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Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicle For Non-Destructive Testing Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks, Anthony Scott Mercer
Autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicle For Non-Destructive Testing Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks, Anthony Scott Mercer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this research is to develop an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) that can autonomously gather data for analysis of FRP bridge decks. Both ground penetrating radar (GPR) and infrared thermography (IRT) have shown promise in the field of non-destructive detection of defects in FRP decks. Even though both technologies can be effective, they each have certain limitations. For example, GPR is sensitive to water-filled defects while IRT is more sensitive to air-filled defects. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of combining and automating the data acquisition for each technique. Since both IRT and GPR analysis are subjective in nature, …
Analysis Of Photonic Crystal Defects For Biosensing Applications, Naveen Kumar Paturi
Analysis Of Photonic Crystal Defects For Biosensing Applications, Naveen Kumar Paturi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Photonic Crystals (PCs) have been the subject of intense study from their inception. These structures provide precise control of optical transmission properties through the choice of their periodic lattice parameters and materials with which they are fabricated. The sensitivity of optical properties of photonic crystals to the changes in refractive index at one or more lattice sites makes these structures potentially very attractive devices for developing a biosensor. Very small changes in the refractive index of one or more defect sites can be sensed accurately using these nano size structures. This work deals with the modeling and theoretical evaluation of …
Phytoformations Of Silver And Gold Nanoparticles, Brooke A. Fridley
Phytoformations Of Silver And Gold Nanoparticles, Brooke A. Fridley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Stevia and red beet suspension cultures were examined for uptake of silver from AgNO3 solution. Alfalfa and mung bean sprouts were also studied for silver accumulation when grown in AgNO3 solution. AA analysis confirmed the presence of silver in both sprouts and suspension cultures after exposure to AgNO3 solution, despite the toxic effects of silver on the living matter.;Extract from Pelargonium graveolens underwent reaction with both AgNO3 and KAuCl4 to form silver or gold nanoparticles. For the reaction with AgNO3, light was required to initiate the reaction. In contrast, reactions producing gold nanoparticles did not require light to react. Oxygen …
Evaluation Of A Tube Feeding Decision Aid For Substitute Decision Makers, Emily H. Bower
Evaluation Of A Tube Feeding Decision Aid For Substitute Decision Makers, Emily H. Bower
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Substitute decision makers may be in a position to make "preference-sensitive" decisions for their patient, including whether to approve tube feeding. The present study evaluated the only known tube feeding decision aid for substitute decision makers (Mitchell, Tetroe, & O'Conner, 2001). Sixty adults completed a pre-questionnaire, read an active control brochure (control group) or decision aid (experimental group), and completed a post-questionnaire. Both groups demonstrated increased knowledge and decisional conflict at post-test, although the experimental group had higher scores in both. Participants who were either in favor or against tube feeding at pre-test rarely changed their decision at post-test. Control …
Development Of An Animal Model Of Choice Between Aversive Events, James W. Diller
Development Of An Animal Model Of Choice Between Aversive Events, James W. Diller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study examined variables controlling choice between aversive events using pigeons as subjects. Initially, a titration procedure using variable-interval (VI) schedules of food and shock delivery contingent on keypecking was conducted to determine a moderately aversive shock intensity and duration. Subjects were then presented with a choice between food delivery followed by either a single shock or three shocks in a discrete-trials procedure. The change in context affected the aversiveness of the shock. In the VI condition, shock presentation resulted in 40-60% decrease in response rates. In the discrete-trials procedure, however, responding was "all-or-none." Thus, an attempt to redetermine …
Analysis Of The West Virginia Child Abuse And Neglect 2005 Court Improvement Program's Re-Evaluation, Kathryn Alexandra Rood
Analysis Of The West Virginia Child Abuse And Neglect 2005 Court Improvement Program's Re-Evaluation, Kathryn Alexandra Rood
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This is a secondary Analysis of the West Virginia Child Abuse and Neglect Circuit Courtroom system based on the 1995 and 2005 Court Improvement Programs State Evaluations. This article focuses on the West Virginia child abuse and neglect court in relation to Reasonable Efforts Policy. The Evaluations gathered responses from the Judges, Prosecutors and Caseworkers. We reviewed the responses using Jacob and Eisenstein's courtroom workgroup model. Our analysis reveals that policy as an ideal and in practice enacts power over the courtroom workgroups ability to comply with federal standards. These standards and policy requirements create tension and precedence for an …
The Effect Of Student Self -Described Learning Styles Within Two Models Of Teaching In An Introductory Data Mining Course, Matthew A. North
