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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Authentic Education And The Innate Health Model: An Approach To Optimizing The Education Of The Whole Person., M Deborah Larimer
Authentic Education And The Innate Health Model: An Approach To Optimizing The Education Of The Whole Person., M Deborah Larimer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
To test the premise that optimal learning and development require a constructivist education of the whole person, this research examined outcomes of instruction using an approach called Innate Health which claims that awareness of the dynamics of thought will stimulate healthy, productive behavior (presumably innate). While much has been written about socio-moral education; little research has addressed the role of thought, innate qualities, or attention to the whole person as mediators of learning and development. Two self-report scales (Understanding of Experience Scale, and Lifestyle Assessment Scale) were constructed to measure outcomes of instruction among participants in Innate Health seminars. Data …
A Case Study Of Two Schools' Inclusion Practices In Elementary Physical Education., David G. Lorenzi
A Case Study Of Two Schools' Inclusion Practices In Elementary Physical Education., David G. Lorenzi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This qualitative case study examined the process for including students with disabilities in elementary physical education settings. Specifically, effective teaching skills, environmental factors, and differences between an experienced and a novice elementary physical education teacher as they pertain to inclusion were examined. Data were collected over a two month period via field-based observations and semi-structured interviews. The case study participants included an experienced elementary physical education teacher (29 years teaching experience), a novice elementary physical education teacher (first year teaching physical education full-time), two elementary school principals, a special education teacher, and a director of special education. All participants were …
Other Hispanic An Analysis Of Nyc Honduran Political Participation., Maximo Geraldo Martinez
Other Hispanic An Analysis Of Nyc Honduran Political Participation., Maximo Geraldo Martinez
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Studies conducted on Latino immigrants and political participation primarily focuses on their large population groups such as Puerto Ricans, Cubans and Mexicans. However, this study centers on Central American Hondurans, also a group with substantial populations in U.S. cities. The theoretical idea central in examining this query is that U.S. Honduran political participation is related to their ethnic identity, association with churches in their U.S. communities, the extent of financial ties, and political participation (experiences) in their country of origin. This study will also add to the understanding of differences evident in U.S. Latino political participation. Uncovering differences of this …
The Relative Efficacy Of Three Procedures For Reducing Canine Responding., Megan E. Maxwell
The Relative Efficacy Of Three Procedures For Reducing Canine Responding., Megan E. Maxwell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Three response reduction procedures commonly employed in applied behavior analysis are extinction, differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (DRO) schedules, and time-based schedules of event delivery such as the fixed-time (FT) schedule. Each of these three procedures holds promise for the amelioration of canine behavior problems, yet none has been studied systematically, alone or in comparison with other procedures, with domestic dogs. In this research, the buoy-touching responses of eleven dogs were shaped and maintained using edible reinforcers. Responding then was exposed either to extinction, a fixed or an escalating DRO schedule, or an FT schedule. Extinction reduced responding more rapidly than the escalating DRO …
The Role Of Id2 Phosphorylation At Serine 5 In C2c12 Myoblasts., David Christopher Butler
The Role Of Id2 Phosphorylation At Serine 5 In C2c12 Myoblasts., David Christopher Butler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Inhibitor of differentiation protein-2 (Id2) is a dominant negative helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein, and a positive regulator of proliferation, in various cells. The N-terminal region of Id2 contains a consensus cdk2 phosphorylation sequence SPVR, which may be involved with the induction of apoptosis, at least in myeloid 32d.3 cells. However, the role of Id2 phosphorylation at serine 5 in skeletal muscle cells is unknown. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine if the phosphorylation of Id2 at serine 5 alters its cellular localization and role in apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. Overexpression of wild type Id2 decreased MyoD protein expression, which …
Essays On The Effects Of State And Local Public Policy: Gasoline Taxes, Clean Indoor Air Regulations, And Gross Receipts Taxes., Randall A. Childs
Essays On The Effects Of State And Local Public Policy: Gasoline Taxes, Clean Indoor Air Regulations, And Gross Receipts Taxes., Randall A. Childs
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a collection of essays examining the secondary effects of state and local public policies. The first chapter provides an introduction and outlines the research agenda for the dissertation. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of the gasoline unit and ad valorem excise taxes on consumption of gasoline by grade. The results show that, while the unit excise tax can cause consumers to substitute toward higher quality (higher octane) gasoline, the opposite effect can also occur as prices rise and the income effect outweighs the substitution effect. Chapter 3 examines the effects of clean indoor air regulations on employment …
