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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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The Effectiveness Of A Chart Audit And Feedback Intervention To Improve Cardiology Provider Delivery Of Heart Failure Self-Care Education, Dorothy Murphy Jan 2015

The Effectiveness Of A Chart Audit And Feedback Intervention To Improve Cardiology Provider Delivery Of Heart Failure Self-Care Education, Dorothy Murphy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Heart failure is a challenging disease process that presents a high risk of mortality, frequent hospitalizations, and an overwhelming economic burden to the health system. Patient self-care education has been shown to decrease unplanned hospitalizations, emergency room visits, hospitalized days, costs, and mortality rates. However, only 61% of adults with HF receive self-care education within a 12-month period.;Under the framework of the Iowa Model for Evidence-Based Practice, the purpose of this project was to implement an electronic health record audit and written and verbal provider feedback intervention with the aim of improving provider delivery of heart failure self-care education to …


Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition In Mice Subjected To Collagen-Induced Arthritis, Sara R. Nass Jan 2015

Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition In Mice Subjected To Collagen-Induced Arthritis, Sara R. Nass

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory joint disease, affecting approximately 1% of the world population. This autoimmune disease is characterized by pain, stiffness, swelling, and breakdown of cartilage in synovial joints. Current RA analgesic treatments (i.e., pain reducing drugs) are ineffective or induce negative side effects, and so there are many concerted efforts to discover new RA treatments. Cannabinoids have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the challenge remains to harness the medical potential of cannabinoids without inducing negative psychoactive effects (e.g., cognitive deficits, emotional disruption, and abuse potential). An alternative approach focuses on the endogenously produced cannabinoids …


Evaluation Of The Antidepressant Potential Of Dextromethorphan, Linda Nguyen Jan 2015

Evaluation Of The Antidepressant Potential Of Dextromethorphan, Linda Nguyen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Depression affects more than 350 million people and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Major challenges in the management of depression remain the 4-12 weeks of delayed efficacy and 30% of patients who are resistant to the therapeutic effects of current pharmaceutical treatments. We herein examined whether dextromethorphan (DM) may be able to take on these challenges, because 1) it has overlapping pharmacology with ketamine, which has shown rapid (within 24 hours) antidepressant effects, even in treatment-resistant individuals; 2) unlike ketamine with its notable abuse liability and adverse effects, DM is an over-the-counter antitussive with a high safety margin; …


Pyrolytic Fate Of Synthetic Cannabinoids, Corey Andrew Nida Jan 2015

Pyrolytic Fate Of Synthetic Cannabinoids, Corey Andrew Nida

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Since the introduction of herbal incense products into the illicit drug market, one of the most concerning factors has been the uncertainty regarding their health effects. Side effects such as anxiety/agitation, increased heartbeat, hallucinations, and suicidal tendencies are commonly reported with the use of products containing synthetic cannabinoid. However, a largely unknown toxicity and pharmacology is still associated with synthetic cannabinoids and long-term health effects have yet to be discussed.;Prior scientific studies have not focused on the big-picture in terms of the pyrolysis of traditional drugs of abuse that are smoked or the relatively new synthetic cannabinoids. Numerous agencies and …


Design Programs For Highwall Mining Operations, Ming Fan Jan 2015

Design Programs For Highwall Mining Operations, Ming Fan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Highwall mining is a hybrid of surface mining and underground mining methods, and is often the only feasible method to recover the coal reserves in the central Appalachian coalfields due to the steep terrain and the closely spaced multiple thin coal seams. Compared to the mountain-top-removal, contour, auger, and underground mining methods, application of the highwall mining method can reduce the environmental impacts, increase the recovery ratio of coal reserves, and enhance mine safety as well as productivity. Therefore, it is probable that highwall mining will be a dominant method for extracting the high-value coal resources in the Appalachian coalfields. …


Father Involvements Influence On Mother's Perceptions Of Parenting In An Appalachian Sample, Kalynn B. Amick Jan 2015

Father Involvements Influence On Mother's Perceptions Of Parenting In An Appalachian Sample, Kalynn B. Amick

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Father involvement in parenting can have a positive influence on both children and mothers. During times of economic stress it may also add to the resources available and make a positive contribution to mothers parenting practices. In this study it was considered how father involvement may influence mother's perceptions of parenting. Specifically, this study looks at father involvement in an Appalachian sample. Five participants completed questionnaires which answered questions about mothers' present perceptions of parenting and father involvement. No significant associations were found between father involvement and mother's perceptions of parenting. Limitations include small sample size and a lack of …