The Effect Of Student Self -Described Learning Styles Within Two Models Of Teaching In An Introductory Data Mining Course, Matthew A. North
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines the roles of learning styles and teaching methodologies within a data mining educational program designed for non-Computer Science undergraduate college students. The experimental design is framed by a discussion of the history and development of data mining and education, as well as a vision for its future.;Data mining is a relatively new discipline which has grown out of the fields of database management and data warehousing, statistics, logic, and decision sciences. Over the course of its approximately 15 year history, data mining has emerged from its genesis within the academic and commercial research and development arenas to …
Left Arm Of The Republic: The Department Of The Pacific During The Civil War, James Robbins Jewell
Left Arm Of The Republic: The Department Of The Pacific During The Civil War, James Robbins Jewell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although the Civil War was fought largely in the East it was a transcontinental war. Securing the Far West for the Union played an important, though secondary role in the northern war effort. When most of the Regular Army units were called east, holding the region and confronting the multiple threats to its security fell to the western volunteers. Through their efforts, they maintained a general stability in a vast region where both potential and actualized threats could easily have hampered Union efforts in the main theatres of war. Therefore, by quelling secessionist schemes and activities and attempting to maintain …
A Socioeconomic And Spatial Analysis Of Obesity In West Virginia: Policy Implications, Anura Kumara Amarasinghe
A Socioeconomic And Spatial Analysis Of Obesity In West Virginia: Policy Implications, Anura Kumara Amarasinghe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation integrates both theoretical and empirical insights to facilitate understanding of the current obesity epidemic in WV given heterogeneity in socioeconomic, demographic and built environment characteristics of the state. In meeting this objective, county-level and individual-level health demand analyses using secondary data sources were conducted. County-level obesity differences were studied using spatial and non-spatial random and fixed effects frameworks under a panel data structure. Individual health demand was investigated by recursive estimation of individual health responses to ordered self-assessed health (SAH) in terms of lifestyle choices, socioeconomic, demographic and built environment characteristics using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) …
Use Of Data Mining For Investigation Of Crime Patterns, Manoday D. Padhye
Use Of Data Mining For Investigation Of Crime Patterns, Manoday D. Padhye
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Lot of research is being done to improve the utilization of crime data. This thesis deals with the design and implementation of a crime database and associated search methods to identify crime patterns from the database. The database was created in Microsoft SQL Server (back end). The user interface (front end) and the crime pattern identification software (middle tier) were implemented in ASP.NET. Such a web based approach enables the user to utilize the database from anywhere and at anytime. A general ARFF file can also be generated, for the user in Windows based format to use other Data Mining …
Characterization Of Laboratory Simulated Road Paving-Like Asphalt By High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Brandon F. Law
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Prolonged, extensive exposure to asphalt fume has been associated with several adverse health effects. Inhaled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from asphalt fume exposure are of concern. The objective of this study was to characterize both qualitative and quantitative differences between fumes generated at 150°C and 180°C using a well controlled laboratory road paving fume generation system. Fumes were characterized by (1) total vapor and particulate concentration, (2) simulated boiling point profile and (3) specific PAH content. The mean concentrations of the vapor fractions generated at 180°C and 150°C were 23.3 mg/m3 and 11.2 mg/m3, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant increase …
Measuring Chemotaxis In Borrelia Burgdorferi The Lyme Disease Spirochete, Richard Gerrit Bakker
Measuring Chemotaxis In Borrelia Burgdorferi The Lyme Disease Spirochete, Richard Gerrit Bakker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochete causative agent of Lyme disease. The chemotaxis and motility systems of these bacteria are far less well described than that of Escherichia coli or Salmonella enterica. This dissertation explores the role of the CheA proteins in the chemotactic response and describes the first defined attractants for B. burgdorferi.;In order to test hypotheses, we developed or optimized three protocols. To characterize the motion of cells, two motion tracking systems were optimized. The Hobson BacTracker allowed for tracking cell motions in real time. This hardware/software chimera, while powerful for the specific application, utilizes a cumbersome interface. Therefore, …
Efficacy Of In-Home Parent -Child Interaction Therapy, Lisa M. Ware
Efficacy Of In-Home Parent -Child Interaction Therapy, Lisa M. Ware
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In recent years, there has been much discussion of the efficacy and effectiveness of mental health interventions for children as well as the transportation of empirically-supported treatments (ESTs) to field settings. While there have been efforts to improve dissemination of ESTs, little research has examined the efficacy of treatments in settings other than the traditional clinic. A logical initial step in this line of research is to examine whether the efficacy of ESTs can be demonstrated in community settings such as in the home environment. There are many hypothesized benefits to providing services in the home setting. Based on the …
