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Usage Of Evidence Based Medicine Resources In Clinically Practicing Athletic Trainers, Kenneth G. Faldetta May 2014

Usage Of Evidence Based Medicine Resources In Clinically Practicing Athletic Trainers, Kenneth G. Faldetta

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Context: Evidence based medicine (EBM) is a commitment to utilizing a combination of the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to inform clinical decisions. The primary goal of EBM is to provide the highest quality care to patients. Clinicians who do not utilize an evidence-based approach to clinical practice run the risk of denying patients potentially beneficial treatment options. Efficient access to evidence based resources is a crucial part of appropriately implementing EBM in athletic training practice. Therefore, poor accessibility could be a major barrier to implementing an evidence-bases approach to clinical practice in athletic training. Objective: The …

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Cafe Nudge Project: Choice Architecture For Eating And Nudging Healthy Behaviors, Shannon N. Ackerman May 2014

Cafe Nudge Project: Choice Architecture For Eating And Nudging Healthy Behaviors, Shannon N. Ackerman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of the Cafe Nudge Project was to assess the cafeteria environment and the flow of students through the lunch-line to determine characteristics that could be enhanced to encourage healthy food choices in three Appalachian high schools. The Center for Behavioral Economics and Child Nutrition Program (BEN Center) has collectively conducted prior research on this topic and has coined the term "Smarter Lunchrooms Movement" for improving cafeteria environments. These improvements included increased fresh fruit and vegetable consumption, increased consumption of low-fat white milk, and decreased consumption of high-fat and high-calorie foods. This study was a two-part observation. In the …

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An Evaluation Of State Employees' Preferences For Worksite-Based Physical Activity, Nutrition, And Stress Management Programs, Peter Kadushin May 2014

An Evaluation Of State Employees' Preferences For Worksite-Based Physical Activity, Nutrition, And Stress Management Programs, Peter Kadushin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Worksite wellness programs (WWPs) have evolved over the last several decades as a way to positively impact employees' health, and to manage rising healthcare costs. Despite the impact that WWPs can have both clinically and financially, participation rates in many programs remain low. Some research has reported success in increasing participation and engagement through tailoring programs to fit employee preferences. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wellness programming preferences of state employees in West Virginia. A secondary purpose was to identify how these preferences differ by health risk, worksite wellness participation, age, and gender. Respondents (N = …

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Identification And Genetic Diversity Of Lake Sturgeon Larvae On Artificial Reefs In The Huron-Erie Corridor, Jamie Marie Marranca May 2014

Identification And Genetic Diversity Of Lake Sturgeon Larvae On Artificial Reefs In The Huron-Erie Corridor, Jamie Marie Marranca

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There are 27 species of sturgeon worldwide and most are currently extinct, endangered or threatened. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, one of the oldest species on the planet, evolved about 136 million years ago, and have had little morphological change, and are endemic to the freshwater lakes and rivers created by receding glaciers of the Laurentian ice sheet. Lake sturgeon have seen immense habitat loss due to human development and industrialization has nearly decimated populations. Changes to water and habitat quality, along with overharvesting, have caused declines to nearly 1% of their original population size. The Huron-Erie Corridor (HEC), includes the …

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Evaluation Of Emotion Regulation And Associated Characteristics In Foster Children Using The Dyadic Parent-Child Coding System And Caregiver-Report Measures, Meredith A. Norman May 2014

Evaluation Of Emotion Regulation And Associated Characteristics In Foster Children Using The Dyadic Parent-Child Coding System And Caregiver-Report Measures, Meredith A. Norman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The main purposes of this study were to: (a) explore the validity of a relatively new behavioral observation coding system in young children referred for treatment of disruptive behavior, (b) explore which specific foster parent behaviors are most associated with child emotion regulation, and (c) explore whether internalizing or externalizing foster child behavior problems are most associated with child emotion regulation. The sample consisted of 40 foster parent-child dyads who participated in a larger study funded by the National Institutes of Health. Assessments included behavioral observation of child emotion regulation using the Global Dysregulation Scale and a calculation of the …

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Middle School Students' Perceptions Of And Responses To The Inclusion Of Culturally Relevant Units In The Physical Education Curriculum, Luciana Carvalhal Braga May 2014

Middle School Students' Perceptions Of And Responses To The Inclusion Of Culturally Relevant Units In The Physical Education Curriculum, Luciana Carvalhal Braga

