates the compression provided by Differential vector Quantization and the …

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Contextual Biometric Watermarking Of Fingerprint Images, Nikhil C. Tungala Dec 2004

Contextual Biometric Watermarking Of Fingerprint Images, Nikhil C. Tungala

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research presents contextual digital watermarking techniques using face and demographic text data as multiple watermarks for protecting the evidentiary integrity of fingerprint image. The proposed techniques embed the watermarks into selected regions of fingerprint image in MDCT and DWT domains. A general image watermarking algorithm is developed to investigate the application of MDCT in the elimination of blocking artifacts. The application of MDCT has improved the performance of the watermarking technique compared to DCT. Experimental results show that modifications to fingerprint image are visually imperceptible and maintain the minutiae detail. The integrity of the fingerprint image is verified through …

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Effect Of Driving Cycles On The Particulate Mass And Number Emissions From In-Use Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Sairam Thiagarajan Dec 2004

Effect Of Driving Cycles On The Particulate Mass And Number Emissions From In-Use Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles, Sairam Thiagarajan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study focused primarily on the particle mass and number emission from various in-use heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating on different driving cycles. Chemical speciation results are also presented to discuss the formation and composition of particles emitted during various cycles. Tests were performed with West Virginia University's Transportable Heavy Duty Vehicle Emissions Testing Laboratory located at Riverside, California. Five vehicles were selected to cover a wide range of model year from 1989 to 2004. All five vehicles were subjected to chemical speciation and analysis conducted by Desert Research Institute. WVU employed the use of the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer …

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Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird Dec 2004

Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Accurate performance of personal aerosol samplers is critical for industrial hygienists' successful efforts to protect workers. Performance assessments of personal samplers are necessarily conducted in controlled environments so unknown sources of variability will not influence the results. This is done in order that samplers may be used with confidence for monitoring workplace air quality. These performance evaluations are usually conducted in wind tunnels. However, recent advances in high-performance cluster computing---together with advanced flow modeling software---have made it possible to evaluate sampler performance with computer simulations. This was done in the current research. Simulations were conducted for air and particle behavior …

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Strategies For Sustainable Professional Development Programs To Promote Effective Pedagogical Use Of Instructional Technology In Teaching, Karla R. Assis Cezarino Dec 2004

Strategies For Sustainable Professional Development Programs To Promote Effective Pedagogical Use Of Instructional Technology In Teaching, Karla R. Assis Cezarino

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine a set of common strategies employed by sustainable instructional technology professional development programs that are found to successfully promote educators' high-level use of technology in their teaching practice. Two questions guided this study: (a) Research Question 1: What do successful instructional technology professional development programs recognize as indicators of high-level use of technology? and (b) Research Question 2: Which instructional technology professional development strategies successfully promote high-level use of instructional technology in participants' teaching practice?;An online questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions and open-ended questions was used as the means of data collection. …

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Comparison Of Chestnut Canker Treatment Procedures For Hypovirus Introduction, Brian C. Bell Dec 2004

Comparison Of Chestnut Canker Treatment Procedures For Hypovirus Introduction, Brian C. Bell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Historically, hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica have been introduced into cankers principally by inoculating wounds made to the margin of cankers. Twelve hypovirus introduction methods were tested. Seventy-two trees were inoculated in June 2002 with an orange-pigmented virulent strain of C. parasitica (two inoculations per tree). After 11 weeks, the resulting cankers were treated with a brown-pigmented hypovirulent C. parasitica isolate using one of the following methods: (1) a non-invasive treatment where the inoculum was painted onto the canker surface; (2) an invasive treatment where the canker face was wounded with a sharp blade prior to the painting application of …

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Needed Communication Skills During Initial Employment As Perceived By Graduates Of The West Virginia University Davis College Of Agriculture, Forestry And Consumer Sciences, Jessica R. Rollins Dec 2004

Needed Communication Skills During Initial Employment As Perceived By Graduates Of The West Virginia University Davis College Of Agriculture, Forestry And Consumer Sciences, Jessica R. Rollins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the study was to determine communication skills used during initial employment by graduates of the Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences who were enrolled in the agricultural and natural resources communications (AgEE 421) course. The population consisted of 70 2001--2002 graduates of West Virginia University Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences who were enrolled in agricultural and natural resources communications (AgEE 421) during their collegiate careers. A descriptive research design was used for the study. A major finding of the study was the beneficial effects of educational training in communications skills prior to …

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Resonant Optical Waveguide Biosensor Characterization, Shantanu Pathak Dec 2004

