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Decentralized Synergetic Control Of Power Systems, Taoridi Ademoye Dec 2012

Decentralized Synergetic Control Of Power Systems, Taoridi Ademoye

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this dissertation is to design decentralized controllers to enhance the transient stability of power systems. Due to the nonlinearities and complexities of the system, nonlinear control design techniques are required to improve its dynamic performance. In this dissertation a synergetic control technique is being proposed to design supplementary controller that is added to the exciter of the generation unit of the system. Although this method has been previously applied to a Single Infinite Machine Bus (SMIB) system with high degree of success, it has not been employed to systems with multi machine. Also, the method has good …

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Assessing The Surface Water Quality Impacts Of Marcellus Shale Development In Whiteday Creek Watershed, West Virginia, D. Aaron Streets Dec 2012

Assessing The Surface Water Quality Impacts Of Marcellus Shale Development In Whiteday Creek Watershed, West Virginia, D. Aaron Streets

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Shale gas development in Central Appalachia will likely increase economic activity and help meet future energy needs; however, there are concerns over potential impacts to water resources. This research assessed impacts of drilling for gas in the Marcellus shale in the White Day Creek watershed in northern West Virginia. A total of eight stream sites, located both upstream and downstream of three permitted gas wells, were monitored. Two of the permitted wells were in the development phase while the third was actively being drilled. Water samples were collected during the bi-weekly sampling and analyzed at the National Research Center of …

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Variables That Predict Burnout Among Sex Offender Treatment Providers: Work Setting, Gender, Work Hours, Jennifer Pravlik Dec 2012

Variables That Predict Burnout Among Sex Offender Treatment Providers: Work Setting, Gender, Work Hours, Jennifer Pravlik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Psychological treatment of the sexual offender population continues to be an arduous task for therapists. There is evidence that many therapists will experience burnout at some point during their careers. Providing treatment in a burned out state can cause harm to the therapist, client, and community (Barnett, Baker, Elman, & Schoener, 2007). It is necessary to determine the variables that influence burnout in order to increase awareness and to address the variables at an organization and personal level in order to identify therapists that may be at risk of burnout. In this I study examined the relationship of variables identified …

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Analysis And Detection Of Fingerprint Creases, Olaoluwa Peter Laseinde Dec 2012

Analysis And Detection Of Fingerprint Creases, Olaoluwa Peter Laseinde

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Fingerprint is a biometric trait that is widely used for human identification and verification. Most fingerprint biometric systems make use of certain salient features on the fingerprint, including minutiae points, pores, and singular points, for comparing two fingerprint images. In this work, we explore the possibility of using fingerprint creases for comparing two fingerprints. Creases can be described as white lines or scars on a fingerprint image. Recent studies have determined that some creases are genetically influenced although the origin of creases has not been completely characterized. While no published work exists for crease matching, some studies have explored the …

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An Evaluation Of The Occurrence Of Micronuclei And Other Nuclear Abnormalities In Fishes From The Great Lakes Basin, United States, Ryan Patrick Braham Dec 2012

An Evaluation Of The Occurrence Of Micronuclei And Other Nuclear Abnormalities In Fishes From The Great Lakes Basin, United States, Ryan Patrick Braham

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Biological markers (biomarkers) sensitive to genotoxic and mutagenic contamination in fishes are widely used to identify contamination in the aquatic environment. The "fish tumors or other deformities" biological use impairment (BUI) occurs at 18 of the 30 areas of concern (AOC) located in the Great Lakes basin within the United States. As each AOC evaluates this specific BUI for possible delisting, biomarkers sensitive to both genotoxic and mutagenic chemicals can be integrated as a possible criterion for delisting. The micronucleus assay identifies genotoxic contamination by observing the presence of a micronucleus (MN), along with a primary nucleus within the cellular …

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Hiv/Aids Intervention In Ghana: A Constructivist Approach To Understanding Aids Policy, Nat Papa Kobina Markin Dec 2012

Hiv/Aids Intervention In Ghana: A Constructivist Approach To Understanding Aids Policy, Nat Papa Kobina Markin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study is about how donor policy, NGO policy and public policy work together in Ghana's national strategic response to HIV and AIDS. The dissertation touches on two areas of public policy - development policy and health policy specifically relating to HIV/AIDS to determine congruity of the policy approaches of the three groups. Based on a survey done in Accra, Ghana in summer 2010 and on documentary sources of data collection, the study captures areas of agreement and disagreement of the three groups and discusses their effects on policy implementation. In broader terms, it analyzes assistance for HIV/AIDS in the …