The Effect Of A Diet Supplemented With Flaxseed Oil On The Lipid Content And Fatty Acid Profile Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Muscle Tissue, Jason P. Nguyen
The Effect Of A Diet Supplemented With Flaxseed Oil On The Lipid Content And Fatty Acid Profile Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Muscle Tissue, Jason P. Nguyen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This experiment examined the effect of nine diets supplemented with varied combinations of flaxseed oil and vitamin E on the total lipid content and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout over four months. Mean values were tested for significant differences between groups using one-way analyses of variance.;The most flaxseed oil supplementation, 23.5%, resulted in the highest concentration of total omega-3 fat in fillets (P<0.05). This was due to the increased (P<0.05) concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The 23.5% flaxseed oil trout had the lowest (P<0.05) proportion of saturated fatty acids and the highest amount of total unsaturated fatty acid. Unexpectedly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents significantly decreased as the experiment progressed. No significant differences were seen among total fat contents. The results indicate that feeding a diet supplemented with flaxseed oil and vitamin E produces omega-3 enhanced trout with higher ALA but lower EPA and DHA.
Understanding Political Ecologies Of Land Use Change Using Household Surveys In Mankweng, South Africa, Joshua Edward Rutkowski
Understanding Political Ecologies Of Land Use Change Using Household Surveys In Mankweng, South Africa, Joshua Edward Rutkowski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mankweng, Limpopo, South Africa has experienced a large population growth since its inception in the late 1950s. The impacts of land use changes in the area are far reaching and have a wide range of influences. This paper documents the historical and political pressures affecting Mankweng as the township progresses into the 21st Century. Household surveys were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in order to understand the geographic relationships of the area. This study found household surveys to be beneficial in understanding land use change.
Understanding The Psychosocial Development Of Neighborhoods: Implications For Situational Policing, Jeri Kirby
Understanding The Psychosocial Development Of Neighborhoods: Implications For Situational Policing, Jeri Kirby
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Community policing strategies are aimed at reducing crime and getting neighbors more involved. These goals of achieving safe neighborhoods seem just outside of the police department's reach. The police have been unable to achieve sustained satisfaction with the residents while also deterring crime and disorder. Research has suggested that collective efficacy within neighborhoods has a strong relation to the level of crime and disorder (Sampson, 1999). Assuming that neighborhoods have unique properties/characteristics, other researchers explored the idea that neighborhoods behave like groups and develop through identifiable stages (Nolan, 2004). Using qualitative methods inside the Pittsburgh Police Department and in four …
The Impact Of Adjustment Problems On Academic Achievement Of International Undergraduates At West Virginia University, Ke Zhao
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research explored the correlation relationship between academic achievement and adjustment problems among international undergraduate students at West Virginia University. Michigan International Student Problem Inventory (M.I.S.P. Inventory) was used to measure the adjustment problems that international students have encountered. GPA scale was used to measure academic achievement. Thirty-three international undergraduate students participated this study. Students were asked to complete the survey and self-report GPA in the survey.;The correlations were found statistically significant between Academic Record problems and GPA, and between Social Personal problems and GPA. The Academic Record problems and Social Personal problems were both negatively correlated with GPA. Based …
Establishing A Historic Benchmark For Rimrock Pine Communities At New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, Richard Stockton Maxwell
Establishing A Historic Benchmark For Rimrock Pine Communities At New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, Richard Stockton Maxwell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The structure and composition of a rimrock pine community was studied in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. A forest survey found that the overstory was dominated by Pinus virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, and Quercus spp. The importance of Pinus virginiana decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the cliff edge and was replaced by hardwood competitors. Regeneration of Pinus virginiana (∼4,200 stems/ha) was deemed inadequate to sustain a pine forest except on the harshest sites near the cliff edge. A 108-year (1897-2005) fire chronology was constructed from 51 fire scars recorded by 23 pines along …
Modeling Small Business Growth, Migration Behavior, Local Public Services And Household Income In Appalachia: A Spatial Simultaneous Equations Approach, Gebremeskel H. Gebremariam
