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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Influence Of Selection For Breast Muscle Mass On Ph And Metabolism Of Supracoracoideus Muscle From Male And Female Turkey, John Kenneth Yost Aug 1999

Influence Of Selection For Breast Muscle Mass On Ph And Metabolism Of Supracoracoideus Muscle From Male And Female Turkey, John Kenneth Yost

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this study was to determine if selection for increased breast muscle mass has affected the supracoracoideus muscle's ability to regulate pH during physical activity in turkeys. The lightweight male line (LM) had the greatest breast muscle mass as a percent of body weight (p < 0.0001), a lower average pH (6.68; p < 0.0001), and greater Lactate Dehydrogenase (293 mmol NADH min-1mug-1 ; p < 0.0001) and Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (0.4452 mmol NADH min-1mug-1; p < 0.05) activities than the HM and FL lines. The LM line had the highest ratio (2.33:1) (p < 0.05) of adult to neonatal myosin. Hens had greater breast muscle mass as a percent of body weight than males (p < 0.0001), and a lower average pH (6.62; p < 0.05). This study showed that genetic selection for breast muscle mass resulted in an increased ratio of adult to neonatal myosin and an increased anaerobic capacity, which may predispose birds to a lower ultimate pH during physical activity.

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Designing A Cultural Needs Questionnaire, Sabah Karayegen Aug 1999

Designing A Cultural Needs Questionnaire, Sabah Karayegen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study describes the development of a cultural needs questionnaire intended to get a profile of foreign students' awareness of American culture. Specifically, the original questionnaire was designed to assess the level of awareness that English as a Second Language (ESL) students have of three aspects of American culture: family, gender roles, and education. The purpose of the development of student profiles resulting from this questionnaire was to offer one source of feedback to ESL teachers concerning these particularly relevant areas in which newly arrived students may be culturally confused. The piloting of the questionnaire revealed several problems inherent in …

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Federal Highway Spending And Economic Growth In Appalachia, James Herbert Noonan Aug 1999

Federal Highway Spending And Economic Growth In Appalachia, James Herbert Noonan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Appalachia has always struggled economically due to three main factors: absentee ownership, isolation, and stereotyping. In 1965, Congress created the Appalachian Regional Commission with the mission of providing economic development programs to increase development in the region. Federal highway spending was seen as a key to improving the Appalachian infrastructure.;Today, the debate continues on the effectiveness of federal highway spending in Appalachia. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of federal highway spending on socioeconomic status in Appalachia by analyzing the effects of spending during an economic recovery from 1983--89 and recession 1989--92. Three constructs determine increases …

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Automatic Selection Of Optimal Window Size And Shape For Texture Analysis, Joseph Edmund Glotfelty Aug 1999

Automatic Selection Of Optimal Window Size And Shape For Texture Analysis, Joseph Edmund Glotfelty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis is a theoretical and empirical examination of the relationship between texture and scale, and its effects on image classification. This study involved creating a model that automatically selected windows of optimal size according to the location of a pixel within a land cover region and the texture of the surrounding pixels. Large windows were used to get a representative sample of within-class variability in the interior of these regions. Smaller windows were used near the boundaries of land cover regions in order to reduce "edge effect" errors due to between-class variability. This program was tested using a Maximum …

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Identifying Structural Differences In Mixed Mesophytic And Northern Hardwood Forests On The Monongahela National Forest Using Remote Sensing Data, John Richard Bender Jr. Aug 1999

Identifying Structural Differences In Mixed Mesophytic And Northern Hardwood Forests On The Monongahela National Forest Using Remote Sensing Data, John Richard Bender Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis is a study of field data and remotely sensed data to evaluate the structural diversity, texture, spectral and spatial differences between forest stands of three age classes (50--69, 70--89, and >90 years) in the Cheat District on the Monongahela National Forest. The structural diversity was determined with foliage-height profiles for 48 stands ranging from 52 to 148 years old. Structural diversity was highest in the 70--89 and >90 year old stands and lowest in the 50--69 year old stands. The structural characteristics of the 70--89 and >90 year old stands were characterized by greater numbers of larger trees, …

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Three Essays On The Relationship Between The Banking Sector, The Real Sector, And The Political Environment, Woocheon Jeong May 1999