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Modified Delphi Investigation Of Lesson Planning Concepts For Physical Education Teacher Education, Jack W. Sager Dec 2012

Modified Delphi Investigation Of Lesson Planning Concepts For Physical Education Teacher Education, Jack W. Sager

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Improving the methods of instructing future educators, through program evaluation and improvement, should be a goal of all teacher education programs. In physical education, the National Association for Sport & Physical Education created standards for initial preparation of physical education teachers. The six standards for preparation include Planning and Implementation, which include tenants pertaining to unit and lesson planning. Despite the significant importance of planning in the growth of preservice teachers as they complete a Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) program, there is currently no consensus on what concepts to be included in lesson planning for physical education teacher education. …

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Near Boundary Turbulence Characteristics Among Stream Restorations Of Varying Intensity, Sean M. Abel Dec 2012

Near Boundary Turbulence Characteristics Among Stream Restorations Of Varying Intensity, Sean M. Abel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stream restoration is estimated to be a multi-billion dollar industry and includes techniques such as planting vegetation, modifying channel form, and installing in-stream structures. These techniques potentially alter the velocity field and flow complexity. The specific objective of this research was to characterize near-boundary flow within the three restored reaches of varying intensities located in the Stream Research, Education, and Management (StREAM) Laboratory at Virginia Tech. Three restoration techniques were applied in 2009-10 to consecutive reaches of Stroubles Creek: 1) cattle restriction only (0.5 km); 2) cattle restriction, banks reshaped to 3:1 slope and re-vegetated (0.6 km); and, 3) designed …

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Evaluation Of A Practice Change To Improve Screening, Identification, And Management Of Patients With Prediabetes, Murrita C. Bolinger Dec 2012

Evaluation Of A Practice Change To Improve Screening, Identification, And Management Of Patients With Prediabetes, Murrita C. Bolinger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: The prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes among adults in West Virginia (WV) is 10.85, which ranks fourth in the United States in 2007. Furthermore, WV ranks as second highest state for diabetes related deaths in the nation. Prediabetes increases the risks for development of type 2 diabetes. Studies have supported lifestyle modification education for prediabetic adults in an effort to reduce progression to type 2 diabetes.;Objective: To evaluate the use of an EMR reminder to improve the screening, identifying, and documentation of treatment plans for patient at risk for prediabetes.;Methods: A provider focused education session was offered to …

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Comparison Of Groundwater Seepage Modeling In Approximate Original Contour And Geomorphic Valley Fill Design, Nathan C. Depriest Dec 2012

Comparison Of Groundwater Seepage Modeling In Approximate Original Contour And Geomorphic Valley Fill Design, Nathan C. Depriest

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Excess spoil generated during surface mining in southern West Virginia is generally placed in headwater valleys. Known as valley fills, these structures are designed to move water rapidly through constructed drains to maximize geotechnical stability using the conventional design method termed Approximate Original Contour (AOC). Seepage from valley fills tends to be elevated with respect to calcium, magnesium, alkalinity and sulfates and there is evidence that, in high concentrations, these ions can contribute to stream degradation. New fluvial geomorphic principals are being researched to aid in reclamation alternatives to AOC designs. Geomorphic designs have proven successful in semi-arid regions; however, …

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Effectiveness Of Biofeedback In Improving Heart Rate Variability Recovery Following Stress, Amanda L. Wheat Dec 2012

Effectiveness Of Biofeedback In Improving Heart Rate Variability Recovery Following Stress, Amanda L. Wheat

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current study was designed to examine the efficacy of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback using emWave, a specific biofeedback device available to the public, and to determine whether such treatment affects phasic physiological responses to stress. Twenty-seven individuals (4 males, 23 females), aged 18-30 years (M = 22.54 years, SD = 3.82) participated in the current study. Thirteen individuals were randomly assigned to a control group and received no intervention, whereas the remaining 14 participants underwent 4-8 sessions of emWave intervention. All participants attended pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment sessions during which a stressor protocol was administered; physiological data were …

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Study Of Chemical States, Composition And Adsorption Behavior Of Iron Coated Granular Activated Carbon (Fe-Gac) For Selenate Removal And Feasible Adsorbent Modifications, Ning Zhang Dec 2012

Study Of Chemical States, Composition And Adsorption Behavior Of Iron Coated Granular Activated Carbon (Fe-Gac) For Selenate Removal And Feasible Adsorbent Modifications, Ning Zhang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the adsorptive removal of selenate using iron coated granular activated carbon (Fe-GAC) and further investigated its complexation mechanisms and coordination structures using spectroscopic techniques. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium experiments with initial selenium concentration of 1 mg/L were conducted under three different ionic strengths to study selenate adsorption behavior. Selenate adsorption reached equilibrium within 48 hours with more than 85% of the equilibrium capacities being obtained within the first 6 hours. High removal efficiency (i.e., > 75%) was achieved for pH range 2 - 5. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model characterized selenate adsorption kinetics well (R2 = 0.999) and the rate …