Telemonitoring To Change Standard Diabetes Education And Management In A Rural Healthcare Practice, Kendra L. Barker Jan 2015

Telemonitoring To Change Standard Diabetes Education And Management In A Rural Healthcare Practice, Kendra L. Barker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: Type II Diabetes is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Intense education and positive behavior reinforcement by healthcare professionals has been shown to enhance personal glycemic control for patients with Type II diabetes. However, limitations often prevent patient attendance at diabetes education classes. The purpose of this change project was to assess the efficacy of a telemonitoring intervention on glycemic control. Kotter's change process served as the conceptual underpinning for the project.;Objective: The overall objective was to implement a telemonitoring intervention based on Kotter's change process in a sample of adults with Type II diabetes who obtained care at …


Assessing And Meeting Residents' Needs: An Evaluation Of Residence Hall Programming, Michael J. Beck Jan 2015

Assessing And Meeting Residents' Needs: An Evaluation Of Residence Hall Programming, Michael J. Beck

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this qualitative study, I examine how programming in college residence halls does and does not meet the needs of residents and resident assistants. Using focus group and individual interview data, I structure my analysis using Maslow's (1954) hierarchy of needs. I suggest that residence hall programming---academic, social, or a hybrid of the two---is most valuable for its ability to meet residents' needs related to belongingness but that residence hall staff must place more explicit emphasis on residents' growth needs in order for self-actualization to be supported.


Variable Data Collection Rate System For A Wildlife Behavior Monitor, Sheldon Blackshire Jan 2015

Variable Data Collection Rate System For A Wildlife Behavior Monitor, Sheldon Blackshire

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Behavior monitors typically collect data, and consequently spend energy, at fixed intervals. For devices that utilize energy harvesting, a fixed data collection interval may result in inefficient battery usage due to variability in available solar radiation. Work was performed for a system capable of adjusting a data collection rate, proportional to changes in battery charge, such that data obtained was maximized without sacrificing battery energy sustainability. Energy consumption, of an actual behavior monitor, was modeled to aid in design and evaluation of a changeable data collection rate system. Model validation was performed by comparing simulated to empirical data for battery …


Where Failure Is Not The Option - The Military Friendly College: Exploring Student Service Members' And Student Veterans' Perceptions Of Climate, Transition And Camaraderie, Leilani Teresa Roberts Browning Jan 2015

Where Failure Is Not The Option - The Military Friendly College: Exploring Student Service Members' And Student Veterans' Perceptions Of Climate, Transition And Camaraderie, Leilani Teresa Roberts Browning

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research explored the extent to which the campus climate at a military friendly college or university promoted student service members' and student veterans' success of their time to degree in transition following separation from the Armed Forces and the impact of this specific climate on the cultivation of camaraderie in higher education. A mixed methods design incorporated focus group narratives from seven participants (n =7) and information from a web-based survey completed by one hundred and seventy respondents (n =170). Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data resulted in complementary information and insight of the military friendly school phenomenon at …


Family Descriptions Of The Influence Of Cultural Factors On Transitions In Serious Illness, Veronica Gallo Jan 2015

Family Descriptions Of The Influence Of Cultural Factors On Transitions In Serious Illness, Veronica Gallo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nearly 65 million Americans served as care provider to an ill or disabled adult, and over 1.6 million Americans participated in the care of a family member in hospice. Families experience transitions, or changes, throughout the serious illness trajectory. Throughout transitions in serious illness, families participate in the care, support, and decision-making for their ill family member. Families' lives are often disrupted during this time and families experience emotional, physical and psychological distress during transitions. In spite of this, families are rarely included in care, and little is known about how families make sense of transitions. Culture, and the factors …


Gendering Labor: How Foreign Direct Investment Affects State Behavior Towards Female Labor In South And Southeast Asia, Ritu Dhungana Jan 2015

Gendering Labor: How Foreign Direct Investment Affects State Behavior Towards Female Labor In South And Southeast Asia, Ritu Dhungana

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examines the partnership between foreign capital (FDI) and state in manipulating women's labor. In this dissertation I have two research questions: My first research question is to determine whether the interaction between states and FDI renders workers vulnerable and unprotected. Other scholars have shown that states have been willing to relax labor laws (and offer non labor-related incentives) in order to attract FDI. My hypothesis is that cultural patriarchy intensifies this relationship between states and FDI, and further weakens the labor laws. My second research question is to identify the causal factors that bring about change in the …


The Effect Of Organic Acids On The Formation And Behavior Of Synthesized Iron Hydroxides: Implications For Acid Mine Drainage Treatment, Marianne A. Mannix Jan 2015