Pharmacists And Tobacco Cessation Counseling: Attitudes And Beliefs, Impact Of Cessation Training On Practice, And Feasibility Of Training And Implementation Into The Pharmacy Practice Setting., Jarrett W. Coffindaffer
Pharmacists And Tobacco Cessation Counseling: Attitudes And Beliefs, Impact Of Cessation Training On Practice, And Feasibility Of Training And Implementation Into The Pharmacy Practice Setting., Jarrett W. Coffindaffer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tobacco use remains one of the leading preventable causes of death in the United States (U.S.), contributing to nearly 440,000 deaths each year and resulting in an annual cost of more than {dollar}75 billion in direct medical costs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of pharmacists in high tobacco use and low tobacco use states toward tobacco cessation counseling, as well as the barriers and motivators associated with tobacco cessation counseling in the pharmacy practice setting and (2) to determine the feasibility of implementing a tobacco cessation program in the pharmacy practice …
Effects Of Aqui-S Exposure In 3 Species Of Fish From The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California., Melody Danley
Effects Of Aqui-S Exposure In 3 Species Of Fish From The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California., Melody Danley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There is need for an anesthetic to sedate fishes that does not require a mandatory post-exposure withdrawal period. Such an anesthetic could be used to sedate handled fishes as they are moved from tank to tank on the farm, surveyed in the wild, released from state and federal hatcheries, or harvested for human consumption. A proprietary form of clove oil, AQUI-S® , was recently submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval as a 0-day withdrawal anesthetic for use on aquatic organisms. As part of the approval process, a large series of efficacy and toxicity studies are required. …
Control Of Nitrogen Oxide And Pm Emissions From Scr-Equipped 2010 Compliant Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Over Different Engine-Out Calibrations., Raffaello Ardanese
Control Of Nitrogen Oxide And Pm Emissions From Scr-Equipped 2010 Compliant Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Over Different Engine-Out Calibrations., Raffaello Ardanese
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diesel engines constitute a valuable solution to the growing demand for higher fuel efficiencies, especially in relation to the rapid growth of fuel prices in recent years. However, the substantially lean conditions typical of diesel exhaust pose a serious challenge to the traditional exhaust aftertreatment devices. The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology has proven to be a viable technology for reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from heavy-duty diesel engines. The diesel particulate filter (DPF) significantly reduces particulate matter (PM); primarily, the solid carbon component of total PM. However, the absence of carbon, downstream of the DPF introduces new …
Comparative Study Between Two Esl Writing Approaches: Computer Processing Microsoft Word Vs. Hand Writing Of Two Freshmen College Saudi Student Groups., Ayed T. Al-Harbi
Comparative Study Between Two Esl Writing Approaches: Computer Processing Microsoft Word Vs. Hand Writing Of Two Freshmen College Saudi Student Groups., Ayed T. Al-Harbi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This comparative study investigated the effectiveness of two writing approaches, hand writing (using paper and pencil) and computer processing (using Microsoft Word), in improving the writing of English freshmen students at two colleges in Saudi Arabia. Three dependent variables: overall writing quality (OWQ), writing apprehension (WA), and attitudes toward writing with computer (ATWC) were measured based on two independent variables: gender and the medium used. The research was designed to assess whether students actually wrote better using word processing software than they did when writing with paper and pencil. One hundred college students studying English were selected from a population …
The Effectiveness Of Using Cooperative Learning Method On Esl Reading Comprehension Performance, Students' Attitudes Toward Cl, And Students' Motivation Toward Reading Of Secondary Stage In Saudi Public Girls' Schools., Latifah A. Alharbi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the effects the use of cooperative learning method in English as a second language reading comprehension performance and how it improves the students' second language, their attitudes toward cooperative learning, and their motivation toward reading. Sixty ESL Saudi high school students from The Third Secondary School in Arrass City participated in this study and where divided into two groups (experimental group vs. control group). A pretest-posttest control group design was employed. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to test the differences between the experimental and the comparison group. The results of this analysis …
Computerized Approaches To Enhance Understanding Of Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Can Reaction Mechanisms And Cplex Prelaboratory Methodology., Abdulrahman G. Al-Shammari