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Parents Living Within The Paradoxes Of Infant Death From Life-Limiting Anomaly: A Grounded Theory Study, Susan Bush Welch Dec 2012

Parents Living Within The Paradoxes Of Infant Death From Life-Limiting Anomaly: A Grounded Theory Study, Susan Bush Welch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

BACKGROUND: Life-limiting congenital anomalies are the leading cause of death of infants in the United States. Most of these infants die in intensive care units with limited access to adequate palliative/end-of-life care. There is an extensive knowledge gap about the experience of the parent of infants who died from life-limiting anomaly. PURPOSE: The aims of the study was to explore the process a parent goes through as they experience the birth, life and ultimate death of an infant from a life-limiting explore the process a parent goes through as they experience the birth, life and ultimate death of an infant …

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The Effectiveness Of A Multifocal Training To Improve The Treatment Of Community-Acquired Mrsa Skin And Soft Tissue Infections, Aaron Santmyire Dec 2012

The Effectiveness Of A Multifocal Training To Improve The Treatment Of Community-Acquired Mrsa Skin And Soft Tissue Infections, Aaron Santmyire

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Practitioners and researchers have documented an increase in community-acquired methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). This increase is causing stress and concern for the individuals infected and the families of those infected. The impact of a practitioner based multifocal training has not been clearly established. The purpose of this capstone project was to determine the effect of a multifocal training on CA-MRSA SSTIs that educated primary care practitioners about treatment guidelines, Marion County, WV susceptibility data, I&D technique, and a patient education tool versus common treatment practices to increase practitioner's knowledge and utilization of evidence …

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Role Of Chaperonin Cct In G-Protein Biosynthesis, Catherine Woodard Dec 2012

Role Of Chaperonin Cct In G-Protein Biosynthesis, Catherine Woodard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Chaperonins are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that are found in all animal kingdoms. They all share a common structure and function to assist the folding of other proteins. All chaperonins consist of two stacked rings, which come together to form a central cavity where folding can take place. The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin containing TCP1 (CCT) is a member of the group II chaperonins, which are defined as having octameric or nonameric rings composed of more than one type of subunit.;CCT is an essential part of eukaryotic cell function, and it has been estimated that it folds up to 10% of newly …

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Design And Evaluation Of A Marine Scrubber System, Louise S. Ayre Dec 2012

Design And Evaluation Of A Marine Scrubber System, Louise S. Ayre

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Increasingly stringent oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions regulations for diesel marine engines are resulting in the development of newer engines with inherent NOX emissions reduction technologies. With typical useful service lives over 20 years, older diesel marine engines are producing disproportionate amounts of NOX emissions when compared with their newer counterparts. The development of retrofit exhaust aftertreatment technologies would therefore aid in reducing the total NOX emissions from these engines.;A marine scrubber system for the reduction of NOX emissions from diesel marine engines was designed, constructed, and evaluated. This work focused on gathering data for the design of a marine …

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Impact Of Diabetes On Colorectal Cancer Outcomes, Neel A. Shah Dec 2012

Impact Of Diabetes On Colorectal Cancer Outcomes, Neel A. Shah

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic comorbid condition seen in elderly CRC patients. Outcomes of CRC patients with diabetes specifically stage at diagnosis, emergency condition for CRC surgery, survival, and mortality have been insufficiently explored. The aims of the study were to investigate the association between diabetes and stage at diagnosis of CRC in elderly Medicare beneficiaries; to check the association of diabetes with presenting as an emergency condition for CRC surgery in the elderly and; to explore the effect of diabetes on survival of elderly Medicare beneficiaries with CRC. Using the SEER-Medicare data from 2003-2005, patients newly …

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Psychosocial Concerns In Pediatric Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury Patients, Janelle M. Mentrikoski Dec 2012

Psychosocial Concerns In Pediatric Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury Patients, Janelle M. Mentrikoski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) occur during childbirth when the child's shoulder blade gets stuck on the mother's pubic bone, resulting in damage to nerves in the child's shoulder. Due to the possible visible nature (e.g., injured arm may be shorter than the non-injured arm) and mobility limitations (e.g., difficulties in raising the injured arm to brush one's teeth) associated with these injuries, youth with OBPI may experience psychosocial difficulties. However, little research has examined the psychosocial functioning in this population. The current study sought to investigate possible predictors of social functioning and self-concept in youth with OBPI. This study …

