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Obesity And Spatial Context In Appalachia, Roberta J. Alt Dec 2008

Obesity And Spatial Context In Appalachia, Roberta J. Alt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past 30 years. Obesity is a multi-factorial disorder, which is often associated with many other significant diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and certain cancers. For these reasons, it is a complex health issue to address. The objective of this study is to identify the factors which are responsible for the spatial variation of adult obesity throughout the Appalachian region. In addition, preliminary examinations are made to identify potential associations between geographic variability in the prevalence of obesity and the characteristics of individuals and places with variable …

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University Students' Perceptions Of Their Parents' Childrearing Styles Associated With Their Inclinations To Become Parents, Judi Mccracken Dec 2008

University Students' Perceptions Of Their Parents' Childrearing Styles Associated With Their Inclinations To Become Parents, Judi Mccracken

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Researchers have associated Diane Baumrind's parenting styles (Baumrind, 1967; Baumrind, 1966; Baumrind, 1968; Baumrind, 1971) with countless outcomes among children, adolescents, and adults. However, few, if any, have investigated an age group's perceptions of their childrearing compared with their inclination to become parents. This study examined 67 West Virginia University students' responses to the Adapted Parenting Attribute Questionnaire (APAQ) completed by Child Development and Family Studies majors in 2007. The purpose was to determine patterns of perceptions in guardians' parenting styles, then compare the participants' inclinations to become parents and their rankings of importance (low, medium, or high; low and …

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Applications Of Asymmetric Allylation Reactions Towards Natural Product Synthesis, Philip R. Harsh Dec 2008

Applications Of Asymmetric Allylation Reactions Towards Natural Product Synthesis, Philip R. Harsh

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A short asymmetric synthesis of (R)-(+)-Goniothalamin oxide was developed and synthesized using a Leighton asymmetric allylation reaction and Grubbs ring-closing metathesis. (R)-(+)-Goniothalamin oxide is a styryl lactone that exhibits anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancer cell lines including MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231. The methododology of asymmetric allylation is also demonstrated on intermediates of RK-397, which is a 32-membered oxopolyene macrolide with anti-cancer activity.

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Effects Of The Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan On Bacterial Resistance To Disinfection In Wastewater Treatment Processes, Meilin Liu Dec 2008

Effects Of The Antimicrobial Agent Triclosan On Bacterial Resistance To Disinfection In Wastewater Treatment Processes, Meilin Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

2-(2,5-Dichlorophenoxy)-5-chlorophenol or Triclosan is a widely used antimicrobial agent included in a multitude of products, such as soap, toothpaste, and personal care products.;The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of Triclosan on the resistance of activated sludge bacteria to conventional disinfection processes applied in wastewater treatment processes, such as chlorination and UV.;Specific Aim 1. A complex bacterial community collected from an active sludge was acclimated over several sub-cultures in the presence of different concentrations of Triclosan (from 0.0 to 20 mg L-1) and then exposed to sub-lethal doses of chlorine and UV irradiation. Determination of bacterial viability …

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Identifying Genomic Signatures For Predicting Breast Cancer Outcomes, Shruti Rathnagiriswaran Dec 2008

Identifying Genomic Signatures For Predicting Breast Cancer Outcomes, Shruti Rathnagiriswaran

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Predicting the risk for recurrence in breast cancer patients is a critical task in clinics. Recent developments in DNA microarrays have fostered tremendous advances in molecular diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer.;The first part of our study was based on a novel approach of considering the level of genomic instability as one of the most powerful predictors of clinical outcome. A systematic technique was presented to explore whether there is a linkage between the degree of genomic instability, gene expression patterns, and clinical outcomes by considering the following hypotheses; first, the degree of genomic instability is reflected by an aneuploidy-specific …

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Investigation Of Lubricant Oil Consumption And Its Contribution To Particulate Matter Emissions, Sam George Dec 2008

Investigation Of Lubricant Oil Consumption And Its Contribution To Particulate Matter Emissions, Sam George

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The global objective of this study was to determine lubricant oil consumption as a function of engine operating conditions, and determine its contribution to particulate matter (PM) emissions in a hydrogen-fueled engine. Hydrogen offers a promising alternative for internal combustion engines owing to its clean burning properties. The success of gaseous-fueled engines lies in the development and use of specially formulated and well researched lubricating oils as these oils are the only source of carbon emissions in hydrogen-fueled engines. The lubricant oil consumption can be determined in a hydrogen-fueled engine by measuring the carbonaceous emissions. This study determined lubricant oil …