The Effect Of Organic Acids On The Formation And Behavior Of Synthesized Iron Hydroxides: Implications For Acid Mine Drainage Treatment, Marianne A. Mannix

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an environmental concern that is well known and studied in West Virginia and other mining regions. This pollution threat can be prevented and mitigated with current mining permitting regulations; however some mine waters require treatment, which generally consists of the neutralization of affected waters, resulting in the precipitation of characteristic 'floc' material. AMD floc consists of hydroxides of heavy metals; predominantly iron. This study simulated AMD treatment practices to evaluate the effects of common environmental controls; namely the presence of organic matter (OM) on the formation and settling behavior of Fe hydroxides with the ultimate …


The Effects Of Partnership-Based Collaborative Consultation On Treatment Integrity, Increasing Skill Acquisition, And Reducing Problematic Behaviors, Michael Mendicino Jan 2015

The Effects Of Partnership-Based Collaborative Consultation On Treatment Integrity, Increasing Skill Acquisition, And Reducing Problematic Behaviors, Michael Mendicino

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a partnership-based model of collaborative consultation on the acquisition and implementation integrity of Competent Learner Model and the subsequent impact on learner outcomes including the development of competent learner repertoires. Treatment integrity measures were collected to assess the impact on learner outcomes. The participants were one teacher and one student. A Multiple baseline across behaviors design was used. Measures used were the Partnership Assessment in Community-based Research (PAIR), and the Instructional Session Performance Checklist (ISPC). The results showed moderate and sustained levels of treatment integrity with mixed results for …


Theory Of Work Adjustment And Student-Athletes' Transition Out Of Collegiate Sport, Jessica M. Leonard Jan 2015

Theory Of Work Adjustment And Student-Athletes' Transition Out Of Collegiate Sport, Jessica M. Leonard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

While there are several person-environment fit vocational theories, Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA; Lofquist & Dawis, 1969) distinguishes itself by emphasizing the role of the work environment, not just the individual characteristics, in order to establish "mutual responsiveness" through career transitions. One particular population found both in popular media and peer-reviewed research to have potentially troublesome transitions are student-athletes and their transition out of collegiate sport, despite having the ability to plan for it before graduation. Some researchers have used TWA for those preparing for retirement (Harper & Shoffner, 2004; Hesketh et al. 2011), but no research to date has …


Manifestations Of The Maimed: The Perception Of Wounded Soldiers In The Civil War North, William R. Feeney Jan 2015

Manifestations Of The Maimed: The Perception Of Wounded Soldiers In The Civil War North, William R. Feeney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Civil War produced over 350,000 permanently disabled men, in addition to millions of other types of injuries and diseases. Yet, despite the overwhelming destruction to men's bodies the war also laid the foundation for a number of notable advances. These generative changes include increased collaboration between medical professionals, an estimable reputation for individual surgeons, a budding international reputation for American medicine, nursing opportunities for upper class women, a rise in volunteerism in the north, and a public acceptance of anatomical study and exhibition. For all the prolific effects of the war, however, these transformations all required one thing, the …


The Literacy Beliefs And Practices Of Middle Level English Language Arts Teachers, Diane Fine Jan 2015

The Literacy Beliefs And Practices Of Middle Level English Language Arts Teachers, Diane Fine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study presents data from a two-phase phenomenological case study investigation designed to ascertain two middle level English teachers' beliefs about literacy. In addition to revealing the teachers' beliefs about literacy, this study sought to discover the ways in which these literacy beliefs were manifested in the instructional tasks employed by each teacher in her middle level English classroom. A pilot study conducted during the fall semester of 2012 described one middle level English teacher's beliefs about literacy. The final phase of the investigation expanded upon data collected during the pilot study and involved two middle level English teachers. This …


Measuring In-Plane Deflections And Strains Through Visual Sensing Techniques For Civil Infrastructure Applications, Youyi Feng Jan 2015

Measuring In-Plane Deflections And Strains Through Visual Sensing Techniques For Civil Infrastructure Applications, Youyi Feng

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Maintaining the integrity and safety of civil infrastructures such as bridges, dams, tunnels and high-rise buildings is an essential task for civil engineers. Collapse or damage of these civil infrastructures may lead to a tremendous amount of injuries and casualties. To alleviate this situation, a real-time surveillance method enabled by visual sensing techniques is proposed in this thesis. The advances of applying visual sensing techniques, for instance, are allowing practical deployment for large extended systems in a more cost-effective way. Also, the image or video data can be easily used for long-term condition assessments.;The proposed method entails applying visual sensing …


