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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Lived Experiences Of Male Nursing Students With Caring., Patricia Jean Young Jan 1997

Lived Experiences Of Male Nursing Students With Caring., Patricia Jean Young

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Fifteen male nursing students from four baccalaureate nursing schools in West Virginia participated in this phenomenological study. The phenomena of interest was the lived experiences of male student nurses related to caring. Demographic data was obtained in the interview process. Semistructured interview questions were used in the individual interviews, which were all audiotaped. The methodology used was based on the Swanson-Kauffman and Schonwald method, which entailed the four step process of bracketing, analyzing, intuiting, and describing. Five themes were identified. The Primacy of Caring was the first theme. Characteristics of caring, the origins of caring, the lived experiences of caring …

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Integrating Technology Education Concepts Into China's Educational System., Faxian Yang Jan 1997

Integrating Technology Education Concepts Into China's Educational System., Faxian Yang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The problem of this study was to develop a strategy for integrating technology education concepts within the Chinese mathematics and science curricula. The researcher used a case study as the basic methodology. It included three methods for collecting data: literature review, field study in junior and senior secondary schools in America and China, and interviews with experienced educators who were familiar with the status of technology education programs in the selected countries. The data came from the following areas: Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, China, and five states in the United States: Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York. The …

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Thermodynamic Model Of A Three-Chamber Engine., Kristine Kincaid Craven Jan 1997

Thermodynamic Model Of A Three-Chamber Engine., Kristine Kincaid Craven

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The three chamber (3C) engine concept was evaluated using computer programs with thermodynamic emphasis. This 3C engine utilizes pistons to perform compression and expansion of the working gas. These cylinders are connected by a combustion chamber. By separating the compression and expansion processes, it is possible to have a larger expansion displacement thus introducing the displacement ratio which is the quotient of expansion to compression displacement. Initially an algebraic analysis of the air-standard cycle was completed. Following this an ideal computer model was developed and used to verify that the 3C engine deviated from the Diesel cycle and approached that …

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Physical, Chemical, And Microbial Analysis Of Domestic Wastewater Treated By Small Constructed Wetlands Designed For Individual Households., Keith R. Hench Jan 1997

Physical, Chemical, And Microbial Analysis Of Domestic Wastewater Treated By Small Constructed Wetlands Designed For Individual Households., Keith R. Hench

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many small communities located in rural areas of the United States lack adequate domestic wastewater treatment plants. Constructed wetlands are being promoted as low-cost, low-maintenance systems for treatment of domestic wastewater in areas where standard septic tanks fail. In order to evaluate the efficacy of small constructed wetlands, 20 small-scale wetlands mesocosms (100 gal each) containing five plant treatments (no plants/control, Typha, Scirpus, and Juncus monocultures, and all three species combined) were planted into pea gravel at either 18 or 24 inches in depth. Each mesocosm received 5 gal/day of primary-treated domestic sewage. Mesocosms were monitored on a monthly basis …

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Religiousness And Adjustment In Dementia Caregivers., George David Allen Jan 1997

Religiousness And Adjustment In Dementia Caregivers., George David Allen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It was the aim of this dissertation to determine if and how religiousness in family members caring for relatives suffering from dementia affects the mental health of family caregivers. To that end two theories were presented for testing in the form of path models. These theories were based on stress-process cognitive theory as adapted to the dementia caregiver situation. In this theory caregiver strain (mental distress) was thought to be mediated by cognitive appraisal, and appraisal to be influenced by contextual characteristics, personal and family resources, and stressors. Model one proposed that intrinsic religious orientation would mediate between the burdens …

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A Qualitative Assessment Of Spirituality And Its Impact On The Final Life Stage For A Sample Of Older Adults., Robert P. Heck Jan 1997

A Qualitative Assessment Of Spirituality And Its Impact On The Final Life Stage For A Sample Of Older Adults., Robert P. Heck

