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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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The Journey From High School To College: Do Collaborative Connections Improve Student Transition?, Billie A. Unger Jan 2003

The Journey From High School To College: Do Collaborative Connections Improve Student Transition?, Billie A. Unger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Each year, thousands of students enter postsecondary education unprepared for the many academic, social, and emotional challenges they will face. Collaborative programs between secondary and postsecondary institutions have therefore developed as one way to address these issues. Although numerous studies have focused on quantitative evaluation of collaborative programs, few have included qualitative analysis of the opinions and ideas of those students who were involved in the efforts. The purpose of this study was to gauge the effect of student participation in pre-college collaborative experiences on students' transition from secondary to postsecondary education. Within the context of Schlossberg's Transition Theory, the …

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Examining Stages In Curriculum Change: Implementation Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine (Cam)., Ester L. Verhovsek Jan 2003

Examining Stages In Curriculum Change: Implementation Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine (Cam)., Ester L. Verhovsek

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The practice of medicine is changing radically and there is a substantial gap in the practice of medicine and the current curricular models used. As higher education faculty attempt major curriculum transformations, it is crucial to examine the various influences and their ability to progress from the initiation stage to adoption. The purpose of this study was to identify the external and internal influences that most affected the successful transition from the initiation to the adoption of a CAM curriculum change. These influences were examined within the context of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) so administrators and faculty will have …

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Beyond The Walls: A Research Study Of Eighth-Grade Students Mentored In A Hospital Setting., Aileen Grattan Jan 2003

Beyond The Walls: A Research Study Of Eighth-Grade Students Mentored In A Hospital Setting., Aileen Grattan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research study was designed to evaluate twelve eighth-grade students participating in the fourth year of a mentoring program to determine what effect the mentoring experience would have on the students' sense of a scientific community, their understanding of scientific knowledge and process skills and attitudes toward science. The mentoring program was developed through a partnership established between the researcher, an eighth-grade science teacher at a junior high school, and an administrator of a local hospital, to provide educational opportunities for students mentored by medical professionals. The research design included qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis. The qualitative instruments were …

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The Regulation Of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism In Human Osteoblast-Like Cells., Frank Joseph Secreto Jan 2003

The Regulation Of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism In Human Osteoblast-Like Cells., Frank Joseph Secreto

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Reports that estrogen (E2) treatment modulates arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by bone and bone cells are found in the literature. However, conflicting indications of the relationship that exists between E2 and AA metabolism emerge from the analysis of those reports. The present studies were undertaken to determine if E2 effected the production of prostaglandins (PG) in human osteoblast-like cells (hOB), and if this effect is due to the regulation of key enzymes involved in PG production, namely cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and the cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2). We determined that hOB cells pretreated with E2 and co-stimulated with tumor growth factor-β …

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Impulsivity And Friends Who Smoke As Predictors Of Adolescent Smoking, Brady Reynolds Dec 2002

Impulsivity And Friends Who Smoke As Predictors Of Adolescent Smoking, Brady Reynolds

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study sought to examine relations between different stages of adolescent cigarette smoking and the variables of impulsivity (delay and probability discounting) and peer friend smoking behavior. Participants were 75 adolescents (40 females) between 14 and 16 years of age. Participants were categorized according to the following patterns of smoking behavior: "never smokers" (n = 19; 10 females) were those who had not tried even one cigarette; "triers" (n = 17; 9 females) were those who had recently tried cigarettes (M = 3.76 cigarettes) for the first time; "past experimenters" (n = 20; 12 females) were those who had …

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Effects Of Response-Independent Stimulus Delivery And Functional Communication Training, Shannon S. Haag Dec 2002

Effects Of Response-Independent Stimulus Delivery And Functional Communication Training, Shannon S. Haag

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two individuals with developmental delays with a history of problem behavior participated in this study. Its purpose was to examine the efficacy of combining two treatments demonstrated to reduce problem behavior: response-independent stimulus delivery and differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior. This study examined whether the response-independent delivery of an alternative preferred stimulus and differential reinforcement of manding resulted in increases in manding and suppression of problem behavior prior to and during the fading of the schedule of response-independent stimulus delivery. The study also examined the necessity of extinction to obtain suppression of problem behavior. The response-independent delivery of an …

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Sport Fish Consumption Advisory For West Virginia, William Alvin Warnick Dec 2002