Computerized Approaches To Enhance Understanding Of Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Can Reaction Mechanisms And Cplex Prelaboratory Methodology., Abdulrahman G. Al-Shammari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Two approaches to enhance the understanding of organic reaction mechanisms are described. First, a new method for teaching organic reaction mechanisms that can be used in a Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) environment is proposed and tested (Chapter 1). The method concentrates upon the important intermediate structures, which are assumed to be on the reaction coordinate, and which can be evaluated and graded by currently available computer techniques. At the same time, the “curved arrows” that show the electron flow in a reaction mechanism are neglected, since they cannot be evaluated and graded with currently available computer techniques. By allowing student practice …
Evaluating An Insurance -Sponsored Weight Management Mprogram Using The Re-Aim Model., Christiaan G. Abildso
Evaluating An Insurance -Sponsored Weight Management Mprogram Using The Re-Aim Model., Christiaan G. Abildso
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Determining the public health impact of behavioral obesity treatment programs and industries with whom to ally in disseminating successful programs is critical to our nation's health. In a recent report the National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation (2005) recognized the leverage that health plans might have by establishing incentives for member participation in obesity treatment programs (i.e., weight management). The RE-AIM model (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance; Glasgow, Vogt, & Boles, 1999) is designed to summarize the public health impact of health promotion programs and assist decision makers in understanding the ability of programs to: (a) reach large …
Three Essays On Development In Specialized Economies: The Resource Curse In U.S. States And Small Island Economies., Leslie J. Dunn
Three Essays On Development In Specialized Economies: The Resource Curse In U.S. States And Small Island Economies., Leslie J. Dunn
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation is a collection of papers examining the political, social and economic consequences of specialized economies. The first chapter introduces the concept and potential impacts of an economy choosing to focus on one specific industry, either out of desire or necessity, in their quest for development. The two industries considered in this study are the natural resource sector and the external sector, which includes such industries as tourism. Chapter two explores the connection between rent seeking and resource intensity in U.S. states. A theoretical model is developed relating the immobility of a state’s dominant industry to the tax rate …
Mutagenic Potential Of Particulate Matter Emissions From A Single Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: Lubricating Oil Effects., Jacinto L. Solano
Mutagenic Potential Of Particulate Matter Emissions From A Single Cylinder Hydrogen-Fueled Engine: Lubricating Oil Effects., Jacinto L. Solano
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Interest in alternative fuels is rapidly growing due to environmental concerns. One alternative is hydrogen, which has the potential to replace conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. However, a key enabling factor for hydrogen to be become a viable alternative is the development of lubricating oils specifically formulated for hydrogen-fueled engines. Published data on particulate emissions (PM) from gaseous fueled engines has implicated lubricating oils as major contributors to total mass, though negligible, and the number count of PM emissions. Unlike conventional liquid petroleum-based fuels, which have been shown to be highly mutagenic, there exists …
A Mechanistic And Modeling Study Of Recycled And Virgin Flame Retarded Polycarbonate., David Lee Statler
A Mechanistic And Modeling Study Of Recycled And Virgin Flame Retarded Polycarbonate., David Lee Statler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment is an increasing problem. Consequently, it is desirable to separate and recycle these plastics, especially high-value plastics, such as polycarbonate (PC). One of the concerns is enhancing the PC flame-retardant (FR) properties so it can be reused in equipment housings. Using data on potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate (KSS), it is shown that the flame retardancy of recycled PC can be enhanced. One major advantage of KSS is that it is non-halogenated, playing an important role as the government eliminates potentially unhealthy halogenated FRs. In this study, a PC containing KSS and one containing a …
Madison School "The White Building" Its Beginnings 1916-1939., Judith Ann Stechly
Madison School "The White Building" Its Beginnings 1916-1939., Judith Ann Stechly
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study is a historical descriptive study of the early days of Madison School from the years 1916-1939. Madison School is located on Wheeling Island, Wheeling, West Virginia and is surrounded by the Ohio River. This study traced the history of Madison School and examined factors that were associated with its resilience in the face of many changes: demographics, Progressivism in education, the Great Depression, and the devastating flood of 1936. The events that tell the story of Madison School were collected from primary and secondary sources. The oral histories collected provided the “eyes†of the research from those who …
An Examination Of Mental Health Factors Related To Risk -Taking Behaviors In Children And Adolescents., Sarah B. Stevens
An Examination Of Mental Health Factors Related To Risk -Taking Behaviors In Children And Adolescents., Sarah B. Stevens
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Children and adolescents within the child welfare system are at risk for developing significant mental health problems, due in large part to the chaotic environments in which they live. In many cases, these youth are removed from their family of origin and placed in out-of-home or “foster†care. Many times these children and adolescents endured repeated placements and transitions, which make them vulnerable to problems in the future, particularly by engaging in risky behaviors that may increase the likelihood that they return to the system as parents themselves. This study investigated the impact of anxiety and depression on sexual activity …