Heavy Metal Uptake By Four Plant Species: Radish, Indian Mustard, Corn, And Soybean., Oluwasogo Bolaji Alonge Jan 2015

Heavy Metal Uptake By Four Plant Species: Radish, Indian Mustard, Corn, And Soybean., Oluwasogo Bolaji Alonge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Metal contaminated soils are a problem throughout the world. Because metals accumulate in the food chain they have been linked to adverse human and ecosystem health. One promising approach to remediating metal contaminated soils is phytoremediation but success has been limited by an incomplete understanding of the factors that control metal uptake by plants, including the effects when more than one contaminant metal is present in the system. Metal contaminated soil for this study was collected from near Spelter in Harrison County WV, the site of a former zinc smelting site that has contaminated residential soils and stream sediments with …


What Shadows We Pursue: Death, Democracy, And Disunion In Antebellum America, Joseph M. Rizzo Jan 2015

What Shadows We Pursue: Death, Democracy, And Disunion In Antebellum America, Joseph M. Rizzo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation examines the ways Americans registered concerns about antebellum democratic political culture through their mourning of national leaders. A "eulogizing class" consisting of clergymen, politicians, lawyers, and educators was especially prominent in shaping how contemporaries remembered the dead. As a class, the eulogists were conflicted about democracy and partisanship, and conveyed their concerns through the potentially demagogic form of the eulogy---the practice of glorifying the "great man." Through an examination of eulogies, sermons, and newspaper editorials after the deaths of William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, John Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster, this dissertation reveals the …


Use Of Wireless, Ad-Hoc Networks For Proximity Warning And Collision Avoidance In Surface Mines, Venkata Raghava Siva Naga Shashank Sabniveesu Jan 2015

Use Of Wireless, Ad-Hoc Networks For Proximity Warning And Collision Avoidance In Surface Mines, Venkata Raghava Siva Naga Shashank Sabniveesu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite the record of progress achieved in the United States with respect to reducing fatal and non-fatal injuries in surface mines, both the number and severity of these injuries remain unacceptable. A large fraction of these injuries in surface mines are caused by collisions involving large haulage equipment such as trucks, dozers, and front-end loaders. There are two main contributing factors for these collisions: (i) the massive size of these vehicles, which causes several blind spots surrounding the vehicle for the driver, and (ii) the sheer momentum of these vehicles, which makes it hard to maneuver these vehicles and often …


The Effect Of Direct Instruction On Spanish Language Acquisition In A Preschool Free-Play Environment: A Single-Case Design, Lucy Rose Scotti Jan 2015

The Effect Of Direct Instruction On Spanish Language Acquisition In A Preschool Free-Play Environment: A Single-Case Design, Lucy Rose Scotti

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The predicted increase in Spanish speakers within the United States brings to light a new direction for preschool curricula. There are multiple, on-going arguments about the best time for children to learn a second language and what role critical periods for brain development play in second language acquisition. Although there are individual differences in development, the current study demonstrates that children can learn Spanish vocabulary words with an average of 30 minutes of instruction per week. Using a combination of direct instruction with developmentally appropriate practices, hands-on, and engaging activities, the teaching of Spanish vocabulary, themed and age appropriate for …


Impacts Of Forest Management And Habitat Change On Declining Avian Species In West Virginia, Christina Slover Jan 2015

Impacts Of Forest Management And Habitat Change On Declining Avian Species In West Virginia, Christina Slover

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Understanding the impacts of forest management and severe storms on avian communities can assist decision making for specific wildlife and timber management goals. This is important because even carefully managed forests will be influenced by a combination of anthropogenic activities and non-anthropogenic forces. I studied the effects of prescribed burning and severe storm events on vegetation structure and avian community diversity and structure in the Monongahela National Forest in central West Virginia. I observed dramatic responses from vegetation structure to prescribed burning but few changes in avian abundances. I measured further impacts, particularly understory vegetation structure, in our forest stands …


Using Storytelling As A Teaching Strategy To Increase Student Engagement In Stem Classes, Toni Morris Jan 2015

Using Storytelling As A Teaching Strategy To Increase Student Engagement In Stem Classes, Toni Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated whether or not the storytelling strategy could be used to increase student engagement and learning among non-STEM/STEAM majors participating in STEM/STEAM courses required by their programs of study. Specifically, it examined whether or not using storytelling to teach health science content to Early Childhood Development and Elementary Education students contributed to higher levels of student engagement, retention of content knowledge, self-reported preparedness to teach the content as future teachers, and ratings of teacher effectiveness. This study employed a QUAN-qual design. A true experimental design was used for the quantitative portion of the study while semi-structured group interviews …