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Promoting Self-Directed Learning In Adult Piano Instruction, Rhonda Jane Mizok-Taylor Dec 2008

Promoting Self-Directed Learning In Adult Piano Instruction, Rhonda Jane Mizok-Taylor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

More and more adults are studying music. Because of this, the number of adult method books has been increasing; however, when writing an adult method book, it is important for the author to remember that adults are more capable of independent learning by using their own previous musical experiences to understand new material. They may not wish to be completely dependent on a teacher for every aspect of instruction.;Using questions derived from Malcolm Knowles' book Self-Directed Learning and questions used by Hung-Ling Chen in the dissertation "An Investigation of Self-Directed Learning among Non-Music Major Adult Piano Learners in One-to-One Piano …

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Development Of An Open Loop Fuzzy Logic Urea Dosage Controller For Use With An Scr Equipped Hdd Engine, Theodore R. Adams Dec 2008

Development Of An Open Loop Fuzzy Logic Urea Dosage Controller For Use With An Scr Equipped Hdd Engine, Theodore R. Adams

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) has been shown to be the most promising exhaust aftertreatment system for reducing oxides of nitrogen in near term in-use applications. SCRs use the ammonia containing compound urea, as a reducing agent. In order to control the urea dosage during transient operation of the engine, sophisticated control strategies are needed. The goal of this study was to design a controller to achieve the maximum NO x emission reduction possible in the transient mode of engine operation, without causing ammonia slip. The development of an open loop, non-sensor based fuzzy logic urea dosage controller is discussed in …

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Program-Assisted Analysis Of The Transverse Pressure Capacity Of Block Stoppings For Mine Ventilation Control, Timothy J. Batchler Dec 2008

Program-Assisted Analysis Of The Transverse Pressure Capacity Of Block Stoppings For Mine Ventilation Control, Timothy J. Batchler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Previously a new test procedure, based on rigid arching, had been developed to determine the true transverse pressure capacity of mine ventilation block stoppings. Using this test procedure, a parametric study of the design parameters was tested to determine the arching capability in block stoppings. Theoretical assessments of arching and design equations were developed creating design guidelines based on the physical properties of the block stoppings. Based on these design guidelines, a computer program was developed to simulate the transverse pressure capacity of mine ventilation block stoppings. Inputs from users will generate a set of representative scenarios simulating a particular …

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Quantification Of Soluble Organic Fraction Measurement Variation In Diesel Particulate Matter Emissions, John Wesley Hardin Dec 2008

Quantification Of Soluble Organic Fraction Measurement Variation In Diesel Particulate Matter Emissions, John Wesley Hardin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDE) are the dominate prime movers of goods and services in the United States (US) and the world today. HDDE will continue to lead the transportation sector in the near term because of its superior fuel economy and performance compared to existing alternatives. However, HDDE produce many harmful emissions constituents that include: hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). Due to these harmful emissions, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been entrusted to enforce the Clean Air Act to limit the amount of emissions that can be produced from these …

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Observations Of The Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance As Compared To A Gravimetric Method For Particulate Matter Measurement, Gregory Shane Thomas Dec 2008

Observations Of The Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance As Compared To A Gravimetric Method For Particulate Matter Measurement, Gregory Shane Thomas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A direct comparison has been made between a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) and the traditional gravimetric filter method designed per 40 CFR §1065.145. A repeatability test, consisting of multiple emission tests, was also performed for the TEOM system that shows that the TEOM was a consistent instrument. The TEOM was also tested with and without a diesel particular filter (DPF) during an 8-mode test on a 1997/1998 Kubota 2.2L engine to see if the concentration of the particular matter (PM) flowing through the TEOM has an effect on accuracy. The flow rate was varied to find the optimal setting …

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Characterization Of Thermal And Electrical Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites, Raja Ram Tipirneni Dec 2008

Characterization Of Thermal And Electrical Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites, Raja Ram Tipirneni

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Thermal conductivity of a polymer composite is a function of resin type, fiber type and architecture, fiber volume fraction, direction of heat flow, and service temperature. Recognizing the thermal responses in Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite decks play a critical role in their performance, accurate thermal measurements of FRP decks are essential. A major focus has been placed on measurements of thermal conductivity in through-the thickness direction of a FRP composite.;Current research focus has been on characterization of thermal conductivity in the planar direction (along the direction of the fiber and transverse direction of the fiber) of a composite laminate. …

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Republican Mothers Of And Above Their Time: Abigail Adams And Theodosia Burr Alston, Joanna Lyn Reynolds Dec 2008