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background/Purpose: This study was part of a three-year, multicomponent school-based health intervention implemented in two middle schools in an Appalachian county. The purpose of this study was to examine school students' perceptions of and responses to the inclusion of culturally relevant units in the physical education (PE) curriculum. Specifically, the study examined how less predisposed to be active (LPA) and more predisposed to be active (MPA) students perceived and responded to the inclusion of archery, mountain biking, and slacklining in PE. Methods: A mixed methods design was employed, in which the results of an initial quantitative phase served to identify …

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Early School Leaving: A Narrative Inquiry Of The School Dropout, John E. Stallings Jr. May 2014

Early School Leaving: A Narrative Inquiry Of The School Dropout, John E. Stallings Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the field of education, student performance has become an integral component when determining the effectiveness of schools, levels of student engagement, and a measure of the learning that is occurring in schools. In particular, certain criteria have been identified as appropriate measures for monitoring the effectiveness of school systems, individual school programs, and teacher merit. Included in these specific areas to be monitored are graduation and or dropout rates. While these have become a part of the major focus of those monitoring the effectiveness of schools across the country, it seems that little has been done to investigate what …

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Creative Idea Generation: How To Incorporate Plussing Into Your Creative Thinking Sessions, Whitney Godwin May 2014

Creative Idea Generation: How To Incorporate Plussing Into Your Creative Thinking Sessions, Whitney Godwin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The goal of this master's thesis is to evaluate Disney's "plussing" as a form of idea-generation for every type of organization and business. This method was assessed through a case study of two nonprofit organizations in Morgantown, West Virginia after developing three original plussing methods. Both organizations participated in plussing sessions. Sessions were followed up with a survey of each participant. Findings suggest "plussing" has proven more beneficial to the organizations than traditional brainstorming methods. Several participants stated that plussing provides a more effective way for organizations to produce the best idea and product possible without the fear of criticism …

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Impacts Of Non-Renewable Resource Extraction On Shrubland Songbird Nest Success And Abundance, Ryan Douglas Davis May 2014

Impacts Of Non-Renewable Resource Extraction On Shrubland Songbird Nest Success And Abundance, Ryan Douglas Davis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Shrubland songbirds are a highly imperiled guild across much of North America due to wide-scale land use changes and resulting loss of shrubland habitat. Land management practices which produce early-successional habitat, namely field abandonment and clearcut timber harvests, have become increasingly uncommon in the eastern United States, and natural maintenance processes such as fires and floods are often suppressed. The Appalachian region is rich in natural resources; it has historically seen high amounts of surface mining for coal and is currently experiencing prolific development of shale gas. Both of these practices alter local habitats and the landscape, and it is …

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The Nontraditional Community College Student: A Phenomenological Approach To The Educational Experience, Alexander D. Tuel May 2014

The Nontraditional Community College Student: A Phenomenological Approach To The Educational Experience, Alexander D. Tuel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nontraditional students make up a larger population at community colleges than their traditional counterparts making this study a necessity to further explore their experience (American Association of Community Colleges, 2013). To better understand this population, a phenomenological approach was taken with an emphasis on a social constructivism framework. This qualitative study utilized Seidman's (2013) three step interviewing process with the aid of photographs taken by the participants to elicit in-depth interview responses. Moustakas' (1994) modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen Method of Analysis of Phenomenological Data was used in this study. Four themes emerged from participant's photographs and interviews: motivation, helpful faculty/staff, external responsibilities, …

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Utilization Of Fish For Constitutional And Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities For Diagnostic And Prognostic Purposes, Amy L. Shackelford May 2014

Utilization Of Fish For Constitutional And Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities For Diagnostic And Prognostic Purposes, Amy L. Shackelford

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

ABSTRACT Utilization of FISH for Constitutional and Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities for Diagnostic and Prognostic Purposes Amy L. Shackelford Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful molecular cytogenetics technique for counting chromosomes and identifying specific chromosomal sequences of interest. FISH probe targets include centromeres, single loci, subtelomeres, and telomeres, using DNA or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes. FISH probes were used to determine chromosome number, copy loss or gain, and signal size in four studies involving acquired chromosomal changes in malignancy, mosaicism, and aneuploidy in pre- and postnatal constitutional abnormalities. In the first series of experiments, subtelomere probes for 5p and …

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Role Of The Dietitian In Multidisciplinary Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Wendy Thompson May 2014

Role Of The Dietitian In Multidisciplinary Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Wendy Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder in females. Genetic and lifestyle factors influence the etiology and insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS.;Objective: To investigate the current trends and future implications of multidisciplinary PCOS clinics while emphasizing the role and challenges for dietitians.;Methods: The study design was a two-phase formative investigation of PCOS focused practitioners through an anonymous, internet-based survey (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) followed by focus groups done via teleconference. Focus group data was analyzed using Braun and Clarke's method of thematic analysis.;Participants: Survey respondents included 261 health care providers, …

