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Relationships Between Supervisory Safety Contributions And Productivity Accomplishment Among Limestone Quarries., J Owen Weber Jan 1990

Relationships Between Supervisory Safety Contributions And Productivity Accomplishment Among Limestone Quarries., J Owen Weber

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study determined the relationship between how employees perceived their supervisors relative to their safety contributions and productivity as measured in limestone tons per man hour. This study was undertaken for the purposes of providing to enterprise safety function manager's research based data which would be useful in ascertaining the safety contributions of their front line supervisors as well as discovering those items beneficial to focused supervisory training. The investigator constructed a survey instrument consisting of a Likert scale evaluation of fifty-seven supervisory safety duties and responsibilities. These statements were the result of a jury of experts revalidation of the …

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The Relationship Between School Principals' Self-Perceived Brain Hemispheric Processing Modes And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Styles., Barbara Mcswain Kean Jan 1989

The Relationship Between School Principals' Self-Perceived Brain Hemispheric Processing Modes And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Styles., Barbara Mcswain Kean

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to examine the relationship between the self-perceived preferred brain hemispheric processing of West Virginia public school principals and their self-perceived leadership styles. Seventy-five respondents completed the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile, the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, and a demographics sheet. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS). Chi Square analyses at the 0.05 alpha level were used to test two directional hypotheses that guided this study. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Public school principals in West Virginia who perceived themselves as preferring mental processes that are predominantly left brain hemispheric perceived …

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The Effect Of Private Pension Saving On Nonpension Wealth Accumulation: A Test Of The Pension Contract., Timothy Jay Schibik Jan 1989

The Effect Of Private Pension Saving On Nonpension Wealth Accumulation: A Test Of The Pension Contract., Timothy Jay Schibik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation uses empirical estimates of the pension - nonpension saving trade-off suggested by the life-cycle hypothesis to test when individuals perceive their real pension benefits accruing. Pension theory presents two opposing views concerning the timing of pension benefit accrual. One view is that real pension wealth only accumulates as it is legally guaranteed. Thus, unvested workers have zero pension assets because if they quit, were fired, or the pension plan were terminated, they would be entitled to no legal benefits. Due to the structure of most pension plans, vested pension benefits accrue disproportionately near retirement. Under this "legal" view …

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The Applicability Of Limit Equilibrium Methods Of Analysis To Different Types Of Slope Stability Problems., Sun Chai Lee Jan 1989

The Applicability Of Limit Equilibrium Methods Of Analysis To Different Types Of Slope Stability Problems., Sun Chai Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This investigation was conducted to determine the applicability of the limit equilibrium methods of slope stability analysis. Six of the most widely used methods of slope stability analysis were selected from methods which satisfied different equilibrium conditions. An examination of the differences among these methods was undertaken. Through investigation of the mechanics involved in the analysis. Parametric studies were also conducted to establish quantitative trends in the resulting factors of safety. Results of the investigation indicate that: (1) The most significant factor in the stability analysis of slopes is the shear strength parameters of soil, i.e., cohesion and angle of …

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Effect Of Intensive Instruction On Inquiry Patterns Of Registered Professional Nurses In Making Clinical Judgments., Diane Marie Tomasic Jan 1989

Effect Of Intensive Instruction On Inquiry Patterns Of Registered Professional Nurses In Making Clinical Judgments., Diane Marie Tomasic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a method to modify the inquiry pattern behaviors of registered professional nurses in data gathering for clinical judgments. Forty registered professional nurses who were either students currently enrolled in an upper-division baccalaureate RN completion program or graduates of the program participated in the study. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to Group I and received the experimental treatment, intensive instruction in cue attendance, information search, and hypothesis generation. Twenty additional subjects were assigned to Group II and received instruction in the principles of diagnostic reasoning. Measures of demographic data, level …

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On The Threshold Of The Ever-Returning Past: Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood" As A Labyrinth Of The Liminal Grotesque., Virginia Ellen Leonard Jan 1989

On The Threshold Of The Ever-Returning Past: Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood" As A Labyrinth Of The Liminal Grotesque., Virginia Ellen Leonard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nightwood is a novel of life lived in the interstices of time and space by marginal characters, epitomized by the night people of Vienna, Paris, and Berlin. These epicenters of the cultural revolutions of the early twentieth century drew expatriates from all over the world. This novel captures the essence of marginality in images of the grotesque, the most appropriate symbol of the liminal life and the most useful art form to consider when investigating the complex style of a simple tale. In consequence, I use an interdisciplinary approach, combining art history of the grotesque, analysis of major motif patterns …