Modeling Small Business Growth, Migration Behavior, Local Public Services And Household Income In Appalachia: A Spatial Simultaneous Equations Approach, Gebremeskel H. Gebremariam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In an effort to analyze the interdependences among small business growth, migration behavior, local public services, and median household income, this study developed a simultaneous-equation system under the assumptions of profit maximization of firm and utility maximization of households as well as the neoclassical assumption of equilibrium growth in a partial lag-adjustment growth-equilibrium framework. This model is an extension of the "jobs follow people or people follow jobs" literature and it improved previous models in the growth-equilibrium tradition by explicitly modeling local government and regional income in the growth process. It also explicitly modeled gross in-migration and gross out-migration separately …
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar And Infrared Thermography, Cheng Lok Hing
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar And Infrared Thermography, Cheng Lok Hing
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent studies have focused on the development of Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (FRP) as an alternative construction material for highway bridge decks.;The goal of this study was to explore the viability of nondestructive testing of FRP bridge decks using infrared thermography (IRT) and ground penetrating radar (GPR).;All tests were conducted on a 6' x 3' (1828.8mm x 914.4mm) low profile (4'' or 101.6mm deep) FRP bridge deck and a 3' x 2' (914.4mm x 609.6mm) low profile FRP bridge deck specimen with embedded delaminations. Replaceable wearing surface modules with air-voids of varying sizes were used to simulate air-filled debonds between the …
Training Nursing Students In Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Pain Management Techniques, Jill E. Maclaren
Training Nursing Students In Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Pain Management Techniques, Jill E. Maclaren
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pain is a common and potentially debilitating condition. Whereas there is vast literature on developmentally appropriate behavioral techniques for pain management, results of curriculum evaluations and knowledge surveys reveal a dearth of awareness of these strategies in healthcare professionals. This study evaluated the effects of a brief didactic training program for student nurses in developmentally appropriate behavioral pain management strategies for children. Results indicated that students who received the training program had significantly more knowledge of behavioral strategies following the training program than they had evidenced before the program. Further, these participants evidenced higher knowledge following the training program than …
Effects Of Pesticide Exposure On The Humoral Immune Response Following Streptococcus Pneumoniae Vaccination, Keith Douglas Salazar
Effects Of Pesticide Exposure On The Humoral Immune Response Following Streptococcus Pneumoniae Vaccination, Keith Douglas Salazar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As pesticide use rises in the US annually, the need for extensive characterization of the risks associated with these substances also increases. Herbicides represent the most frequently used type of pesticides. 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) and 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are two of the most commonly used herbicides. These experiments evaluated the effects of propanil and 2,4-D on the humoral immune response in C57BL/6 mice following heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) immunization. Intraperitoneal exposure of 150 mg/kg propanil on the same day as HKSP immunization enhances the splenic T-independent type 2 antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC) antigen 4-6-fold. Maximal PC enhancement occurs 7 days …
It Takes A Town To Build A Trail: Relationships Between Nonprofit Organizations And Local Governments In Rail-Trail And Greenway Development In Three West Virginia Communities, Kelly L. Pack
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As more communities across the country are developing rail-trails and greenways, relationships among community-based nonprofit organizations and local government entities evolve during trail development. Twenty-three participants from the nonprofit and local government sectors in three West Virginia municipalities were interviewed about their relationships and experience in rail-trail and greenway development. This qualitative analysis employs a grounded theory framework and reveals several practical and theoretical findings. Perceived benefits and costs of trail development reported by participants provided a context for how participants relayed experiences indicative of their political and built environments. Factors that constrain or facilitate relationship building between nonprofit organizations …
A Reexamination Of The Distributive Politics Model And The Allocation Of Federal Community Development Block Grant (Cdbg) Dollars, Howard A. Stern
A Reexamination Of The Distributive Politics Model And The Allocation Of Federal Community Development Block Grant (Cdbg) Dollars, Howard A. Stern
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The literature on the distributive politics model suggests that elected officials strategically allocate public benefits to curry favors, secure votes and gain reelection. In other words, elected officials distribute public benefits in such a way as to enhance their own personal careers and goals. Unfortunately, this centralized, top-down perspective (Rich 1989), which focuses exclusively on the motivations of the elected officials, fails to consider the political, economic and social characteristics of the governmental unit represented by the officials. These contextual factors may influence the allocation decisions made by the elected officials. Thus, an expanded distributive politics model---one that takes into …