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Effects Of Maturation, Polyploidy, And Nutrition On Growth, Composition, And Gene Expression Within Fatty Acid Metabolism In Rainbow Trout, Meghan Lynn Manor May 2014

Effects Of Maturation, Polyploidy, And Nutrition On Growth, Composition, And Gene Expression Within Fatty Acid Metabolism In Rainbow Trout, Meghan Lynn Manor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In many cultured fish species, such as salmonids, gonadal development occurs at the expense of stored energy and nutrients, including lipids. Mobilization of intramuscular lipid during gonadal development decreases fillet quality. The aquaculture industry induces triploidy to generate sterile individuals; however, differences in lipid metabolism of female diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) trout may alter fillet quality. In addition, there is concern that genetic selection for increased growth negatively impacts fillet quality and muscle lipid content. Research in these areas would aid in the development of better management practices for efficient food-fish production that optimizes product quality.;The goal of this …

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Geographic Distribution Of Tree Species Diversity Of The United States Reveals Positive Association Between Biodiversity And Site Productivity, James V. Watson May 2014

Geographic Distribution Of Tree Species Diversity Of The United States Reveals Positive Association Between Biodiversity And Site Productivity, James V. Watson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the loss of species worldwide due to anthropogenic factors, especially in forested ecosystems, it has become more urgent than ever to understand the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship (BEFR). BEFR research in forested ecosystems is very limited and thus studies that incorporate greater geographic coverage and structural complexity are much needed. Here, I compiled ground-measured data from 436,177 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots of every U.S. state except Hawaii to map current basal area, site productivity, and tree species diversity across the United States. Based on these point-data maps, I investigated the relationship between forest productivity and tree species diversity. …

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Volumetric, Planar And Linear Airway Comparison After Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery, Deepa Vyas May 2014

Volumetric, Planar And Linear Airway Comparison After Maxillomandibular Advancement Surgery, Deepa Vyas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background and Objectives: Treatment of sleep apnea can be accomplished using both non-surgical and surgical methods. Surgical treatment is further classified into phase I and II surgery. When phase I treatment fails, orthognathic surgery is judged to be the subsequent step in treating these patients. Orthognathic surgery is considered phase II treatment and can consist of a maxillomandibular advancement (MMA)1-11. Until recently, most of the data gathered on patients how have had a maxillomandibular advancement has been completed using lateral cephalograms. The rationale for this study is to gain a better understanding of the alteration in linear, planar and volumetric …

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The Use Of Technology To Display Student Artwork Online, Elissa Dray May 2014

The Use Of Technology To Display Student Artwork Online, Elissa Dray

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis was constructed to investigate the topic of displaying student artwork and projects in the online realm of art galleries. A research study was conducted questioning participants about their previous encounters with online art galleries and displaying student work. These participants were educators from various fields of study that created art related projects with their students. Participants were then introduced to the online art gallery, Artsonia and photographing student art. Benefits from joining Artsonia included parental contact, promotion of school art programs, possible fundraising opportunities, free lesson plan ideas, and increased student participation. Participants were also given the opportunity …

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Identit(Ies) And Agency: College Students' Navigations Of Sexuality And Gender In Complex Figured Worlds, Melissa M. Chesanko May 2014

Identit(Ies) And Agency: College Students' Navigations Of Sexuality And Gender In Complex Figured Worlds, Melissa M. Chesanko

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this study I conducted individual and focus group interviews in order to understand the ways in which students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) perceive the campus climate at West Virginia University and in what ways their experiences are shaped by that climate. Campus climate is defined as "the cumulative attitudes, behaviors, and standards of employees and students concerning access for, inclusion of, and level of respect for individual and group needs, abilities, and potential" (Rankin, 2006, p. 7).;The campus climate for students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) at a …

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Pharmacological Characterization Of Novel Opioid Receptor Ligands Aimed At Reducing The Development Of Tolerance, Jason Randall Healy May 2014

Pharmacological Characterization Of Novel Opioid Receptor Ligands Aimed At Reducing The Development Of Tolerance, Jason Randall Healy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The three opioid receptor subtypes, mu (mu), delta (delta) and kappa (kappa) have long been associated with analgesia. Traditional opioid analgesics exert their effects through mu receptors located in the CNS. Recent studies suggest that the development of opioid analgesics displaying dual properties of mu agonism and delta antagonism could be of benefit by retaining potent analgesic properties while reducing the development of tolerance with chronic administration. UMB 425 displays high affinity at the mu receptor (K i = 3.2 +/- 0.14 nM), moderate affinity at the delta and kappa receptor. In vitro [35S]GTPgammaS functional assay results indicate that UMB …