Resonant Optical Waveguide Biosensor Characterization, Shantanu Pathak

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The importance of miniaturized sensors for quick and accurate assessments of a broad spectrum of hazardous biological agents has been highlighted by recent high profile events. Integrated optical devices based on evanescent wave interrogation techniques can register minute refractive index changes enabling detection of bioagents on the sensor surface and providing a potential for compact structure combined with a possibility of detecting several analytes simultaneously by fabricating multiple devices on the same chip. Most commonly integrated optical interrogation techniques suffer from issues of optical alignment and fabrication complexities. In addition the materials used to fabricate integrated optical devices experience drifts …

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Biometric Analysis And Aversive Conditioning Of Black Bears In Southern West Virginia, Harley Wayne Weaver Dec 2004

Biometric Analysis And Aversive Conditioning Of Black Bears In Southern West Virginia, Harley Wayne Weaver

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

During 2003, 11 male and 1 female black bear (Ursus americanus) were captured and fitted with radio collars. Individuals were randomly assigned to receive either treatment (n = 6) or control (n = 6). Upon release, treatment individuals received a conditional regimen comprised of rubber buckshot to the flank and a succession of shell crackers. Physical and auditory conditioning techniques we used did not appear to be an effective means of reducing repeat nuisance behavior.;West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) captured 179 (151 males, 28 females) nuisance and 156 (77 males, 79 females) non-nuisance individuals from 1996 to 2003.;We …

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Hematotoxicity Of Heptachlor, Sarah Vanessa Meads Dodson Dec 2004

Hematotoxicity Of Heptachlor, Sarah Vanessa Meads Dodson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Hematotoxicity has been documented in adults exposed to high levels of organochlorine pesticides. Our studies revealed that prenatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide heptachlor resulted in alteration of lymphocyte development, while myeloid cell development was spared. To further investigate effects of heptachlor on lymphoid cells, we evaluated direct exposure of this compound on pro-B and pre-B cells. In these studies, the pro-B cell line C1.92 and the pre-B cell line 70Z/3 demonstrated concentration-dependent decreases in proliferation following heptachlor exposure. Pro-B cell viability decreased significantly; however, pre-B cell viability was not altered. Further investigation into mechanisms of diminished cell proliferation revealed …

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Limiting Dns Covert Channels And Network Validated Dns, Rex D. Mccracken Dec 2004

Limiting Dns Covert Channels And Network Validated Dns, Rex D. Mccracken

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite the variety and number of network security devices and policies available, sensitive data, such as intellectual property and business data, can still be surreptitiously sent via the Internet to unscrupulous receivers. Furthermore, few security mechanisms address securing or limiting covert channels. This study defines a framework for determining a rule set to minimize covert channel capacity on the DNS protocol specifically. The information and techniques used in this study may be useful in aiding security professionals and developers with enforcing security policies on DNS and other Internet protocols.;This research resulted in the development of a rudimentary tool, referred to …

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Recycling Of Plastics Derived From End-Of-Life (Eol) Electronic Equipment, Xiufang Cheng Dec 2004

Recycling Of Plastics Derived From End-Of-Life (Eol) Electronic Equipment, Xiufang Cheng

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research work focuses on a chemical process to separate mixed plastics from EOL electronic equipment.;The most prominent components of waste plastics, PC (Polycarbonate), PS (Polystyrene) and ABS (Acylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) from obsolete computers are taken to be samples in this work. Qualitative analysis was carried out to identify these samples using FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope). Quantitative analysis was performed using Elemental Analyzer to get the calibration curves for PC/PS and PC/ABS. A number of organic solvents were investigated to dissolve the desired samples. A series of separation experiments were carried out with PC/PS, PC/ABS, and PC/PS/ABS mixtures under …

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K--12 Teachers' Technology Integration In Benedum Collaborative Professional Development Schools, Sabah Karayegen-Giraldo Dec 2004

K--12 Teachers' Technology Integration In Benedum Collaborative Professional Development Schools, Sabah Karayegen-Giraldo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated how K--12 teachers and interns in West Virginia University's Professional Development Schools (PDS) are using technology as a tool to enhance their students' education. The study addressed the use of technology as a classroom tool for research, communication, productivity, and problem-solving as outlined by the National Technology Standards for students. Eleven research questions framed this study. Comparisons across grade levels (elementary, middle, and high schools) and subject areas (English, mathematics, science, and social studies) were included. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used as quantitative research methods. The study involved 327 teachers and 102 intern students in these …

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