Three Essays On The Relationship Between The Banking Sector, The Real Sector, And The Political Environment, Woocheon Jeong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Essay one. Does the banking sector affect the real sector? Does the real sector affect the banking sector? Do both sectors affect each other? This essay tries to answer these questions. The positive answer to the first question relates to the credit-view hypothesis that the quality and quantity of the banking sector or bank health affect aggregate economic performance.;Variance decomposition and the impulse-response function of the vector error correction model (VECM) estimates provide strong evidence that interdependence exists between these sectors in the U.S. for the period 1942--1996.;Thus, there are links between bank health, bank loans, and economic performance (i.e. …

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The Effectiveness Of Prophylactic Etodolac On Post-Endodontic Pain, Eric Richard Menke May 1999

The Effectiveness Of Prophylactic Etodolac On Post-Endodontic Pain, Eric Richard Menke

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if prophylactic oral administration of etodolac would significantly reduce post-endodontic pain, when compared to ibuprofen and a placebo.;Thirty-six patients requiring conventional root canal therapy consented to single blind oral administration of either 400 mg of etodolac, 600 mg of ibuprofen, or a placebo, prior to conventional root canal therapy. Pain evaluation was completed on a pain survey that consisted of visual analog scales at the following time intervals; initial, immediately after, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after initiation of root canal therapy.;A significant difference …

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Incorporating Neural Network Traffic Prediction Into Freeway Incident Detection, Benjamin Todd Taggart May 1999

Incorporating Neural Network Traffic Prediction Into Freeway Incident Detection, Benjamin Todd Taggart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The efficient operation of an incident management system depend Neural network models have been applied to traffic prediction frequently and even repeatedly because of its superior capability in emulating nonlinear systems. However, these traffic prediction models have not been utilized for incident detection. On the other hand, it is expected that the performance of an incident detection algorithm can be improved if an advanced prediction model is incorporated into. Therefore, this study developed several traffic prediction models that were then integrated into incident detection algorithms. The traffic prediction models were developed based on three different choices of independent variables, while …

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Design And Field Testing Of Jointless Bridges, Jason Matthew Franco May 1999

Design And Field Testing Of Jointless Bridges, Jason Matthew Franco

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A recent trend in bridge design has been toward elimination of joints and bearings in the bridge superstructure. These joints and bearings are expensive in both initial and maintenance costs, and can get filled with debris, freeze up and fail in their task to allow expansion and contraction of the superstructure. They are also a "weak link" that can allow deicing chemicals to seep down and corrode bearings and support components. Because the design is difficult and their behavior is unknown, they are not widely used despite the enormous benefits. There are no standardized design procedures for these bridges, only …

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Locating And Mapping Cemeteries In Loudon County, Virginia, Scott Marshall Sizer May 1999

Locating And Mapping Cemeteries In Loudon County, Virginia, Scott Marshall Sizer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Protecting smaller family-type cemeteries is a difficult task in a rapidly growing area. This paper investigates that ways in which Loudoun County, Virginia addressed cemetery protection concerns. Cemetery locational data was captured from a variety of sources and integrated into the countys geographic information system (GIS). The locational information was gathered through digitization and with a Global Positioning System (GPS). Once the cemetery locational information was in the GIS, it was then integrated into an existing land development process.

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Administrators' Influence On Job Satisfaction For West Virginia Special Education Teachers, Jennifer Pitzer Sirk May 1999

Administrators' Influence On Job Satisfaction For West Virginia Special Education Teachers, Jennifer Pitzer Sirk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the relationship between the perceived administrative support levels of special education directors and principals and the perceived intrinsic, extrinsic and overall job satisfaction levels of West Virginia special education teachers. The Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire (Form One) was used to measure the perceived administrative support levels. The Mohrman Cooke Mohrman Job Satisfaction Scale was used to measure the perceived intrinsic, extrinsic and overall job satisfaction levels. Ancillary information was also obtained from the respondents concerning gender, Regional Education Service Agency (RESA) area of employment, grade level of employment, special education teaching assignment areas, years of experience teaching …

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Independent Verification Of Specification Models For Large Software Systems At The Early Phases Of Development Lifecycle, Khalid Lateef May 1999

Independent Verification Of Specification Models For Large Software Systems At The Early Phases Of Development Lifecycle, Khalid Lateef

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the major challenges facing the software industry, in general and IV&V (Independent Verification and Validation) analysts in particular, is to find ways for analyzing dynamic behavior of requirement specifications of large software systems early in the development lifecycle. Such analysis can significantly improve the performance and reliability of the developed systems. This dissertation addresses the problem of developing an IV&V framework for extracting semantics of dynamic behavior from requirement specifications based on: (1) SART (Structured Analysis with Realtime) models, and (2) UML (Unified Modeling Language) models.;For SART, the framework presented here shows a direct mapping from SART specification …