Republican Mothers Of And Above Their Time: Abigail Adams And Theodosia Burr Alston, Joanna Lyn Reynolds

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Unique in their time, Abigail Adams and Theodosia Burr Alston possessed intellectual accomplishments, social prominence, and economic status. Also, both women enjoyed supportive marriages with influential husbands as well as proximity to leading male figures of the Revolution and the new nation. Yet, similar to other women of their era, Abigail Adams and Theodosia Burr Alston nurtured their children's educational and moral development, supported their husbands' public service, and kept informed about current events. While marked differences in lifestyle, geographic environment, familial dynamics, and the public and political affiliations of their male family members distinguished them from each other, as …

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Motivation In Sport: Bridging Historical And Contemporary Theory Through A Qualitative Approach, Daniel J. Leidl Dec 2008

Motivation In Sport: Bridging Historical And Contemporary Theory Through A Qualitative Approach, Daniel J. Leidl

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

From intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to attributions and goal orientation, theory and study related to motivation in sport abound. However, theorists such as Adler (Adler, 1998), Frankl (1984), and Maslow (Maslow, 1962) detail broader motivational frameworks that focus on a human impulse to derive meaning and purpose by extending beyond the self. While such theories take prominent positions within psychology, there applicability to sport has seemingly been overlooked. In an effort to explore more traditional motivational constructs in sport, a qualitative analysis of elite lacrosse coaches (n=7) was conducted. Through semi-structured interviews, coaches shared their motivation to coach and how …

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Identification Of Risk Factors Associated With Highway Fatalities Occurring To Law Enforcement Professionals, Melissa W. Abbott Dec 2008

Identification Of Risk Factors Associated With Highway Fatalities Occurring To Law Enforcement Professionals, Melissa W. Abbott

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to identify the risk factors most commonly associated with law enforcement highway fatalities. Three approaches were used to assist in the identification of the most relevant risk factors. These approaches included as descriptive study, utilization of a focus group and a simple and multiple logistic regression analysis.;The descriptive study was performed on data extracted from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Risk System (FARS). The data was divided into three categories; Fatalities while driving, Fatalities while not driving-inside the vehicle and Fatalities while not driving outside the vehicle. The focus group consisted of …

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Deindustrialization And The Decline Of Community In The Coalfields: Mcdowell County, West Virginia, 1950--2000, Mark S. Myers Dec 2008

Deindustrialization And The Decline Of Community In The Coalfields: Mcdowell County, West Virginia, 1950--2000, Mark S. Myers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the coal industry entered McDowell County, a predominantly rural county in southern West Virginia. Because of common experiences working and living in the coalfields, workers of significantly different backgrounds created a unique, working-class community in McDowell County. Although the coal industry experienced numerous downturns during the first half of the twentieth century, there was a long-term rise in the number of workers employed by the industry. By 1950, McDowell County had a population of almost 100,000, most of which was impacted by the coal industry.;After World War II, however, the industry began …

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Communicative Functions Of Young Children's Visual Art, Clover Simms Wright Dec 2008

Communicative Functions Of Young Children's Visual Art, Clover Simms Wright

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

How can young children use visual art to communicate? This study used Halliday's communicative functions of language (Halliday, 1973), to frame the answer to this question; Halliday's categories of communicative functions are: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational/informative. Five children, between the ages of three and five, were observed and interviewed as they voluntarily created visual art over a six-week period. In that time period, each of the seven functions of language was demonstrated collectively by the participants. The research was conducted by an educator employed in the early childhood setting. Qualitatively, this study confirmed that young children …

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The Use Of Chickens To Remove The Infective Stage Of Haemonchus Contortus From The Field After Sheep Have Grazed, Jessica Harley Nicole Eddy Dec 2008

The Use Of Chickens To Remove The Infective Stage Of Haemonchus Contortus From The Field After Sheep Have Grazed, Jessica Harley Nicole Eddy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There are few USDA organic certified practices for controlling the nematode Haemonchus contortus. This small ruminant parasite has a life cycle that makes it a candidate for control using field rotations. The third-stage of the nematode's life cycle is responsible for infecting or re-infecting a host and the use of chickens to control H. contortus has not been tested. This experiment was conducted to determine if the chicken's foraging behavior reduces the number of infective third-stage larvae on the pasture by comparing a chicken sub-plot, a sub-plot that was mowed, a control sub-plot and a pretreatment. These forage removal methods …

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Hemodynamics Of Intracranial Aneurysms: Factors That May Influence Occurrence, Francisco Adolfo Pino Romainville Dec 2008