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The problem being addressed through this study is the need to adequately understand the significance of the spiritual experience for older adults, especially as related to their resolution of the final life stage of integrity versus despair as conceptualized by Erikson (1963). Qualitative research methods were utilized to conduct and analyze structured interviews with six older adults. Interview questions were validated by past research efforts on spirituality and on integrity versus despair. Research questions addressed in this investigation include the following: (a) Does Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair adequately explain the data and provide an appropriate framework for conceptualizing …

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Intensive Supervised Probation And Institutional Placements For Adjudicated Youth: A Closer Look., Cleaster Marie Jackson Jan 1997

Intensive Supervised Probation And Institutional Placements For Adjudicated Youth: A Closer Look., Cleaster Marie Jackson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the alarming rate of school violence and teen crime public outcry demands that we look for immediate remedies to make schools and communities safe. One solution which has received public support is the current trend to solve this problem by building more juvenile facilities to house these youth. This short term fix, which has been referred to as an "out of sight out of mind mentality" creates other concerns such as loss of educational dollars to public schools and highlights the lack of commitment to provide effective programs to meet the needs of challenging students. The purpose of this …

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Effects Of Gypsy Moth Defoliation On Forest Vegetation And A Forest Bird Community., Jennifer Lewis Bell Jan 1997

Effects Of Gypsy Moth Defoliation On Forest Vegetation And A Forest Bird Community., Jennifer Lewis Bell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Bird populations and forest vegetation were monitored before (1984-86), during (1987-88) and after (1989-96) a gypsy moth outbreak and subsequent defoliations at the Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area in Morgan and Berkeley Counties, West Virginia. The objective of this study was to examine how gypsy moth defoliation affected forest vegetation, and how changes in forest structure and composition affected bird populations and the nesting ecology of four bird species. Repeated defoliations killed many overstory trees (primarily oaks, Quercus spp.), opening the forest canopy and allowing vigorous growth of understory vegetation. Population numbers of many bird species that nested …

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The Control Of Human Placental Vascular Tone: I. The Effects Of Caffeine And Nicotine. Ii. The Role Of Progesterone., Rolando Juan Ramirez Jan 1997

The Control Of Human Placental Vascular Tone: I. The Effects Of Caffeine And Nicotine. Ii. The Role Of Progesterone., Rolando Juan Ramirez

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is composed of two topics that share the focus of placental vascular tone control. In the first investigations, we looked at the effect of caffeine (Caff; 10nmol/L-10{dollar}\\mu{dollar}mol/L), nicotine (Nic), and cotinine (Cot) (1nmol/L-100{dollar}\\mu{dollar}mol/L for both) administration on isolated placental blood vessels, to see if these substances altered placental vascular tone. We found that moderate relaxations were initiated by all three alkaloids in precontracted placental blood vessels. We also found that pretreatment of placental blood vessels and Caff, Nic, and Cot did not alter responses to a variety of contractile agents. In conclusion, it would seem that the adverse …

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Comparison Of Male And Female Osteopathic Student Perceptions Of The Status Of Women In The Osteopathic Medical Education Environment., Carolyn Bailey Thompson Jan 1997

Comparison Of Male And Female Osteopathic Student Perceptions Of The Status Of Women In The Osteopathic Medical Education Environment., Carolyn Bailey Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions held by female and male osteopathic students in regard to the status of women in the osteopathic medical education environment. Three general categories were examined: family/career conflict, professional representation, and gender discrimination. A sample of 576 students finishing their second year of education at five osteopathic medical schools in the United States was surveyed with a final return rate of 69.44%. Schools were selected by purposive sampling and data were analyzed using general linear models. The focus of the analysis was to compare the perceptions females and males reported regarding …

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A Program For Educating Parents About The Effects Of Divorce And Conflict On Children., Kelly Dawn Shifflett Jan 1997