An Evaluation Of The Non-Target Effects Of Mosquito Control Pesticides On Uca Pugnax Physiology, Limb Regeneration And Molting Processes., Todd A. Stueckle
An Evaluation Of The Non-Target Effects Of Mosquito Control Pesticides On Uca Pugnax Physiology, Limb Regeneration And Molting Processes., Todd A. Stueckle
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Coastal and estuarine organisms face increasing multiple challenges unique to their environment which include natural and anthropogenic stressors that threaten their physiology, fitness, and population persistence. Synthetic pyrethroid and insect growth regulator pesticide use for agriculture, urban and municipal pest control are of increasing concern in coastal areas as other pesticide groups come under strict regulations and that they possess the potential to significantly impact aquatic resources. My research focuses on how current insecticide release in or near coastal marsh environments alter the physiology, limb regeneration and molting ability of a crustacean indicator species, Uca pugnax, in the intertidal and …
Integrating Community, Education, And Global Sustainability: The Vash Recycling Model., Tracy A. Vash
Integrating Community, Education, And Global Sustainability: The Vash Recycling Model., Tracy A. Vash
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Action research engages researchers and communities in iterative, reflective inquiry to address issues and solve problems with the support of data analysis. The study was structured by and analyzed using the prototype Vash Recycling Model (VRM). For three years, January 2005 through December 2007, this study engaged textiles, apparel, and merchandising students at West Virginia University in collaboration with The Mission, a homeless shelter in Clarksburg, in a joint recycling project. The VRM, found to be an effective guide in textiles and apparel recycling, assisted environmental sustainability, and in 2007 eliminated 679,271 pounds of waste from the landfill while generating …
Classroom Environment And Its Effect On Student Achievement In A 3rd Grade Mathematics Classroom: An Autoethnographic Study., Darlene R. Voorhees
Classroom Environment And Its Effect On Student Achievement In A 3rd Grade Mathematics Classroom: An Autoethnographic Study., Darlene R. Voorhees
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Student achievement in mathematics is a concern of policy-makers as well as those who teach the subject. Due to concern regarding lagging mathematical achievement in the United States that began with a series of events that include the launch of Sputnik in the 1950s, the federal report A Nation At Risk, and the Third International Mathematics and Science Study have sparked a fervent desire for school children to succeed and compete mathematically with our global neighbors. Although policy-makers are striving to improve educational practices of mathematics by formulating curriculum plans to foster mathematical achievement and a joy of mathematics, one …
Evaluation Of Heavy-Duty Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbon And Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Analysis Methods, Abishek Muralidharan
Evaluation Of Heavy-Duty Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbon And Non-Methane Hydrocarbon Analysis Methods, Abishek Muralidharan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The harmful environmental and health effects of automobile exhaust constituents have necessitated their regulation in many countries. The constituents of concern from diesel fueled engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter. Hydrocarbons combine with the oxides of nitrogen in a photochemical reaction, aided by sunlight, to form ozone which is a major constituent of smog. However methane does not aid in smog formation and is excluded from the present United States on-road hydrocarbon regulation.;Flame ionization detectors (FID) are the preferred detectors for hydrocarbon measurement from compression ignition internal combustion engines. Regulatory requirement for …
Use Of Native Seed Mixtures To Improve Erosion Control And Wildlife Habitat On Log Landings Following Timber Harvest In The Upper Elk Watershed Of West Virginia, Lisa R. Tager
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Foresters in West Virginia follow BMP guidelines by reseeding retired log landings with inexpensive grasses that quickly provide erosion control. However, these grasses typically are not native nor do they provide high quality forage for wildlife. I developed 3 native seed mixtures for log landing reclamation that would maintain sediment control, as well as enhance wildlife habitat. These mixtures included an erosion control mixture, a wildlife mixture, and a wildflower mixture. I assessed sediment control, biomass production, vegetation structure, forage quality, and small mammal usage of my native mixtures and a commonly used, nonnative traditional mixture in 2005 and 2006. …
Reproductive Consequences Of Exposure To Sediment Extracts From The South Branch Of The Potomac River On Japanese Medaka (Oryzias Latipes), Seth R. Davis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An intersex condition, defined as the presence of oocytes in the testes of male gonochoristic fish, has been observed in smallmouth bass in the South Branch of the Potomac River, West Virginia, which indicates exposure to exogenous estrogens. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC's) are generally hydrophobic and would tend to be found within the sediment of aquatic environments. Few studies have attempted to show the effects of exposure to EDC's on fish using sediment chemical extracts. We have developed a mass sediment extraction technique using 2 solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate:acetone 50:50) to determine the effects of extracted chemicals from three sites …