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Risk Perception Among Sexually Abused Female Adolescents, Andrea M. Jones Aug 2012

Risk Perception Among Sexually Abused Female Adolescents, Andrea M. Jones

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Previous research investigating risk recognition in female victims of child sexual abuse has focused on college-aged women and young adults to the exclusion of adolescent females, who are just entering the stage where dating and sexual relationships are becoming important. Research with college-aged women and young adults has demonstrated that women with a history of child sexual abuse are less likely to detect risk cues in social environments. Understanding how adolescents perceive risky situations is important in preventing the trajectory from child sexual abuse to later adult victimization. It also is important to understand deficits in risk perception across a …

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Physicochemical Properties Of Alaska Pollock (Theragra Chalcogramma) Surimi Seafood Nutrified With Powdered Cellulose Fiber And Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Alicia Debusca Aug 2012

Physicochemical Properties Of Alaska Pollock (Theragra Chalcogramma) Surimi Seafood Nutrified With Powdered Cellulose Fiber And Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Alicia Debusca

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Surimi is minced deboned fish meat that has been washed of lipids, sarcoplasmic proteins, and other impurities. Surimi seafood, also known as "imitation crabmeat", is widely enjoyed in the United States; however, it is not currently nutrified with fiber, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and salt substitute. In the present study, preliminary experimentation was done to determine the optimal level of fiber addition. Powdered cellulose was added to Alaska Pollock surimi gels at levels of 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% fiber. The objectives of this initial study were to determine effect of dietary fiber on 1) color and textural …

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A Case Study: How Students In A Small Rural West Virginia County Spend Their Out Of School Time, Veronica R. Wilcox Aug 2012

A Case Study: How Students In A Small Rural West Virginia County Spend Their Out Of School Time, Veronica R. Wilcox

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

How youth spend their Out of School Time (OST) has a significant impact on their development. Youth get developmental assets from an integration of home, family, school, church, friends, neighbors, community, activities, and positive youth development programs -- there are numerous inputs outside of school. Knowing how they spend their Out of School Time will allow the discovery of ways to improve youth development. A case study of all fifth, seventh, and ninth graders in a small rural West Virginia county was conducted using a questionnaire to determine how they spent their Out of School Time. Youth were asked about …

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C-Peptide Improves Hyperglycemia-Induced Endothelial Redox Balance By Preventing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress And Enhancing Nadph Synthesis, Himani Vejandla Aug 2012

C-Peptide Improves Hyperglycemia-Induced Endothelial Redox Balance By Preventing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress And Enhancing Nadph Synthesis, Himani Vejandla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

C-peptide, a by-product of insulin biosynthesis, has been shown to ameliorate diabetes-induced renal impairment. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this protective benefit remain unclear. Our studies have shown that C-peptide improved renal peritubular capillary blood flow and reduced vascular oxidants. NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), appears to be critical to this effect via the actions of numerous vasoprotective systems. Further, our experiments in type I diabetic mice resulted in a significant reduction in renal endothelial NADPH that is subsequently restored with C-peptide. We hypothesized that C-peptide provides protection to renal cortical endothelial cells during type I diabetes by restoring the …

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Estimation Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) Diets Using Fatty Acid Signature Analysis, Edward J. Mcginley Aug 2012

Estimation Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxatilis) Diets Using Fatty Acid Signature Analysis, Edward J. Mcginley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Accurate estimates of diets are essential for the management of fisheries, especially when this information is used to construct food webs for a system. Traditionally, these studies have relied on examining the stomachs contents through direct observation of sacrificed fish, or using instruments to "flush" the items from the stomach. These methods only provide information on the recent feeding history. Fatty acid analysis is a biochemical technique that offers promise for examining diets in fish over a longer time scale than just the last few prey species consumed. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the feasibility and efficacy …

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Receiver Operating Characteristics Of The Cap Lie Scale And Correlates Of Impression Management In Parenting Capacity Evaluations, Ryan J. Anderson Aug 2012

Receiver Operating Characteristics Of The Cap Lie Scale And Correlates Of Impression Management In Parenting Capacity Evaluations, Ryan J. Anderson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Child Abuse Potential L scale with a heterogeneous sample of caregivers referred for parenting capacity evaluations. One aim of the study was to assess the measurement properties of the L scale. A second aim was to evaluate the discriminative validity of the L scale by way of its receiver operating characteristics. A third aim of the study was to examine potential correlates of desirable responding on the L scale. The findings from this study provide new information about the psychometric properties of the CAP L …