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Psychological Measures To Predict Serious Prison Violence, Allison M. Schenk May 2014

Psychological Measures To Predict Serious Prison Violence, Allison M. Schenk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With 2.2 million adults incarcerated throughout the United States (Glaze & Herberman, 2013), prisons are crowded, volatile environments susceptible to violence. Prior research has identified demographic and criminal variables that consistently predict prison violence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of psychological variables to predict prison violence among 180 inmates from a state prison in West Virginia. The psychological variables studied included history of mental illness and results from psychological assessments (Beta-III, MMPI-2-RF, TCU Drug Screen II). Using a logistic regression analysis, history of mental illness and the MMPI-2-RF scale of Psychoticism accurately predicted violent inmates …

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Effects Of Aquatic Exercise On Executive Function In The Aging Population, Lori A. Sherlock May 2014

Effects Of Aquatic Exercise On Executive Function In The Aging Population, Lori A. Sherlock

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Neurocognitive decline, including Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia, is considered to be the world's fastest growing disease (Alzheimer's Association, 2011). Due to this escalation, research focused on determining causes, accelerants, impeding factors, and preventative strategies has become a focus of interest within the field. One of the principal points of study is the role that exercise plays in the maintenance or fortification against neurocognitive decline. Though there is a robust library of research focused on the effects of land-based exercise on cognitive function, currently there is no research that discusses the impact of aquatic-based exercise on these parameters.;This …

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Modeling Migration And Citizen-Science Data To Estimate Golden Eagle Abundance In Eastern North America, Andrew J. Dennhardt May 2014

Modeling Migration And Citizen-Science Data To Estimate Golden Eagle Abundance In Eastern North America, Andrew J. Dennhardt

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Understanding animal movements is fundamental to ecology and conservation, yet direct measurement of movements of birds is both challenging and costly. Raptor populations are especially difficult to monitor, but movement models can provide information toward this goal. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis) in eastern North America is a species of regional conservation concern, and little is known about its population ecology, movements, or behavior. Because of their rarity and role as apex predators, improving monitoring of this small population is of great importance. Similar to using movement models to help improve monitoring, developing new methods to estimate the size …

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Military Versus Civilian Murder-Suicide Psychological Profiles, Christina Patton May 2014

Military Versus Civilian Murder-Suicide Psychological Profiles, Christina Patton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Previous studies have implicated dramatic differences between military members and civilians with regard to violent behavior, including suicide, domestic violence, and harm to others, but none have examined military murder-suicide. This study compared military and civilian murder-suicide perpetrators on a number of demographic, psychological, and contextual factors. Military murder-suicide perpetrators were more likely to be older, suffer physical health disparities, be currently or formerly married, and less likely to abuse substances. They were also more likely than civilians to complete a murder-suicide due to a motive of depression, rather than one of jealousy or anger related to relationship dissolution. Logistic …

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Blood Pressure And Quality Of Life In Youth Enrolled In A Culinary Skills, Family Mealtime And Physical Activity Program: Pilot Study Icook 4-H, Erin Smith May 2014

Blood Pressure And Quality Of Life In Youth Enrolled In A Culinary Skills, Family Mealtime And Physical Activity Program: Pilot Study Icook 4-H, Erin Smith

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objective: The pilot study objective is to determine if blood pressure (BP) and perception of quality of life (QoL) in 9-10 y/o youth changes after a 12 week 6-session program focusing on culinary skills, family mealtime and physical activity. Methods: Pre-post treatment only assessments were collected at 0 and 4 months for child/adult dyads (n=49 dyads). Five states (ME, NE, SD, TN, WV) recruited and delivered 6 sessions every two weeks that focused on increasing cooking skills, family mealtime, and physical activity. During BP assessments, each child had an initial rest of 5 min with 2 min rest between measurements …

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Investigation Of Pm Formation And Evolution In Plumes Emitted By Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Wind Tunnel Study, Daniele Littera May 2014

Investigation Of Pm Formation And Evolution In Plumes Emitted By Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Wind Tunnel Study, Daniele Littera

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stringent emission regulations have forced drastic technological improvements in diesel aftertreatment systems, particularly in reducing Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Studies that have led to these technological advancements were made in controlled laboratory environments and are not representative of real-world emissions from these engines or vehicles. In addition, formation and evolution of PM from these engines are extremely sensitive to overall changes in the dilution process. In light of this, the study of the exhaust plume of a heavy-duty diesel vehicle operated inside a subsonic environmental wind tunnel can give us an idea of the dilution process and the representative emissions …