Sport Fish Consumption Advisory For West Virginia, William Alvin Warnick

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The risk based sport fish consumption advisory protocol, West Virginia Sport Fish Consumption Advisory Guide (the Guide), was drafted for the state. Fish were collected from ten West Virginia sites (5 previously identified as contaminated, 5 previously identified as uncontaminated). Fish samples were collected, processed and analyzed for total mercury concentration and Aroclors (PCBs). Recommended meal frequencies were calculated from contaminant levels and based on the Guide. Mean fillet sample contaminant levels were compared to composite sample levels and found to require the same level or in one case a more protective of consumption advisory. Ten composite samples had Aroclor …

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Thermodynamic Effects Of Phospholamban On Ca-Atpase Kinetics, Patrick L. Apopa Dec 2002

Thermodynamic Effects Of Phospholamban On Ca-Atpase Kinetics, Patrick L. Apopa

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Ca-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum removes cytosolic calcium to promote muscle relaxation. In the heart, the Ca-ATPase is regulated by phospholamban, which inhibits the Ca-ATPase by decreasing Ca-ATPase calcium sensitivity. However, the kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms of inhibition are not understood. The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that phospholamban regulates Ca-ATPase kinetics by increasing Ca-ATPase activation energy. The baculovirus-insect cell expression system was used to produce samples containing Ca-ATPase alone or Ca-ATPase with phospholamban. The temperature-dependence of Ca-ATPase activity and catalytic site density was measured in the absence and presence of phospholamban at sub-saturating calcium and …

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Relationships Among Spirituality, Cognitive Processing, And Personal Control, Karri Bonner Dec 2002

Relationships Among Spirituality, Cognitive Processing, And Personal Control, Karri Bonner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current study was a cross-sectional investigation of how spirituality as a positive life theme might be related to a unique style of cognitive processing. Of secondary interest were the relationships among spirituality and other personal control variables. Using memory recall and recognition tasks, the current study sought to determine whether or not participants would attend more to positive, negative, neutral, or religious words. The results of the current study indicate that (1) older adults are more spiritual than younger adults, (2) higher spirituality is related to higher levels of optimism, (3) spirituality is related to an external locus of …

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Effects Of Maternal Sleep Deprivation On Maternal Sensitivity And Contingent Responsiveness, Cheryl Wiedman Dec 2002

Effects Of Maternal Sleep Deprivation On Maternal Sensitivity And Contingent Responsiveness, Cheryl Wiedman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Research has revealed that sleep deprivation deleteriously affects several aspects of adults' behavior, such as mood, cognition, and motor performance. One population that is subject to sleep deprivation and the accompanying consequences are parents of young infants. The present study explored how sleep deprivation, resulting from infant night awakening, affects the face-to-face interaction between mothers and their 3- to 4-month-old infants. Contrary to the proposed hypotheses the groups did not differ in sensitivity or contingent responsiveness. However, regression analyses revealed that depression and sleep deprivation together significantly predicted contingent responsiveness during the interaction. Mothers who were more depressed and sleep …

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Variables Affecting Compliance Of Pigeons, Adam H. Doughty Dec 2002

Variables Affecting Compliance Of Pigeons, Adam H. Doughty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Pigeons served in experiments modeling compliance techniques studied by applied behavior analysts and social psychologists. A discrete-trial procedure operated in each experiment. In baseline, each trial consisted of a single key color, and in test conditions, each trial consisted of a sequence of key colors. Across experiments, there were either two or three trial types in baseline. When there were two, one color was correlated with a low fixed ratio (FR) on half the trials, and on the other trials a second color was correlated with another schedule that differed across experiments. Food was delivered on most of the low-FR …

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Immunomodulatory Roles Of Endotoxin And Glutaraldehyde In The Development Of Latex Allergy, Michael D. Howell Dec 2002

Immunomodulatory Roles Of Endotoxin And Glutaraldehyde In The Development Of Latex Allergy, Michael D. Howell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Although much data has been obtained related to the clinical manifestations of latex allergy and the characterization of the protein allergens, little is known regarding the natural history of the disease. These studies were undertaken to demonstrate the immunological relevance of both dermal and respiratory exposure in the development of latex allergy and to investigate the role of co-exposure by these routes to other agents in the health care environment on the development of NRL sensitization.;An initial study in female BALB/c mice demonstrated comparable rates of induction of latex specific IgE following dermal and respiratory latex exposure, demonstrating the importance …

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Differentially Expressed Genes In The Mutualistic Neotyphodium Coenophialum-Tall Fescue Interaction, Linda Joy Johnson Dec 2002