A Program For Educating Parents About The Effects Of Divorce And Conflict On Children., Kelly Dawn Shifflett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Based on empirical research in the area of parental conflict and child adjustment and evaluations of several existing programs available to separated/divorced families, a parent education program was developed to address the relationships between parental conflict, divorce, and child adjustment. The present study explored the impact and consumer satisfaction associated with participation in the k.i.d.s.: kids in divorce and separation program, a 4-hour psychoeclucational program for parents that is specifically focused on divorce and parental conflict. The impact and consumer satisfaction associated with participation in the k.i.d.s program were examined by comparing a treatment group of parents who participated in …

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The Relationships Of School Organizational Health And Teacher Commitment To Student Achievement In Selected West Virginia Elementary Schools., Louis Kent Watts Jan 1997

The Relationships Of School Organizational Health And Teacher Commitment To Student Achievement In Selected West Virginia Elementary Schools., Louis Kent Watts

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to assess the relationships between school organizational health, teacher commitment, and student achievement as measured by third and sixth grade CTBS test scores. The purposes of the study were to determine whether relationships existed between school health and achievement, teacher commitment and achievement, and the combined variables of school health and teacher commitment and student achievement. A sample of 504 teachers in 29 identified schools in four counties of southwestern West Virginia was chosen. Each participant was provided a packet which contained a cover letter, a sheet with five demographic questions, the Organizational Health Inventory for …

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Identity Management And Decision-Making Strategies Of Lesbian Women At Various Stages Of Identity Development: An Ethnographic Study., Joy Sharon Whitman Jan 1997

Identity Management And Decision-Making Strategies Of Lesbian Women At Various Stages Of Identity Development: An Ethnographic Study., Joy Sharon Whitman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This was a qualitative study designed to explore how women at various stages of lesbian identity development manage and make decisions about managing their identities. Management of identity was explored in terms of how women came out or stayed hidden and how they made decisions to both disclose and conceal. It used Cass' (1979) Stage Allocation Measure, based on her model of homosexual identity development, as a means to categorize women at various stages of lesbian identity development. Twenty-five adult women were individually interviewed, using a semi-structured interview schedule. In addition, participants agreed to maintain a journal for one month …

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Post-Soviet Transitions In Policy And Management Of Zapovedniki And Lespromkhozi In Central Siberia., David Miller Ostergren Jan 1997

Post-Soviet Transitions In Policy And Management Of Zapovedniki And Lespromkhozi In Central Siberia., David Miller Ostergren

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 changed the government bureaucracy and dismantled the centrally controlled economic system. Directors of zapovedniki (strict nature preserves) and lespromkhozi (forest industry dependent communities) are experiencing a challenge to their ability to manage, protect and/or study the lands under their supervision. This study investigates how changes in the social-political system have affected the forests and protected areas in Central Siberia, and how managers have adapted to the current political and social climate. This investigation used case study methodology and three sources of empirical data; open-ended interviews, documentation from archival and secondary sources, and personal …

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Monte Carlo Studies Of Instabilities In Solids Under External Strains And Stresses., Anatoli M. Peredera Jan 1997

Monte Carlo Studies Of Instabilities In Solids Under External Strains And Stresses., Anatoli M. Peredera

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

We use dynamical Monte Carlo simulations to investigate instabilities of solids in the presence of externally applied stresses or strains. One of the instabilities is the classical Euler buckling instability of compressed rods. We address, for the first time, the dynamical aspects of this instability, that is, we study how an initially straight flexible chain reaches the final buckled configuration at long times. We find that this process has much in common with coarsening phenomena such as the spinodal decomposition or unstable mound growth in molecular beam epitaxy. Evolving chain's profile is like a wave with a wavelength which grows, …

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Performance-Tunable Distributed Execution Of Object-Based Software., George Braden Rinard Jan 1997

Performance-Tunable Distributed Execution Of Object-Based Software., George Braden Rinard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The central challenge in software engineering research and practice is to improve the quality and performance of software systems, while decreasing the cost for producing such systems. While the combination of parallel execution with component-based software construction provides opportunities for addressing the software development challenge, it also raises a fundamental distributed software engineering dilemma, not adequately addressed in the literature. This dilemma is a result of the following two observations: (1) The quality and productivity benefits of reusability accrue only when reusable components are used without modifications. (2) For improved performance in a distributed environment, it must be possible to …