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Under The Surface: An Examination Of Voice, Space, And Identity In West Virginia University Mcnair Scholars, Thomas N. Keopuhiwa Aug 2012

Under The Surface: An Examination Of Voice, Space, And Identity In West Virginia University Mcnair Scholars, Thomas N. Keopuhiwa

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Diversity amongst the college campus is a common goal of most American educational institutions of today. However very few are able to achieve this goal. Increasing the diversity of faculty and staff on campus is one way we can address this issue. The McNair Scholars Post Baccalaureate program is a program that provides training and support to those undergraduates from disadvantaged backgrounds and/or underrepresented minority to help them pursue the goal of obtaining a doctoral degree. The qualitative research presented here, provides an overview of the West Virginia University (WVU) McNair scholars' experiences, and their journey within the McNair program. …

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Political Cooperation And International Environmental Governance In The Baltic Sea Region After World War Ii, Taavi Kelder Aug 2012

Political Cooperation And International Environmental Governance In The Baltic Sea Region After World War Ii, Taavi Kelder

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Today, global environmental problems have become one of the most important international issues. This Master's thesis is about international environmental and political cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region after World War II. The Baltic Sea is surrounded by nine states and the degradation of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea has become a common problem. However, international environmental cooperation depends on many political factors: financial support, international organizations, the attitude of states, international law and the status of environmental issues in the international arena. This thesis focuses on different forms of political cooperation which have influenced international environmental governance …

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Predicting Emergency Dental Care Over A Decade: Investigating Dental Care-Related Fears In Symptomatic Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Cameron L. Randall Aug 2012

Predicting Emergency Dental Care Over A Decade: Investigating Dental Care-Related Fears In Symptomatic Treatment-Seeking Behavior, Cameron L. Randall

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Avoidance of dental care, resulting from fear and anxiety, has major implications for oral and overall health. For instance, untreated oral disease may exacerbate cardiovascular disease and diabetes, among other systemic health concerns (Williams et al., 2008). In the USA, 5-10% of adults avoid necessary dental treatment because of dental care-related fear (Milgrom et al., 2009). The long-term goal of this project was to improve our understanding of psychosocial barriers to oral health care. Specifically, the study aimed to examine the relation between dental care-related fears, fear of pain, and dental beliefs in a rural, Appalachian population and to determine …

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New Abutment Angle Concept For Underground Coal Mining, Ihsan Berk Tulu Aug 2012

New Abutment Angle Concept For Underground Coal Mining, Ihsan Berk Tulu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the Analysis of Retreat Mining Pillar Stability (ARMPS), Analysis of Longwall Pillar Stability (ALPS) and LaModel programs, the magnitude of the abutment loading adjacent to a gob area is calculated using an "abutment angle" concept, and the extent of the abutment loading is determined as solely a function of depth from an empirically derived equation. However, the latest in-situ stress measurements of abutment loading performed in the United States and Australia have shown that there can be significant deviations in the measured abutment magnitude and extent as compared to the predicted values from the empirical formulas used in ARMPS, …

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Factors Affecting Orthodontic Adherence In Appalachia, Breana M. Phillips Aug 2012

Factors Affecting Orthodontic Adherence In Appalachia, Breana M. Phillips

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Orthodontic intervention enhances not only esthetics and psychosocial health, but also improves the function of the human dentition. Many insurance programs now offer orthodontic coverage; however, proper adherence and good oral hygiene habits are poor among those Appalachian individuals undergoing orthodontic care. This research study was conducted to determine the contributing factors in poor orthodontic compliance in Appalachia. Investigators completed a retrospective chart review, assessing inactive orthodontic patients from 2007-2012 at a private practice in North Central West Virginia. The general dentist at this rural office practices both general dentistry, as well as, orthodontics. Information regarding demographics, form of payment, …

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Instructional Leadership For Middle School Students With Disabilities In The General Education Classroom: The Role Of The Principal, Jeremy M. Lynch Aug 2012

Instructional Leadership For Middle School Students With Disabilities In The General Education Classroom: The Role Of The Principal, Jeremy M. Lynch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Instructional leadership is the most important responsibility of today's principal, and no other group of students is in need of an effective instructional leader more than students with disabilities. Effective instructional leaders, especially for students with disabilities, create a supportive learning environment and school culture that promotes the education of all students. Furthermore, effective instructional leaders are knowledgeable of effective instructional strategies and promote the use of such strategies by communicating with and supervising educators. The purpose of this multiple case study was to provide a detailed description of instructional leadership for students with disabilities in an average school system …

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