I Support Clean Energy: A Test Of The Eppm And Psychological Reactance Theory, Lindsey Beall Jan 2015

I Support Clean Energy: A Test Of The Eppm And Psychological Reactance Theory, Lindsey Beall

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to test components of the extended parallel process model (Witte, 1992) and psychological reactance theory (Brehm, 1966) using environmental hazards as a primary threat, rather than a personal health threat. In addition, this study examined the effect that response costs, ego involvement, and personal connection had on individuals' self-efficacy to perform a behavior. Participants (N = 157) watched a short video that emphasized the environmental and health risks of coal as well as the benefits of using clean energy sources. One group of participants saw a recommended response encouraging them to contact a state …


Lead Exposure Of Obligate Avian Scavengers In Eastern North America, Shannon Behmke Jan 2015

Lead Exposure Of Obligate Avian Scavengers In Eastern North America, Shannon Behmke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Lead is a toxic element within the body of living organisms. Lead poisoning cases still occur in both humans and wildlife on a regular basis in the United States. Although the harmful effects of lead within the body are well known, such as decreased IQ in children, increased renal dysfunction, hypertension, anemia, and other morbid and mortal consequences in humans and wildlife, lead continues to be used in anthropogenic activities today. Through the use of lead in ammunition and fishing sinkers, and its presence in coal-fired power plant and other industrial emissions, lead is dispersed throughout modern human and natural …


Emotion Socialization And Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role Of Disability Severity And Parental Attributions In Predicting Parents' Emotional Responses, Hilary R. Bougher Jan 2015

Emotion Socialization And Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role Of Disability Severity And Parental Attributions In Predicting Parents' Emotional Responses, Hilary R. Bougher

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The importance of parents in emotion socialization is highly established among children who are typically developing (Sheffield Morris, Silk, Steinberg, Myers, & Robinson, 2007). Child characteristics, such as child temperament and emotional reactivity, have been found to influence parenting (Bell & Chapman, 1986; Belsky, 1984). However, little is known about the emotion socialization practices of parents of children with special needs and how disability severity may influence these practices. Participants included 68 parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (ages 3-11). Parents reported on three dimensions, using three questionnaires: disability severity via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd edition …


Differences In Psychosexual Development Between Child And Peer Male Juvenile Sex Offenders, Colleen M. Lillard Jan 2015

Differences In Psychosexual Development Between Child And Peer Male Juvenile Sex Offenders, Colleen M. Lillard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Juvenile sex offenders account for approximately 50% of child sex abuse cases and 20% of sexual assault cases in the United States. Researchers, in an attempt to better understand the etiology of this behavior, have examined typologies of juvenile sex offenders, including victim-age. Much of the research has compared juveniles who offended against children versus juveniles who have offended against peers/adults. Recent research has also compared these two groups with those juvenile sex offenders who offended against both children and peers (i.e., mixed offenders). Using data from psychological evaluations and the Multiphasic Sex Inventory- II (MSI-II; Nichols & Molinder, 2010), …


The Professional Quality Of Life And Resiliency In Mental Health Professionals Working With Suicide In Crisis Care, William Bradley Little Jan 2015

The Professional Quality Of Life And Resiliency In Mental Health Professionals Working With Suicide In Crisis Care, William Bradley Little

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the professional quality of life (ProQOL) and resiliency among a sample of 85 active and licensed mental health professionals working in acute/crisis settings in the United States. Within the ProQOL construct exists the constructs of burnout, secondary-traumatic stress, and compassion satisfaction. It was hypothesized that impaired levels of resiliency, higher frequencies of contact (FOC) with clients admitted to care due to suicide, female gender, and fewer years of experience would be associated with increased burnout and secondary traumatic stress scores and decreased compassion satisfaction scores as measured by the Professional Quality of Life Scale Version 5. Multiple …


Evaluating And Prioritizing Stream Restoration In Mined Appalachian Watersheds., Eric Mitchell Miller Jan 2015

Evaluating And Prioritizing Stream Restoration In Mined Appalachian Watersheds., Eric Mitchell Miller

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The state of West Virginia requires stream mitigation to offset anthropogenic impacts to streams; consequently there is a high concentration of mitigation projects in the mountaintop mining/valley fill region. Projects are typically outside mine boundaries and sites are selected at the discretion of the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection. This dissertation evaluated current in-stream, natural channel design (NCD) structures and prioritized future project locations. First, we assessed the Little Coal River, which is one of the largest physical restoration projects in the state. The Little Coal drains 994 km2 with extensive historic and contemporary coal mining. The objectives of …