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Effect Of Biaxial And Triaxial Stresses On Coal Mine Shale Rocks, Shrey Arora Jan 2014

Effect Of Biaxial And Triaxial Stresses On Coal Mine Shale Rocks, Shrey Arora

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

High horizontal in-situ stresses and weak immediate roof rock have been a detrimental combination for underground coal mines in the eastern United States. Also, these conditions pose challenging ground control problems to researchers. One such problem, referred to by many names, is the "cutter roof," "kink failure," "gutter," or "pressure cutting." It is a compressional type failure of the roof, commonly observed in Appalachian underground coal mines with laminated roof rock.;The available literature concerning the aforementioned failure is limited in terms of our understanding of the mechanism underlying the failure. The fundamental research presented in this thesis is an attempt …

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Barriers, Facilitators, And Frequency Of Evidence Based Practice Use In Athletic Training, Michael J. Boehke Jan 2014

Barriers, Facilitators, And Frequency Of Evidence Based Practice Use In Athletic Training, Michael J. Boehke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many professions, including medicine, engineering, and design, have embraced the notion of using research to making informed decisions, thus increasing client satisfaction. Called evidence based practice (EBP) in Athletic Training; the concept is viewed as a means to promote the profession, not only through improved patient care, but also through increasing the reputation of athletic trainers as cost-effective health care providers. Over the past two decades, EBP has become a common term and subject of study. However, the extent of research regarding barriers and facilitators to the use of EBP within athletic training lags behind that of other health care …

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A Feasibility Analysis Of The Implementation Of Passive Treatment Systems For Remediating Acid Mine Drainage In The Lick Run Watershed, William Joseph Leonetti Jan 2014

A Feasibility Analysis Of The Implementation Of Passive Treatment Systems For Remediating Acid Mine Drainage In The Lick Run Watershed, William Joseph Leonetti

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Historical mining operations, mostly coal mining, has left the State of West Virginia with many abandoned mine lands that often produce nonpoint sources of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) pollution. This work studied a small tributary to the Cheat River, Lick Run, which has been heavily impaired by AMD through legacy coal mining. Field and laboratory water quality testing verified that Lick Run does not meet Water Quality Standards (WQS). The purpose of this research was to evaluate current stream conditions of Lick Run and to provide means of remediation through passive treatment systems to reduce metal and acidity loads.;Lick Run …

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A Method Of Pricing European Style Equity Options, David Harris Jan 2014

A Method Of Pricing European Style Equity Options, David Harris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study of option pricing has a very short history, when compared with other elements of economics. Since the publication of a method to price European style equity options by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 a vast amount of research on option pricing has occurred. Ultimately, the pricing of equity options depends upon the match of the model and reality. A new method to price option contracts is proposed. It is argued that the distributional assumptions of standard models are uncorrelated with nature. A new model is proposed as a start to a new class of models.

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Instrument Comparison For Aerosolized Titanium Dioxide, Anand Ranpara Jan 2014

Instrument Comparison For Aerosolized Titanium Dioxide, Anand Ranpara

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent toxicological studies have shown that the surface area of ultrafine particles (UFP i.e., particles with diameters less than 0.1 micrometer) has a stronger correlation with adverse health effects than does mass of these particles. Ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles are widely used in industry, and their use is associated with adverse health outcomes, such as micro vascular dysfunctions and pulmonary damages.;The primary aim of this experimental study was to compare a variety of laboratory and industrial hygiene (IH) field study instruments all measuring the same aerosolized TiO2. The study also observed intra-instrument variability between measurements made by two apparently …

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Examining Childbirth-Related Trauma And Its Effect On Maternal Self-Efficacy And Appraisal Of Infant Temperament, Teresa B. Stire Jan 2014

Examining Childbirth-Related Trauma And Its Effect On Maternal Self-Efficacy And Appraisal Of Infant Temperament, Teresa B. Stire

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It is estimated that 3--9% of women will meet full diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth, with another 20 to 40% being partially symptomatic for the disorder. While precedents and associated factors leading to childbirth related PTSD have been fairly well researched, the postpartum outcomes such as the mother's perception of herself in the parenting role, and her appraisal of her infant's temperament have been far less studied. Other psychiatric disorders have been linked to lower estimations of parental self efficacy and more negative views of infant temperament. This study examined childbirth related trauma and its effect …

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