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Mean Value Modeling And Control Of A Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks, Yasser Yacoub May 1999

Mean Value Modeling And Control Of A Diesel Engine Using Neural Networks, Yasser Yacoub

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Increasingly stringent emissions legislation and demands for improved fuel economy have mandated the need for advanced control algorithms and complicated the diesel engine calibration procedure. To this end, a neural network-based mean value model of a modern turbocharged direct injection diesel engine has been developed and validated. For a pre-specified engine speed schedule and control vector trajectory, the engine model was shown to produce accurate predictions of the turbocharger manifold charging dynamics and combustion efficiency through engine brake torque predictions. The mean value model was coupled with several sub-models to predict exhaust gaseous and particulate emissions and satisfactory predictions were …

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Regulation Of The Synthesis And Protein Stability Of The Alternative Sigma Factor Rpos In Salmonella Typhimurium, Christofer Lee Cunning May 1999

Regulation Of The Synthesis And Protein Stability Of The Alternative Sigma Factor Rpos In Salmonella Typhimurium, Christofer Lee Cunning

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

RpoS is an alternative sigma factor which is required for the expression of genes that help bacteria cope with environmental stress. The regulation of RpoS is multifactorial and occurs at the levels of synthesis and protein turnover. Our lab has previously identified a rpoS translation enhancing factor in Salmonella typhimurium, the RNA-binding protein HF-I. An antisense element consisting of rpoS mRNA secondary structure is predicted to sequester the rpoS ribosome binding site and inhibit translation. HF-I may interact with this element to increase translation. Using rpoS genetic fusions, we have shown that native rpoS promoters can be substituted with tac …

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Effects Of Faculty Senate's Site-Based Management Practice On Restructuring Schools To Facilitate Inclusion, Holly Ann Pae May 1999

Effects Of Faculty Senate's Site-Based Management Practice On Restructuring Schools To Facilitate Inclusion, Holly Ann Pae

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The national reform agenda charges schools to address the needs of all students. Unlike prior movements these reform goals have influenced the broader context of education's activities to embrace the principle and practices invested in the Individual with Disabilities Education Act. In response states have developed policies that promote inclusive education. Yet despite these initiatives, students with disabilities continue to receive limited attention in the school reform literature. The purpose of this study was to examine how these contexts of reform serve special education's interests.;Using a multiple case design this study examined the relationship between the school's inclusion level and …

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Prediction Of Trauma Responses Following Myocardial Infarction, Risa Nakase Thompson May 1999

Prediction Of Trauma Responses Following Myocardial Infarction, Risa Nakase Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

For survivors of MI, the most common subsequent psychological complications include anxiety and depression. Recent interest has increased in examining the incidence of anxiety disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), among post-MI patients. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate trauma responses among a consecutive sample of post-MI patients. Forty-six post MI patients completed questionnaires and forty completed structured interviews during their initial hospitalization for MI. Six of these individuals reported acute stress disorder symptoms in response to their MI. These six patients scored significantly higher on most measures of PTSD. Thirty-two individuals completed a follow-up assessment of …

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Regulation Of Heme Biosynthesis Targets The Key Enzyme Hema By A Mechanism Of Protein Stabilization In Salmonella Typhimurium, Liying Wang May 1999

Regulation Of Heme Biosynthesis Targets The Key Enzyme Hema By A Mechanism Of Protein Stabilization In Salmonella Typhimurium, Liying Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Heme serves as a cofactor of cytochromes and catalases. It is essential for energy generation and in defense against toxic hydrogen peroxide in nearly all cells including Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Indirect evidence has suggested that heme synthesis is a regulated process. Little is known about how heme synthesis is regulated in enteric bacteria even though the heme synthetic pathway is genetically well-defined. This research represents the first report that heme synthetic regulation affects the first committed heme pathway enzyme, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HemA), by an unusual mechanism.;HemA, encoded by hemA gene, catalyzes the rate-limiting step of heme biosynthesis. This …

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Assessing The *Discriminative Properties Of Response -Reinforcer Relations Using Concurrent Schedules Of Reinforcement, Josue P. Keely May 1999

Assessing The *Discriminative Properties Of Response -Reinforcer Relations Using Concurrent Schedules Of Reinforcement, Josue P. Keely

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The discriminative properties of schedules of reinforcement have been assessed by making a choice response conditional upon some aspect of the schedule that produced the choice component. The discriminative properties of concurrent schedules of reinforcement and the effect of disruptions in the response-reinforcer relation were investigated using conditional-discrimination procedures. In the first experiment, choice components were produced by responding to one of two variable-interval (VI) schedules. Disruptions in the temporal contiguity between a VI response and a choice component were introduced by arranging a percentage of choice components according to a variable-time schedule. Choice responding was a function of the …