Differentially Expressed Genes In The Mutualistic Neotyphodium Coenophialum-Tall Fescue Interaction, Linda Joy Johnson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum), an agronomically important forage grass, is typically associated with a mutualistic asexual fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum. Endophytic fungal growth is confined to the intercellular spaces of the plant and induces no symptoms. The endophyte partner enhances its host's fitness by improving nutrient acquisition as well as by providing protection from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, grass-endophyte partnerships are detrimental to grazing livestock, due to the production of an array of fungal alkaloids. To investigate this interaction at the molecular level, suppressive subtractive hybridization was used to identify differentially expressed genes from the symbiosis. In total, twenty-nine …

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Characterization Of Infield Duty Cycles And Exhaust Emissions From Diesel Powered Off-Road Heavy-Duty Equipment, Jeremiah Christopher Rohrbaugh Dec 2002

Characterization Of Infield Duty Cycles And Exhaust Emissions From Diesel Powered Off-Road Heavy-Duty Equipment, Jeremiah Christopher Rohrbaugh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of study was to design, develop, and evaluate techniques to measure exhaust emissions from diesel-powered off road equipment. Emissions data was collected from a Komatsu hydraulic excavator and a Caterpillar track-type tractor.;For the excavator, data was logged during in-field operation, and test cycles were created on a dynamometer test bed using this data. For the tractor, on-board emissions measurement equipment collected mass emissions rate data in field.;Vast differences were found between transient and 8-mode brake-specific test results. Transient cycle HC, CO, CO2, NO, and PM emissions were 50%, 65%, 10%, 35%, and 50% lower than 8-Mode results, respectively. …

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Quantifying The Impact Of The Wto On Kuwait, Reyadh Y. Faras Dec 2002

Quantifying The Impact Of The Wto On Kuwait, Reyadh Y. Faras

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The major contribution of this study is to quantify the economic impact of Kuwait's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on supply, demand, welfare and terms of trade. A general equilibrium international trade model is used to obtain quantitative results. The model is theoretically static and based on the assumptions of perfect competition and constant returns to scale. However, it was estimated and simulated dynamically.;After specifying the model theoretically it is estimated empirically by linearizing the supply and demand equations that were obtained from solving the model analytically. The estimated model is used in a number of simulation exercises …

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Geospatial And Statistical Foundations For Streamflow Synthesis In West Virginia, Annie J. Morris Dec 2002

Geospatial And Statistical Foundations For Streamflow Synthesis In West Virginia, Annie J. Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Streamflow values must be synthesized for locations where flow measurement stations, in applications such as the West Virginia SWAP program, are lacking or where only intermittent measurements are available (West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, 1999). This research describes an effort to improve upon the current synthetic streamflow model by incorporating geomorphic, geologic, and hydrogeologic measurements. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to derive a set of master variables that characterize stream flow in West Virginia based on historical data from 29 watersheds. The relationships between variables affecting stream flow were also analyzed using cluster and correlation analysis …

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Chemical And Physical Properties Of Acid Mine Drainage Floc, Catherine M. Bohan Dec 2002

Chemical And Physical Properties Of Acid Mine Drainage Floc, Catherine M. Bohan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Acid mine drainage is a serious environmental concern in many regions worldwide, but especially in coal and metal mining regions. These acid drainages are often treated with chemicals to raise the pH of the water and to cause neutralization and precipitation of metals. As neutralization occurs, a looser gelatinous material called "floc" is produced. The effects of neutralizing chemical, pH, sulfate to iron molar ratio, and solids concentration on floc settling properties were determined in synthetic acid mine drainage. Sulfate was the important factor affecting floc physicochemical properties, increasing settling times from 25-125% and decreasing settling rates from 24-63%. Neutralization …

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Growth Equilibrium Modeling Of Urban Sprawl On Agricultural Lands In West Virginia, Yohannes G. Hailu Dec 2002

Growth Equilibrium Modeling Of Urban Sprawl On Agricultural Lands In West Virginia, Yohannes G. Hailu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With dynamic economic and social changes, increasing pressure is exerted on natural resources management. Agricultural land resources particularly face growing pressure of conversion to non-agricultural uses from population and development demands for land. The continual conversion of agricultural land may have implications in terms of the loss of prime farmland, irreversible landscape changes, deteriorating environmental quality, and interference with rural lifestyles. This study models urban sprawl on agricultural land in a growth equilibrium modeling approach where the population-employment simultaneous equations system is estimated using two-stages-least-squares while changes in agricultural land is estimated using OLS on West Virginia data. Results of …

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Impact Of Early Childhood Perceptions And Experiences On Oral Health Practices In Later Life, Johnna Marie Guzzi Dec 2002