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An Investigation Of Academic Correlates Of Baccalaureate Graduates' Performance On The National Council Licensure Examination For Registered Nurses., Judith Ann Mckinney Jan 1989

An Investigation Of Academic Correlates Of Baccalaureate Graduates' Performance On The National Council Licensure Examination For Registered Nurses., Judith Ann Mckinney

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This causal-comparative ex post facto study was designed to determine whether any of the independent variables, singularly or in combination were predictive of NCLEX-RN success, and to identify the point or points in time when students at risk for failure could be accurately identified. The variables examined were pre-admission variables (HS GPA, SAT scores), matriculation variables including the GPA from the courses in the humanities, math and natural sciences, the social sciences, nursing courses, and the AssessTest score. A significant positive relationship between the AssessTest score and the NCLEX-RN was demonstrated at p {dollar}<{dollar} 0.05. The strongest combination of predictor variables, although not statistically significant, were the Assesstest score, social sciences, senior, and nursing GPA. Together these variables accounted for 53.0 percent of the variance in NCLEX-RN outcomes for the students who passed and failed. Discriminant analysis enabled the correct classification of 87 percent of the sample using these variables. This study indicates that students can be most accurately identified at the end of the senior year. The statistical analysis using stepwise regression and discriminant analysis were helpful in increasing the credibility of the predictor variables. Attempts to predict NCLEX-RN performance throughout the student's academic career serves as a valuable resource for nursing faculty.

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Citation Analysis And Emerging Technologies: Foundational Technical Developments In Optical Disk Technology., Thomas Tunnell Wrenn Jan 1989

Citation Analysis And Emerging Technologies: Foundational Technical Developments In Optical Disk Technology., Thomas Tunnell Wrenn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One reason a given technology emerges is that the technical means of the technology are improved--made more efficient, faster, more reliable. This causes changes in the "socio-technical interface" between the technical means and the organization in which it is applied, and it becomes practical to use the improved technical means in new applications and additional organizations. Technical developments that decisively affect the technical workability and the economic usefulness of a product or process, which permit rapid changes in a technology and its rate of emergence, are termed foundational technical developments (FTDs). We often want to be able to identify which …

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Instructional Design And Interactive Videodisc In Cai., Robert Franklin Perkins Jan 1989

Instructional Design And Interactive Videodisc In Cai., Robert Franklin Perkins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study uses the Product Development Cycle developed by W. James Popham and Eva L. Baker as a systems approach to Computer-Aided-Instruction development. This process establishes seven stages (Formulation, Item Specification, Item Tryout, Product Development, Product Tryout, Product Revision, and Operations Analysis) and rules that are to be followed at each stage. Formative and summative evaluation are incorporated to improve the product's development. Instructional design is integrated into this process by using Component Display Theory developed by M. David Merrill. Merrill uses a Performance-Content matrix to develop learner objectives and items to test performance. Presentation Forms (Primary and Secondary) are …

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A Study Of Human Performance In The Event Of An Unexpected Robot Motion., Yves Beauchamp Jan 1989

A Study Of Human Performance In The Event Of An Unexpected Robot Motion., Yves Beauchamp

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study evaluates factors that could affect human performance in the event of an unexpected robot motion. The study evaluated the following factors associated with a robot work station: illumination level, noise level, the luminance contrast between the robot and its background, the amount of attention required by a task being performed while monitoring the movement of the robot, the motion speed of the robot, and finally the field where unexpected motions were initiated. The dependent variable measured was the distance the robot moved before the subject detected and responded to the unexpected motion. In a main experiment, nine subjects …

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Safe Hand-Button Distance For Mechanical Power Presses., Roger Christian Jensen Jan 1989

Safe Hand-Button Distance For Mechanical Power Presses., Roger Christian Jensen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many mechanical power presses are equipped for actuation with dual hand buttons. For these operations, most countries have safety regulations requiring the button location be at least a minimum distance from the hazardous area where the dies meet. This distance is called the "safe distance" (D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar}) because its purpose is to protect the operator in case of a sudden, instinctive reach into the die area after initiating the downstroke. According to most of these regulations, D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar} is determined (in meters) from the inequality D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar} {dollar}>{dollar} S T{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm stop{rcub}{dollar} where S is an assumed hand speed of …

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A Comparison Of Three Prompt-Fading Methods In Computer Software Training., Thorlakur Karlsson Jan 1989