Hemodynamics Of Intracranial Aneurysms: Factors That May Influence Occurrence, Francisco Adolfo Pino Romainville

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The formation and growth of intracranial aneurysms are partly attributed to various hemodynamic factors, such as the wall shear stress and pressure. However, the exact nature of the hemodynamic variables responsible for triggering aneurismal growth is still unknown. The conclusions drawn by various studies in this regard are found to be speculative and sometimes ambiguous. This issue is further investigated in the present work using some new insight gained from passive scalar dispersion in the blood flow for realistic aneurysm geometries. Intracranial aneurysms are best visualized using selective catheter angiogram technique where a contrast agent added to the blood flow …

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The Effects Of Fuel Additives On Diesel Engine Emissions During Steady State And Transient Operation, John P. Nuszkowski Aug 2008

The Effects Of Fuel Additives On Diesel Engine Emissions During Steady State And Transient Operation, John P. Nuszkowski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Internal combustion engines have propelled society's transportation and power needs for the last century. However, with the regulatory demand to reduce air pollution, internal combustion engines are a major focus to reduce the emissions from these engines. Compression ignition or diesel engines are a major contributor to NOx and PM pollution. However, the life of these engines is much longer than that of their spark-ignited counterparts, causing the fleet of diesel engines to consist of a significant number of old, higher polluting engines. Fuel additives are one method of reducing emissions and/or enhancing performance in these older diesel engines without …

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Solubility Of Endodontic Sealers In Three Common Endodontic Solvents, Ryan W.L. Burleson Aug 2008

Solubility Of Endodontic Sealers In Three Common Endodontic Solvents, Ryan W.L. Burleson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to compare the solubility of four sealers in three common endodontic solvents at time intervals of five minutes, ten minutes, and twenty minutes. Recently, there has been a growing number of resin endodontic sealers with multiple studies looking at leakage and very few investigating their solubility. Three resin sealers (AH Plus, Epiphany, and EndoREZ) and one Grossman's formula sealer (Roth's 801) were tested with three common endodontic solvents (Chloroform, Eucalyptol, Endosolv-R). All sealers were mixed according to the manufactors' specifications and placed into metal rings with openings of a diameter of twenty millimeters and …

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Organic Methods To Control Root Rot Of Peas And Spinach In North-Central West Virginia, Hannah Witten Schrum Aug 2008

Organic Methods To Control Root Rot Of Peas And Spinach In North-Central West Virginia, Hannah Witten Schrum

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Root rot disease is a limiting factor in organic production of cool season crops for many growers in North central West Virginia. In attempt to control root rot and its devastating impact on crop stands we decided to study a number of environmental, cultural, and biological control methods. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of alterations of the seed environment on disease incidence (measured by crop emergence and survival 21 days after planting) and thereby define techniques which are suitable for small growers to adopt if they have root rot problems. We therefore explored four broadly …

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Environmental Forensics For Characterization Of Unexploded Ordnance In Soils At The Dolly Sods Wilderness Area, Amy Richmond Aylor Aug 2008

Environmental Forensics For Characterization Of Unexploded Ordnance In Soils At The Dolly Sods Wilderness Area, Amy Richmond Aylor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The West Virginia Maneuver Area includes locations within the Dolly Sods Wilderness Area, the Canaan Valley National Wildlife Recreation Area, and private land holdings in Grant, Randolph, and Tucker counties of West Virginia. Between 1943 and 1944, the military trained troops in a 50,000 acre area which is now the Dolly Sods Wilderness area. This training was conducted by the U.S. Department of the Army and involved artillery and mortar training for troops destined for World War II combat in the mountains of Italy. This project focused on characterization and investigation of the environmental contamination resulting from military ordnance existing …

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Predictive Modeling Of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) In The Appalachians, Alison R. Mynsberge Aug 2008

Predictive Modeling Of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) In The Appalachians, Alison R. Mynsberge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Freshwater mussels are in decline, particularly in the Appalachian region of North America. This region contains the world's greatest diversity of freshwater mussels, but many species are now threatened or endangered. Little is known of the basic ecology and distributions of species of freshwater mussels relative to other freshwater organisms. The goal of this study was to use predictive modeling to predict distributions of freshwater mussels in the Appalachians and identify correlated factors using a watershed framework. Models were developed in the upper Mid-Atlantic and Ohio drainage regions using subwatersheds and separately in the Tennessee region using catchments. Models developed …

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Three Essays On Relationships Between The Public Sector And Population Migration, Robert R. Dunn Aug 2008