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Examination Of A Common Conceptual And Treatment Model For Ptsd In Vietnam Veterans, Rape Survivors, And Victims Of Child Abuse: A Clinician Survey., Josephine A. Ridley Jan 1997

Examination Of A Common Conceptual And Treatment Model For Ptsd In Vietnam Veterans, Rape Survivors, And Victims Of Child Abuse: A Clinician Survey., Josephine A. Ridley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study examined biases in diagnosing, treating, and conceptualizing PTSD based on clinician variables, such as theoretical orientation, and patient population characteristics, such as type of trauma, patient gender, and patient age. Surveys were mailed to members of APA and AABT containing case descriptions of a child sexual abuse victim, an adult rape survivor, and a Vietnam combat veteran, each meeting criteria for PTSD, and five questions requesting: (a) working diagnoses, (b) target symptoms, (c) treatment goals, (d) recommendations for treatment, and (e) etiology. A total of 126 completed surveys were returned from an equal number of male and …

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Psychological Reactions Of Children Following Exposure To Motor Vehicle Accidents., Cheryl Annette Rode Jan 1997

Psychological Reactions Of Children Following Exposure To Motor Vehicle Accidents., Cheryl Annette Rode

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are one of the most common types of trauma experienced in this country. Recent studies have reported that approximately 30% to 50% of adult victims of MVAs experience severe and lingering distress following moderate to severe accidents. The present study examined the effects of MVAs on non-head-injured school-aged children. There were three main goals for the present study: (a) assess child MVA victims for general and accident-specific distress in comparison with a NonMVA sample, (b) assess the utility and initial reliability of a modified accident severity questionnaire, and (c) explore possible variables that might account for …

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An Investigation Of Selected Variables To Predict Student Performance On The National Council Licensure Examination For Registered Nurses (Nclex-Rn) In One Baccalaureate Degree Nursing Program., Denise Ann Landry Jan 1997

An Investigation Of Selected Variables To Predict Student Performance On The National Council Licensure Examination For Registered Nurses (Nclex-Rn) In One Baccalaureate Degree Nursing Program., Denise Ann Landry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary purpose of this study was to determine how well academic, demographic, and programmatic variables could explain and predict variation in graduate performance on NCLEX-RN in one baccalaureate nursing program. The study specifically sought to address the void in empirical research in the area of programmatic variables predictive of NCLEX-RN performance. The study also investigated whether the changes made in NCLEX-RN from a paper-and-pencil test to computer adaptive testing (CAT), which was initiated in 1994, could help explain variations experience in program pass rate between 1990 and 1996. The population was composed of 360 May and June graduates from …

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Conceptual Knowledge Of A Normative Life Event: The Impact Of Intellectual Ability, Age, Experience And Attachment On The Concept Of Death., Elizabeth Rooney Levelle Jan 1997

Conceptual Knowledge Of A Normative Life Event: The Impact Of Intellectual Ability, Age, Experience And Attachment On The Concept Of Death., Elizabeth Rooney Levelle

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study investigated differences in the conceptualization of death among children and adults with and without mental retardation (MR). Thirty-five adults (17 adults without MR, 18 adults with MR) and 29 children (21 children without MR, 8 children with MR) participated in the study. The study employed a 2 x 2 design with Age and MR as the factors. Participants completed several questionnaires, cognitive developmental tasks, and intelligence assessments. Results indicated that diagnosis of mental retardation was slightly more influential than chronological age in determining participants' responses about death. This effect was evident for the Universality and Causality components …

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An Exploration Of Critical Thinking, Learning Style, Locus Of Control, And Environmental Perception In Baccalaureate Nursing Students., Sandra Elizabeth Marra Jan 1997