A Comparison Of Three Prompt-Fading Methods In Computer Software Training., Thorlakur Karlsson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Computers have become a significant part of many people's daily life. Accompanying this trend, more resources have been devoted to software training. American businesses alone spend over {dollar}1 billion dollars on training people to use computer software each year. Part of this cost might be reduced by devising more effective training. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate whether training effectiveness could be improved by manipulating one critical feature of training, the kind of prompting strategy used. Nine college students were trained to use a spreadsheet program with a complete-prompting method, which involves telling subjects what keys to …

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Development Of Celeration-Based Instructional Software That Teaches Sequelic Intraverbal Behavior., John Winston Eshleman Jan 1988

Development Of Celeration-Based Instructional Software That Teaches Sequelic Intraverbal Behavior., John Winston Eshleman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present paper describes a program of research to develop, test and refine a prototype of computer-based instructional (CBI) software that teaches a sequelic intraverbal repertoire efficiently and effectively. Significant educational implications arise from any verbal behavior research that both sheds light on how an intraverbal repertoire can be changed, and which simultaneously leads to a teaching technology that rapidly brings about high fluency. The present research centers around an engineering effort to do just that, beginning with a computer-based analogue of precision teaching SAFMEDS, a method of teaching using flashcards in precisely timed and recorded sessions. Programmed in BASIC, …

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Effects Of Task And Environment-Related Variables On Individuals' Lifting Capabilities While Wearing Protective Clothing., Mohamed Zaki Ramadan Jan 1988

Effects Of Task And Environment-Related Variables On Individuals' Lifting Capabilities While Wearing Protective Clothing., Mohamed Zaki Ramadan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was conducted to evaluate the lifting capabilities of individuals while wearing protective clothing in a hot environment and to investigate the behavior of the physiological stresses induced by the lifting process associated with those variables. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, two separate studies were conducted. The first part was an acclimatization and training program followed by a psychophysical experiment. Five male subjects, 28 to 31 years of age, participated in this study. They were heat acclimatized and trained for ten days prior to participation in the main experiment. The independent variables studied in the …

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Profile Of West Virginia National Four-H Awards Program Participants From 1967-1980., Jean Marie Woloshuk Jan 1988

Profile Of West Virginia National Four-H Awards Program Participants From 1967-1980., Jean Marie Woloshuk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of 4-H educational activities on West Virginia participants in the National 4-H Awards Program from 1967-1980. Usefulness of skills/knowledge acquired by participants and impact of participation on occupational statuses and personal lives of awards winners were also studied. The descriptive method of research using the inquiry technique was utilized. Information was obtained from 286 alumni who were state winners in the National 4-H Awards Program. Statistical procedures used for analyzing data were number and percent distributions, chi-square, analysis of variance, and forward selection regression. It was found that participants' perceptions …

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X-Ray Absorption Study Of The Interaction Of Coal Combustion Gases With Calcium Oxide., Mohan Ramanathan Jan 1988

X-Ray Absorption Study Of The Interaction Of Coal Combustion Gases With Calcium Oxide., Mohan Ramanathan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

X-ray absorption measurements were performed on coal samples at beamline X18B at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The coal samples were probed at both the calcium and sulfur environments. Also in-situ measurements were made on the coal sample to study the evolution of sulfur on heating. The reaction of sulfur dioxide, evolved from the coal, with calcium oxide was studied in various environments. Both XANES and EXAFS techniques were employed at the calcium and sulfur K edges. Based on these measurements, it was observed that the traces of calcium present in the coal were in the form of calcite. The …

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Characterization Of Coal Breakage By Continuous Miners., Nagendra Peesary Reddy Jan 1988

Characterization Of Coal Breakage By Continuous Miners., Nagendra Peesary Reddy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study in this dissertation attempts to alleviate the problem of inefficient cutting and respirable dust production by continuous miners. It involves identification of the important parameters that affect coal fragmentation, design of an Automated Rotary Coal Cutting Simulator (ARCCS) and study of the effects of these parameters on coal fragmentation. Two sets of experiments were conducted, first, multiple bit experiments to establish the experimental procedures and study the microscopic fracture surface and second, single bit experiments to investigate the significance of the important parameters based on a statistical design called the two way factorial design. From the multiple bit …

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Studies Of Nonlinear Dynamics In Chemical Systems., John Steven Reckley Jan 1988

Studies Of Nonlinear Dynamics In Chemical Systems., John Steven Reckley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This work reports on three projects undertaken with the aim of learning more about complex behavior such as multiple steady states in a CSTR and traveling waves and spatial structures in unstirred solutions. Bistability in the permanganate-oxalate system was studied spectrophotometrically and computationally using a CSTR in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Absorbance of the solution was monitored as a function of flow rate. The concentrations of several manganese containing species in each of the steady states at a specific flow rate were determined using multi-component analysis. A four-variable empirical rate law model and computational results were presented. An experimental investigation of …