Three Essays On Relationships Between The Public Sector And Population Migration, Robert R. Dunn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is a collection of papers examining the consequences and determinants of population migration at the state and county level. The first chapter introduces the importance of domestic migration in the United States and briefly presents the issues that are covered in this work. The second chapter focuses on the possibility that state outmigration could result in reduced support of public higher education. Some authors have hypothesized that forward-looking state legislators respond to outmigration of certain age groups by reducing appropriations to higher education. In the empirical model, outmigration is disaggregated into six age groups to examine varying effects …

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Association Of Changes In Norepinephrine And Serotonin Transporter Expression With The Long-Term Behavioral Effects Of Antidepressant Drugs, Zaorui Zhao Aug 2008

Association Of Changes In Norepinephrine And Serotonin Transporter Expression With The Long-Term Behavioral Effects Of Antidepressant Drugs, Zaorui Zhao

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The relationship between the ability of repeated antidepressant treatment to cause down-regulation of the norepinephrine and serotonin transporters (NET, SERT) and produce antidepressant-like effects on behavior was determined. Treatment of rats with 15 mg/kg/day desipramine reduced NET expression, measured by 3H-nisoxetine binding and SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting, in cerebral cortex and hippocampus and reduced the time of immobility in the forced-swim test. The antidepressant-like effect on forced-swim behavior was evident two days following discontinuation of desipramine treatment when plasma and brain levels of desipramine and its major metabolite desmethyldesipramine were not detectable. Reduced NET expression resulted in decreased norepinephrine (NE) uptake, measured in …

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Cognitive Appraisal Of Perceived Threat Of Diabetes And Adherence To Self -Management Behaviors, Roger D. Carpenter Aug 2008

Cognitive Appraisal Of Perceived Threat Of Diabetes And Adherence To Self -Management Behaviors, Roger D. Carpenter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background. Within adherence research, health beliefs have been identified as being significant predictors of adherence. Specifically, perceived threat as a health belief has received considerable attention. However, a gap in current knowledge exists in terms of understanding perceived threat of illness as an event that is appraised by the patient.;Aim. The purpose of this exploratory, descriptive study was to examine cognitive appraisal of perceived threat of illness in relation to adherence to self-management behaviors in uninsured/under-insured persons with type 2 diabetes.;Method. A convenience sample consisted of 80 subjects being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus at a free clinic in …

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Methods For Reconstruction Of Transient Emissions From Heavy -Duty Vehicles, Madhava R. Madireddy Aug 2008

Methods For Reconstruction Of Transient Emissions From Heavy -Duty Vehicles, Madhava R. Madireddy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Emissions measurement analyzers give out a response that may not reflect the true instantaneous engine-out emissions. Currently, the heavy-duty diesel engines are being certified for emissions measured in a thirty second time window with certain specification requirements for the analyzers. Since these measured emissions values may not be the same as the true instantaneous emissions, integrated values for the thirty second windows may be affected by analyzer response.;This document presents and examines reconstruction techniques to estimate instantaneous heavy-duty engine-out emissions. These techniques will take as the input, the continuous set of emissions data and approximate dispersion characteristics of the analyzer …

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Analysis Of Elementary Teachers' Self-Reports Of Variables Influencing Teacher Decisions During The Special Education Referral Process, Bernard Charles Jones Aug 2008

Analysis Of Elementary Teachers' Self-Reports Of Variables Influencing Teacher Decisions During The Special Education Referral Process, Bernard Charles Jones

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to analyze West Virginia teachers' decision making during the special education referral process. Specifically, the study examined how academic achievement, behavior, socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and gender impact the teacher's decision to refer students for special education services.;Elementary teachers completed a survey that consisted of questions that allowed them to report on the variables that most influenced their referral decisions. For each survey question, the Spearmen Rho correlation coefficient was used to determine if a correlation existed between individual variables and the teacher's decision to refer a student for special education services. The Mann-Whitney U …

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Design And Testing Of An Independently Controlled Urea-Scr System For Marine Diesel Applications, Derek Johnson Aug 2008

Design And Testing Of An Independently Controlled Urea-Scr System For Marine Diesel Applications, Derek Johnson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Diesel engine emissions for on-road, stationary and marine applications are regulated through new EPA standards. The most difficult species of exhaust gas constituents to reduce are oxides of nitrogen, NOx. The use of urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is promising for NO x abatement as a retrofit application. This work focused on the reduction of NOx by use of a stand alone urea injection system, applicable to marine diesel engines. Most current systems communicate with engine controls to predict NOx emissions based on signals such as torque and engine speed. Many marine engines employ mechanical injection technology and lack communication …

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