Determination Of The Nutritional Value, Protein Quality And Safety Of Krill Protein Concentrate Isolated Using An Isolelectric Solubilization/Precipitation Technique, Joseph Christopher Gigliotti
Determination Of The Nutritional Value, Protein Quality And Safety Of Krill Protein Concentrate Isolated Using An Isolelectric Solubilization/Precipitation Technique, Joseph Christopher Gigliotti
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Despite its abundance and nutritional value, krill has not been widely utilized for human consumption due to the lack of proper technology for protein recovery. The study objectives were to isolate krill protein concentrate (KPC) and to determine the nutritional value, health benefits, and safety of KPC for human consumption. Proximate analysis indicated KPC on a dry basis is composed of ∼78% protein and ∼8% fat of which ∼27% are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (o-3 PUFAs). The amino acid composition of KPC indicated that all nine essential amino acids were present in amounts that met the requirements for adult humans …
Attitudes Of 4-H Club Leaders Toward Volunteer Training In West Virginia, Jennifer Post
Attitudes Of 4-H Club Leaders Toward Volunteer Training In West Virginia, Jennifer Post
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Volunteers are essential to the 4-H program. This study was conducted to determine why individuals volunteer for 4-H, how volunteers feel towards the training they are offered, what the training needs of 4-H volunteers were, and the methods 4-H volunteers prefer to receive training. A questionnaire was sent to 260 volunteer club leaders in 27 counties in the state of West Virginia. 4-H volunteers have multiple reasons for being a volunteer club leader including helping people and working with youth. 4-H volunteer club leaders feel that training is important in becoming a leader and that training is for everyone regardless …
Market Risk Analysis Of Coal Liquefaction, Huan Mei
Market Risk Analysis Of Coal Liquefaction, Huan Mei
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study addresses the risks associated with coal liquefaction using a market risk simulation approach. The study can be divided into four phases: (i) identify the sources of risk, (ii) examine the relationships among different sources that cause the risk, (iii) estimate the risk level based on the sources of risk using statistical and financial method and (iv) provide conclusions and recommendations for risk analysis.;Market risk is considered the most important risk for commercial scale coal liquefaction projects and is one of the biggest obstacles to commercialization. This study analyses market risk and discusses methods to lower this type of …
Stream Water Quality And Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ecology In A Coal-Mining, Acid-Sensitive Region, George T. Merovich Jr.
Stream Water Quality And Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ecology In A Coal-Mining, Acid-Sensitive Region, George T. Merovich Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Acid mine drainage (AMD) and acid rain are important sources of impairment to streams in the Tygart Valley and Cheat River basins in north central West Virginia, USA. Due to a network of abandoned mined lands and bond forfeiture sites in this coal-mining region, AMD represents severe, but rather localized impacts to water quality. AMD is a consequence of the chemical oxidation of reduced geological minerals (sulfides) usually associated with coal during mining operations. The reactions produce aqueous solutions high in sulfates and dissolved metals when the minerals are exposed to the oxic environment through land disturbance. In addition, the …
Sociodemographic And Health -Related Risks For Loneliness And Outcome Differences By Loneliness Status In A Sample Of Older U.S. Adults, Laurie A. Theeke
Sociodemographic And Health -Related Risks For Loneliness And Outcome Differences By Loneliness Status In A Sample Of Older U.S. Adults, Laurie A. Theeke
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background. Loneliness is a prevalent problem for older adults and has been shown to be associated with negative physical, psychological, and social variables. There has been limited research focusing on the relationship of loneliness to health. There is a gap in the literature when it comes to understanding how the problem of loneliness relates to the health of older adults in the United States.;Purpose. The purpose of this study was to address this gap in the literature through the testing of two models, the first model represented the postulated risks for loneliness and the second model represented the postulated outcomes …
Bus Transit Equity Among Demographic Groups Considering Monetary And Travel Time Costs, Leonel Medellin
Bus Transit Equity Among Demographic Groups Considering Monetary And Travel Time Costs, Leonel Medellin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The generalized cost of a transit user depends mostly on time and money spent per trip. On the other hand, time and distance determine most of the transit agency's cost to provide service. These are important factors to consider in determining the equity performance of service provided to users of different demographic groups. The purpose of this study is to determine significant statistical differences in resources spent by bus users in two metropolitan areas. The study measures inequality among different socioeconomic groups of users in terms of travel time and money consumed per mile in using the service. Inequality is …