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The Beginning Teacher's Personality Needs And The Perceived School Climate In West Virginia., Charles Kent Runyan Jan 1988

The Beginning Teacher's Personality Needs And The Perceived School Climate In West Virginia., Charles Kent Runyan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study investigated by analyzing independently as well as interdependently the demographic characteristics of the beginning teacher in West Virginia, the school climate these teachers perceived as pervasive in the state, and the first year teacher's personality needs. For this purpose, eight major questions were fashioned with 38 major composite null hypotheses developed. Three instruments were used to collect data: a general demographic survey--to assess ten demographic characteristics, the School Climate Survey (SCS)--to measure the perceived school climate, and the Sterns Activities Index (SAI)--to measure the personality needs. From a state-wide population of 783 beginning teachers with zero years of …

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Development Of Fundamental Motor Skills In Down's Syndrome Preschool Children., Karen Ann Kurz-Mcpherson Jan 1988

Development Of Fundamental Motor Skills In Down's Syndrome Preschool Children., Karen Ann Kurz-Mcpherson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a developmental motor program on the development of three fundamental motor skills of Down Syndrome preschool age children. The two participants for the study were both four years old. Each participant and a parent (mother) participated in a nine week community based preschool developmental motor program (KinderSkills) operated by the School of Physical Education at West Virginia University. Intervention was provided sequentially to the motor skills of catching, throwing and striking through involvement in developmentally appropriate motor activities and guided parent instruction. Each participant's process characteristic levels of the three …

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A Study Of The Women In W. S. Gilbert's "Patience", "Iolanthe", And "Princess Ida"; Or, The Folly Of Being Feminist., Cheryl Conover Hoffman Jan 1988

A Study Of The Women In W. S. Gilbert's "Patience", "Iolanthe", And "Princess Ida"; Or, The Folly Of Being Feminist., Cheryl Conover Hoffman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In his three operas of the early 1880s--Patience, Iolanthe, and Princess Ida--W. S. Gilbert directs his wit at free-thinking women. Although the overt subjects of these operas (Aestheticism, the reform of the House of Lords, and women's education) have received much critical attention, the subplot--the conflict between men and women--has not. In all three, the tension in the plot is the result of the sexual struggle; and, in all three, Gilbert trivializes the feminist idea of woman's independence and advocates the Separate Spheres theory, which postulated that equality between the sexes was not possible because of the God-ordained biological difference …

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Blast Round Design And Casting In Surface Coal Mining., Jonq-Keh Lee Jan 1987

Blast Round Design And Casting In Surface Coal Mining., Jonq-Keh Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Casting design for bench blasting in surface coal mines is a new focus and a fairly recent success. This study aims at the development of a model to predict the throw of overburden material based on geological conditions of a bench and charges in blast holes. The model, derived on the basis of blasting theories and dynamics of the multiple-particle system, explores the mechanisms of casting rocks into pits. Implementing the model with a computer program is a part of the study. The execution of the computer program will result in quantitative data for evaluation of a blast round design. …

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Sir Thomas Boleyn: The Courtier Diplomat, 1477-1539., William Hughes Dean Jan 1987

Sir Thomas Boleyn: The Courtier Diplomat, 1477-1539., William Hughes Dean

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This work chronicles the life and assesses the character of Sir Thomas Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond, the Keeper of the Privy Seal. It is asserted, for the most part, that the father of the unfortunate Anne Boleyn rose in the esteem and honor of King Henry VIII steadily and on his own merits, making his greatest mark as a diplomat. It is conceded that he probably would not have risen as far as he did without some help from the involvement of both of his daughters with the King. Educationally superior to the vast majority of …

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Kinetics Of Drug Release From The Polylactic Acid Microcapsules Prepared By A Solvent Partition Method., Nilsuwan Leelarasamee Jan 1987

Kinetics Of Drug Release From The Polylactic Acid Microcapsules Prepared By A Solvent Partition Method., Nilsuwan Leelarasamee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A solvent partition technique of microencapsulation, utilizing an apparatus designed to provide a continuous injection of a drug-polymer preparation into a flowing mineral oil system, has been developed via the preparation of hydrocortisone-polylactic acid microcapsules. Using this method, microcapsules of controlled particle size distribution and drug loading were prepared with good reproducibility. Dissolution studies further showed that microcapsules having the same drug loading and particle size distribution exhibited the same rate of release. The drug release profiles, obtained in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37 C, showed a biphasic drug release pattern denoting a fast first-stage and a slow second-stage …