Impact Of Early Childhood Perceptions And Experiences On Oral Health Practices In Later Life, Johnna Marie Guzzi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Older adults are at a higher risk for numerous oral and systemic diseases. Oral conditions experienced by the elderly are believed to be cumulative. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between early childhood dental care practices/experiences and perceived oral health needs of persons 60 years of age and older who are participants of three West Virginia facilities for the elderly (N = 90). Individuals were interviewed utilizing a two-part 21-item survey. Data analyses, including analysis of variance and tests of chi square, were conducted using the JMP program. Although individuals felt dental health was …

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Opportunities And Occupations In Animal And Veterinary Sciences Based On The Current Careers Of West Virginia University Alumni, Stacey Michelle Hawkins Dec 2002

Opportunities And Occupations In Animal And Veterinary Sciences Based On The Current Careers Of West Virginia University Alumni, Stacey Michelle Hawkins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the career opportunities for graduates completing a Bachelor of Science degree in Animal and Veterinary Sciences at West Virginia University as measured by the first and current careers of alumni. The target population consisted of all alumni that graduated between the years 1991 and 2001. Over 61.6% of the West Virginia University Animal and Veterinary Science graduates were satisfied with both their first career selection as well as their current career. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree two-thirds of the graduates decided to pursue a post-graduate degree. Professional careers, …

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Effect Of Dietary Protein On Plasma Uric Acid, Body Weight, And Oxidative Stress In Broilers, Maribel Machin Aug 2002

Effect Of Dietary Protein On Plasma Uric Acid, Body Weight, And Oxidative Stress In Broilers, Maribel Machin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Uric acid is an important antioxidant due to its role as a free radical scavenger, and methods to elevate its plasma concentration may be important in animal health. In a preliminary study, the effect of dietary protein on plasma uric acid (PUA) was determined in 3-wk-old chicks. Twenty-four broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 diets: low protein (LP) containing 10% casein, medium protein (MP) containing 20% casein, high protein (HP) containing 45% casein and a commercial diet (COD) for 2-wks. PUA concentration increased in chicks fed HP diet and declined in chicks fed LP. In the principal study, PUA …

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Survival And Recovery Characteristics Of Arcobacter Butzleri In Groundwater Microcosms, Robert Darrell Mcelwain Aug 2002

Survival And Recovery Characteristics Of Arcobacter Butzleri In Groundwater Microcosms, Robert Darrell Mcelwain

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Arcobacter butzleri may be an etiological agent of gastroenteritis. However, relatively little is known about the persistence and ecology of this genus, particularly in groundwater. In laboratory studies it was determined that the survival of A. butzleri in groundwater can exceed that of the traditional indicator organism, Escherichia coli. An inverse relationship between survival and water temperature was observed for both organisms, but the persistence of A. butzleri exceeded that of E. coli at 5, 15, and 25°C. Selective media for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., while sensitive enough to recover stressed cells, proved ineffective at reducing background flora. Only …

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Emotion-Based Personality Traits And Associations With Conflict Tactics And Relationship Satisfaction In Romantic Relationships, Christine A. Rudnicki Aug 2002

Emotion-Based Personality Traits And Associations With Conflict Tactics And Relationship Satisfaction In Romantic Relationships, Christine A. Rudnicki

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to assess the role that emotion based personality traits play in conflict tactic choice and relationship satisfaction in romantic relationships. The researchers proposed that emotional intelligence and affective orientation influenced the choice of verbally aggressive or reasoning tactics use and their subsequent affects on overall relationship satisfaction. 159 participants, 84 men and 75 women, from a large Mid-Atlantic university participated in this study. Results showed that emotional intelligence and affective orientation were significantly correlated (r = .58), and that affective orientation in combination of the participants' perceptions of their partner's use of verbally aggressive, …

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Modeling Of Soil Phosphorus Sorption And Control Of Phosphorus Pollution With Acid Mine Drainage Floc, Bharpoor Singh Sekhon Aug 2002

Modeling Of Soil Phosphorus Sorption And Control Of Phosphorus Pollution With Acid Mine Drainage Floc, Bharpoor Singh Sekhon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study was conducted to investigate and model phosphorus sorption in soils and to study the effectiveness of acid mine drainage (AMD) floc in controlling phosphorus (P) loss to surface runoff from soils. Phosphorus sorption capacity of surface and subsurface horizons of four benchmark soil series - Berks, Huntington, Lindside, and Monongahela - of West Virginia was measured. The soils of these four series were loaded with increasing amounts of P up to 60% of their P retention capacity. Though amount of P released to the solution increased with increase in degree of P saturation, most of the soils did …