An Analysis Of Institutions, Economic Freedom, And The Quality Of Life, Nathan J. Ashby
An Analysis Of Institutions, Economic Freedom, And The Quality Of Life, Nathan J. Ashby
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The impact of economic freedom on the quality of life is the subject of interest for this dissertation. Three separate studies are conducted. The first of these studies in Chapter 2 analyzes the impact of economic freedom on the quality of life in an international panel data study between 1985 and 2000. It is found that economic freedom and in particular well-defined property rights and limited regulation lead to improvement in the quality of life using the Index of Human Progress, an index made up income, health and education indicators, and access to modern technology for individuals in a given …
Geomechanical And Weathering Properties Of Weak Roof Shales In Coal Mines, Hakan Gurgenli
Geomechanical And Weathering Properties Of Weak Roof Shales In Coal Mines, Hakan Gurgenli
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Many coal seams have weak shale immediate roofs that cause ground control problems. Therefore, it is important to know the mechanical properties of these shales so that preventive measures can be developed in advance. However, it is sometimes hard to understand this rock type due to its unpredictable behavior. A good example of this situation is found with the shale roof strata in two coal mines located in the Illinois coal basin---Herrin No. 6 seam. Although these mines are located very close to each other, one of them has many roof falls, whereas the other has no measurable ground control …
Filter Weighing Procedure For 2007 And Newer Heavy Duty Diesel Engines, Eric Taylor
Filter Weighing Procedure For 2007 And Newer Heavy Duty Diesel Engines, Eric Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The 2007 heavy-duty on road diesel engine particulate matter standards will require that the particulate matter (PM) levels being emitted from the exhaust will be less than 0.01 g/bhp-hr. This ten-fold decrease in the existing regulations created the need for changes in the PM filter-weighing environment and procedures. The Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 86 Subpart N (40 CFR 86) has stated that a weighing environment must meet Federal Standard 209E class 1000 classification. This regulation required a new cleanroom facility in the West Virginia University Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions laboratories.;Weighing procedures were determined by …
Soil Microbial Communities From The Alimentary Canal Of The Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), Joshua A. Chapman
Soil Microbial Communities From The Alimentary Canal Of The Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), Joshua A. Chapman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effect of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) activity on microbial community composition was investigated in a silt loam soil. Fingerprints were constructed using PCR amplicons of bacterial 16S rDNA separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Analysis of similarity established that significant differences existed between community fingerprints. Differences were explored using non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Microbial communities of earthworm casts separated from soil treatments for both CD DGGE and CI DGGE profiles. Cast communities were determined by the worm's food source. Soils with earthworms and manure separated from all other soil treatments. Major trends …
Comparison Of The Obturation Density Of Gutta Percha Using Cold Lateral Condensation And Varying Continuous Wave Of Condensation Techniques, Jamie Michelle Day
Comparison Of The Obturation Density Of Gutta Percha Using Cold Lateral Condensation And Varying Continuous Wave Of Condensation Techniques, Jamie Michelle Day
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study compared the density of gutta percha when using cold lateral condensation (CLC) and continuous wave of condensation (CWC) under varying temperature and plugger depths. Seventy acrylic blocks were instrumented. The blocks were weighed and assigned to seven groups. Group 1 was obturated with CLC. The remaining six groups were obturated with CWC. Groups 2-4 were obturated by advancing the plugger to 3 mm short of the working length at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C, respectively, and then backfilled. In groups 5-7 the plugger was advanced to 5 mm short of working length. The blocks were weighed again after obturation. …
Connecting Wv Fee-Fishing Businesses With The Larger Tourism Market Through The Development Of Tourism Package, Zongxiang Mei
Connecting Wv Fee-Fishing Businesses With The Larger Tourism Market Through The Development Of Tourism Package, Zongxiang Mei
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There is substantial demand for fishing packages in West Virginia. Fee-fishing businesses in West Virginia are often characterized as small businesses, and they could benefit from connecting with larger travel packages that are more likely to attract out-of-state anglers. The objectives are: (1) identify mini-market segments based on fee-fishing experiences; (2) examine how fee-fishing mini-markets can better connect with the larger outdoor recreation markets; and (3) to use this information to identify gaps in recreational offerings and develop tourism packages in a West Virginia test market. Six fee-fishing mini-markets were identified. Regression analysis results indicate that it is possible to …