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Development Of Warrants For Fixed Distance Versus Constant Warning Time Devices At Rail-Highway Grade Crossings., John Argiriou Halkias Jan 1986

Development Of Warrants For Fixed Distance Versus Constant Warning Time Devices At Rail-Highway Grade Crossings., John Argiriou Halkias

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The overall goal of this study was to develop warrants or guidelines for the installation of active warning devices without speed selection (fixed-distance systems) and active warning devices with speed selection (constant warning time systems) at railroad highway grade crossings. This objective was achieved by the use of the FRA grade crossing inventory and accident data bases to develop accident rates, effectiveness values, statistical models to determine which variables are significantly related to accidents, and a benefit cost analysis, all of which were used in warrant development. Overall results of this study tended to confirm the hypothesis that constant warning …

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An Integrated Production And Cost Management System For Underground Coal Mines., Robert Larry Grayson Jan 1986

An Integrated Production And Cost Management System For Underground Coal Mines., Robert Larry Grayson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current coal market demands better management of resources and minimum-cost performance from underground mines. It is a matter of survival in which only well-managed operations will capture a share of the market. This situation forces mine managers to apply management science techniques in scheduling and controlling operations. Tools for operations research are generally lacking at mine sites. Techniques which are used have typically been applied in isolation and in mine design. An integrated production and cost management system, which spans planning, scheduling, and monitoring activities, is demanded. Techniques employed must be responsive to changing environmental and economic conditions. An …

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A Theoretical And Experimental Investigation Of Coke Gasification In A Batch Reactor, Esmail R. Monazam Jan 1986

A Theoretical And Experimental Investigation Of Coke Gasification In A Batch Reactor, Esmail R. Monazam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A computer model has been developed to simulate the char-gasification process occurring in the gasification component of a crossflow coal gasifier. This process corresponds to the batch gasification process in a combustion pot. Temperature and concentration profiles along the gasifier were obtained by solving the material and energy balances. In order to obtain the data necessary for evaluating and improving the computer model, an experimental system was developed to obtain data for the char-gasification process in the combustion pot. The results show that the gasification rate strongly depends on the air flow rate and that the reactivity of the char …

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The Relationship Between Clinical Experience And Both The Identification Of Accurate Clinical Nursing Judgments And The Development Of Professional Identity, Rita Short Monahan Jan 1986

The Relationship Between Clinical Experience And Both The Identification Of Accurate Clinical Nursing Judgments And The Development Of Professional Identity, Rita Short Monahan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the clinical experience of baccalaureate nursing students and (1) the identification of accurate clinical nursing judgments, and (2) the development of professional identity. Sixteen students registered for a required clinical course completed data collection instruments. The eight students in the control group completed the clinical course as prescribed in the curriculum; the eight students in the experimental group received no assigned clinical experience during the block of time in which the intervention occurred. Subjects were asked to complete the following data collection instruments: (1) Student Learning and Development in the Clinical …

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The Effect Of A Pre-Writing Learning Strategy On The Growth Of Syntactic Maturity In Written Expression Of College Freshmen With Learning Disabilities., Barbara R. Byrer Jan 1986

The Effect Of A Pre-Writing Learning Strategy On The Growth Of Syntactic Maturity In Written Expression Of College Freshmen With Learning Disabilities., Barbara R. Byrer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to devise and implement a pre-writing learning strategy to measure through syntactic analysis the growth in written products for twelve college freshmen with learning disabilities. Strategy training consisted of modeling, verbal rehearsal and prompting, without concurrent steps of positive and corrective feedback. Utilizing an A-B Follow-up design syntactic measurements of T-units and clauses were computed during baseline, treatment, and follow-up phases of the study. Results of means during each phase determined that 58% increased T-unit length and 50% increased clause length in their writings. The remaining subjects either remained the same or regressed in …

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Effect Of Lumbar Posture On Lifting (Back, Trunk Muscles, Emg)., Dennis Louis Hart Jan 1985

Effect Of Lumbar Posture On Lifting (Back, Trunk Muscles, Emg)., Dennis Louis Hart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this research was to determine if there were any differences in (1) lumbar spine flexion moments or (2) activity of the lumbar erector spinae or external oblique muscles while varying (1) lumbar postures and (2) hand heights used to lift a load. A completely randomized design with repeated measures was used. 20 male workers (32.9 (+OR-) 12.4 years, 178.3 (+OR-) 6.8 cm, 81 (+OR-) 14.7 kg) employed in positions requiring manual lifting assumed specific lumbar spine postures (subject preferred, kyphotic, straight or lordotic), lifted a 157 N crate to three different hand heights (25, 50, 76 cm), …

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