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Psychometric Evaluation Of The Sport Disengagement Questionnaire, Heather Renee Deaner Aug 2002

Psychometric Evaluation Of The Sport Disengagement Questionnaire, Heather Renee Deaner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study assessed the construct validity of the Sport Disengagement Questionnaire (SDQ) through a series of factor analyses and examined demographic variables in relation to total SDQ scores. The overall sample was comprised of 400 collegiate athletes representing five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I universities and one NCAA Division II university across a total of 17 varsity sports. The participants completed either a pencil/paper (n = 253) or an online (n = 147) version of the 36-item SDQ and a demographic sheet. Three separate reliability analyses, interfactor correlation analyses, and factor analyses were conducted: one for the …

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Experimental Characterization Of The Mechanical Consequences Of A Debonded Total Hip Stem With An Unsupported Distal Tip, Keith Thomas Hustosky Aug 2002

Experimental Characterization Of The Mechanical Consequences Of A Debonded Total Hip Stem With An Unsupported Distal Tip, Keith Thomas Hustosky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) has enjoyed widespread success since its introduction over thirty years ago. Despite the successes, there are threats to the long term stability of THA, chief among them aseptic loosening of the femoral stem. Femoral component loosening is a significant problem because it prevents the efficient transfer of hip joint forces through the cement to the proximal femur. This may cause pain in the patient severe enough to warrant surgery to replace the loose component.;The predominant approach to preventing loosening of cemented THA femoral components focuses on improving the bond between the prosthesis stem and the …

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Problem Solving And Personality Factors Of Two At -Risk *College Populations, Cory John Clark Aug 2002

Problem Solving And Personality Factors Of Two At -Risk *College Populations, Cory John Clark

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation describes and compares three university populations: (a) students at-risk of alcohol related problems, (b) students academically-at-risk, and (c) non-at-risk students. These populations were given two self-report measures, the Problem Solving Inventory (Heppner, 1988) and the 16PF (Cattell, et al., 1993), to gather information on their problem solving abilities and their personality factors. The intent of the study is to find out what aspects of problem solving and personality differentiates these populations. This information will then be utilized to design and refine interventions for working with these struggling populations. One hundred and thirty-five students from a mid-eastern land-grant university …

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Interaction Between Positive And Negative Effectors Of Embryonic And Postnatal Muscle Growth In The Chicken And The Mouse, Scott Allen Gahr Aug 2002

Interaction Between Positive And Negative Effectors Of Embryonic And Postnatal Muscle Growth In The Chicken And The Mouse, Scott Allen Gahr

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Myostatin, belonging to the TGF-beta family, negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. The current study was conducted to assess the efficacy of in ovo administration of exogenous myostatin antagonist (MA) to enhance skeletal muscle growth and improve feed efficiency of broilers.;Growth hormone secretion is under the control of a pair of hypothalamic factors, growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and its endogenous ligand represent a novel third mechanism regulating the release of growth hormone. Early chicken embryonic development, prior to day 14, has been proposed to be independent of GH. However, recent evidence shows that …

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Study Of Natural Gas Vehicles (Ngv) During The Fast Fill Process, Eric Paul Shipley Aug 2002

Study Of Natural Gas Vehicles (Ngv) During The Fast Fill Process, Eric Paul Shipley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Natural gas is being used as an alternative fuel to gasoline. Natural gas vehicle (NGV) refueling stations, however, are not able to guarantee a 100% full fill to NGV's. A system was designed and built to better understand the characteristics of CNG during the fill process. Useful characteristics of CNG during the fill process are temperature, pressure, and flow rate, as well as, total volume dispensed. CNG is dispensed to an NGV through a process known as the fast fill process, since it is completed in less than five minutes. The system that was built is transportable, which means that …

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Effects Of Edge And Coarse Woody Debris On Small Mammal Communities In Riparian And Upland Habitats In Northern West Virginia, Joseph Daniel Osbourne Aug 2002

Effects Of Edge And Coarse Woody Debris On Small Mammal Communities In Riparian And Upland Habitats In Northern West Virginia, Joseph Daniel Osbourne

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The effects on biological communities of human-induced disturbances such as road construction for logging and military activities are a topic of much controversy in modern society. Furthermore, the response of small mammal communities to edge and coarse woody debris (CWD) volume in riparian and upland habitats of the central Appalachian Mountains has received little attention. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Perform a faunal survey of the Camp Dawson Collective Training Area in Preston County, West Virginia with an emphasis on rare and endangered species, (2) Estimate small mammal abundance, diversity, and condition in response to CWD manipulation, …

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