An Exploration Of Critical Thinking, Learning Style, Locus Of Control, And Environmental Perception In Baccalaureate Nursing Students., Sandra Elizabeth Marra

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This descriptive correlational study was conducted to explore the relationships among the constructs of Critical Thinking (as measured by the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal), Learning Style (as measured by the Kolb Learning Style Inventory), and Locus of Control (as measured by the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale) in baccalaureate nursing students. A convenience sample (n = 68) of senior students from two classes was recruited to represent the last group graduating before (n = 47) and the first group graduating after (n = 21) curricular revision generated to better facilitate Critical Thinking. A subsample (n = 20) described their perceptions of …

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'Regional' Political Ecology And Underdevelopment In Appalachia: Case Studies From Two West Virginia Counties., James Todd Nesbitt Jan 1997

'Regional' Political Ecology And Underdevelopment In Appalachia: Case Studies From Two West Virginia Counties., James Todd Nesbitt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation analyzes the environmental history of Pendleton and Randolph Counties, West Virginia, as it relates to underdevelopment within the broader Appalachian region. Theories of political ecology and reconstructed regional geography are used to gain a better understanding of the intersection between cultural practice and human use of the natural environment. Specifically, three case study locales are utilized in this study to demonstrate local variability in natural resource issues within the Appalachian region. Political ecology and reconstructed regional geography are integrated to create a conceptually and contextually refined 'regional' political ecology which accounts for issues of geographic scale and alternative …

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Parent Perceptions Of Accreditation Standards In Early Childhood Education., Lori Elizabeth Casto Jan 1997

Parent Perceptions Of Accreditation Standards In Early Childhood Education., Lori Elizabeth Casto

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A major problem in the development of a profession in early childhood education is the lack of recognized research data relevant to practice. Parents supply an ongoing demand for the education of their children, and researchers need to determine what dimensions of quality parents find most important. The present research investigated parents' perceptions of the National Association for the Education of Young Children's (NAEYC) Accreditation Standards. Seventy-six licensed preschools and daycare centers were randomly drawn and stratified by type and size of center (NAEYC Accredited, Head Start, Large, and Small). Surveys were sent to the director of each center for …

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Defining Developmentally Appropriate Practice In Physical Education., Nigel Davies Jan 1997

Defining Developmentally Appropriate Practice In Physical Education., Nigel Davies

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purposes of this study were to: (1) define developmentally appropriate practice and identify practices within planning, instruction, content, evaluation and management which will enhance the facilitation of developmentally appropriate practice; and (2) compare and analyze the five participant sub-groups, to identify similarities and differences among these groups. The sample was randomly determined from the current AAHPERD membership list, categorized, via self-designation, into teacher educators, motor developmentalists, physical education teachers, graduate students, undergraduate students. One hundred and eleven participants (n = 111) completed and returned the Developmentally Appropriate Practice Inventory (DAPI). In phase one, each statement was analyzed utilizing the …

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Evaluation Of West Virginia Medicaid's Prior Authorization Policy For Anti-Ulcer Medications: Economic And Recipient Outcomes., Ambarish Jayant Ambegaonkar Jan 1997

Evaluation Of West Virginia Medicaid's Prior Authorization Policy For Anti-Ulcer Medications: Economic And Recipient Outcomes., Ambarish Jayant Ambegaonkar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Escalating drug costs and advent of managed care led WV Medicaid to implement the prior authorization policy for anti-ulcer medications (18% of 1994 expenditures). The study's purpose was to determine the policy's effect on utilization and expenditures of anti-ulcer medications and healthcare services such as inpatient hospitalizations, physician and outpatient hospital services (Phase I). The study also assessed the policy's effect on Medicaid recipient outcomes (Phase II). For Phase I, 36 months of Medicaid paid claims data (20 months pre-policy and 16 months post-policy) were analyzed for continuously eligible non-Medicare recipients. The policy's effects on utilization and expenditure time series …

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The Relationship Between Brain Hemispheric Characteristics And Leadership Style Of School Superintendents In West Virginia., Theodora Sinicrope Farmer Jan 1997

The Relationship Between Brain Hemispheric Characteristics And Leadership Style Of School Superintendents In West Virginia., Theodora Sinicrope Farmer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to examine the relationship between the self-perceived preferred brain hemispheric processing of West Virginia public school superintendents and their self-perceived leadership styles. Respondents completed the Hermann Brain Dominance Profile, the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, and a demographic sheet. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Two hypotheses guided the study. West Virginia public school superintendents who perceive themselves as preferring predominantly left hemispheric processing will have significantly higher Initiating Structure scores than superintendents who perceive themselves as predominantly right hemispheric. West Virginia public school superintendents who perceive themselves as …

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Challenges Facing Colleges And Schools Of Pharmacy Over The Next Ten Years: A Survey Of The Deans., Jerald Wayne Fisher Jan 1997

Challenges Facing Colleges And Schools Of Pharmacy Over The Next Ten Years: A Survey Of The Deans., Jerald Wayne Fisher

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine what pharmacy deans believed to be the major internal and external challenges facing schools of pharmacy over the next ten years. The instrument for data collection was a descriptive opinion survey, consisting of two questions, that was sent to all U.S. school of pharmacy deans (n = 79). The deans were asked to provide what they believed to be the five major internal and external challenges facing their schools, and to provide two strategies for hastening the desirable or delaying the undesirable effects of each challenge. A response rate of sixty-percent (47 …

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A Prospective Self-Monitoring Investigation Of Naturally Occurring Reinforcement Of Exercise Behavior., Leighann Hock Forsyth Jan 1997

A Prospective Self-Monitoring Investigation Of Naturally Occurring Reinforcement Of Exercise Behavior., Leighann Hock Forsyth

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present investigation was based on operant theory. A prospective six-week self-monitoring design was utilized to examine naturally-occurring reinforcing and punishing effects of cardiovascular exercise in a college-aged sample of healthy women. The sample consisted of exercise initiators ({dollar}{dollar}6 months of regular exercise). Seven rewarding exercise effects emerged from factor analysis of the self-monitoring form (i.e., mood improvement, goal achievement, physical performance enhancement, exercise "high", praise from others, social affiliation, and appearance changes). Results indicated that both groups produced similar ratings for the exercise reward factors, but some factors were significantly more rewarding than others to the sample as a …

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Matching Appalachians' Preventive Services' Utilization And Managed Care Strategies For Preventive Care., Mayur Mohan Amonkar Jan 1997

Matching Appalachians' Preventive Services' Utilization And Managed Care Strategies For Preventive Care., Mayur Mohan Amonkar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite increasing emphasis on disease prevention and health promotion and evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of such services, high morbidity and mortality rates in Appalachia suggest a problem with appropriate utilization of preventive services in this region. Also, growth in managed care programs signify a greater role for managed care organizations (MCOs) in preventive care. The overall goal of this study was to assess the preventive care behavior of Appalachians, evaluate strategies used by MCOs to ensure appropriate utilization of preventive services, and identify barriers/facilitators to the provision/utilization of such services. In phase I of this study, secondary data analysis of …

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The Medical Treatment Preferences And Values Of Nursing Home Residents., Natalie Dawn Staats Jan 1997

The Medical Treatment Preferences And Values Of Nursing Home Residents., Natalie Dawn Staats

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to accomplish seven goals. First, the preferences of nursing home residents for life-sustaining treatments and less acute medical problems were examined. Second, analyses were conducted to determine whether specific variables differentiated between participants' patterns of treatment preferences. Third, participants' medically-related values were examined. Fourth, the factors believed to play a role in the formation of participants' treatment preferences and values were examined. Fifth and sixth, the temporal stability of participants' treatment preferences and values was examined. Seventh and eighth, factors associated with the instability of participants' treatment preferences and values were studied. To accomplish these goals, …

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