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Adult Age Differences In Vocabulary Acquisition As A Function Of Individual Differences In Working Memory And Prior Knowledge, Lisa L. Laumann May 1999

Adult Age Differences In Vocabulary Acquisition As A Function Of Individual Differences In Working Memory And Prior Knowledge, Lisa L. Laumann

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Older adults often complain of cognitive difficulties, such as the inability to learn new information or recall previously learned information. Previous research shows that many older adults do have difficulties with certain learning tasks. However, not all older adults experience these difficulties. Some recent research has shown that, contrary to popular belief, older adults can learn new information under certain task conditions. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how older adults, compared against younger adults, learn new vocabulary under two different learning task conditions. Each participant engaged in two vocabulary learning tasks: a paired-associate task and a contextual …

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Building A Bisque Kiln, David Buchanan May 1999

Building A Bisque Kiln, David Buchanan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The electric kiln in the studio of the ceramic artist is one of many important and significant pieces of equipment. It is the goal of this paper to provide a guide to anyone who needs to repair, rebuild, or build from scratch an entire kiln. These step-by-step instructions for building a kiln from bought materials will provide the information necessary to fix minor and major kiln rebuilding projects.;This manual/guide is the result of researching kilns, both in terms of doing extensive reading on the subject and gaining real experience. Found in the way of rebuilding/rebricking heavily abused kilns, rewiring, and …

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Mission Planning And Remote Operated Vehicle Simulation In A Virtual Reality Interface, Christopher Samuel Allport May 1999

Mission Planning And Remote Operated Vehicle Simulation In A Virtual Reality Interface, Christopher Samuel Allport

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Virtual reality simulations are finding applications in a wide range of disciplines such as surgical simulation, electronics training, and crime scene investigation. During the Mars Pathfinder Mission, in summer 1997, NASA scientists unveiled a new application of virtual reality for the visualization of a planetary surface. The success of this application led to a more concentrated effort for using virtual reality visualization tools during future missions. The thrust of this effort was to develop a new interface which would allow scientists to interactively plan experiments to be performed by the mission robots. This thesis covers two of the primary aspects …

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Stability Analysis Of Partially Filled Tanker Trucks Using A Finite Element Modeling Approach, Matthew Aquaro May 1999

Stability Analysis Of Partially Filled Tanker Trucks Using A Finite Element Modeling Approach, Matthew Aquaro

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The point of rollover for a tanker truck carrying fluid cargo is of great importance due to the catastrophic nature of accidents involving such vehicles. Payloads are often toxic or flammable, thus, predicting the threshold of rollover effectively is of great value. Furthermore, the liquid load shift caused by fluid slosh amplifies the propensity of these vehicles to rollover.;This research presents an approach for determining the threshold of rollover stability of a specific tanker truck by using finite element analysis methods, specifically the software program ANSYS. This approach allows the consideration of many variables which had not been fully considered …

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Robot Navigation Using Ultrasonic Feedback, Akihiko Baba May 1999

Robot Navigation Using Ultrasonic Feedback, Akihiko Baba

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis presents an autonomous navigation program for West Virginia University's mobile robot platform ANT. The program allows the ANT to find a predefined goal by comparing sensor data with a given map of the environment. ANT's ultrasonic sensors were used to sample the surroundings continuously, and this information was combined with dead reckoning data to build a two-dimensional map of the environment. Borenstein's Histogramic In-Motion Mapping technique was used to build sensor maps, which were analyzed to find features such as walls and corners. The features were matched with features in the given map to correct dead reckoning errors. …

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Head Impact Characterization Of Generic A-Pillar Of An Automobile, Subramani Balasubramanyam May 1999

Head Impact Characterization Of Generic A-Pillar Of An Automobile, Subramani Balasubramanyam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The need to provide enhanced occupant protection for all impact conditions experienced in automobile crashes poses a great challenge. Several safety features such as seatbelts and airbags have been developed to reduce occupant injuries in the event of a crash. However, new studies have indicated that even with these safety features, head impact with the upper interior components have resulted in many injuries leading to fatalities in certain impact conditions such as side collision and rollover. Recent regulations imposed by NHTSA concerning head impact scenarios in automotive crashes are designed to provide maximum head impact protection against several locations on …

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Inter-Laboratory Variability Of The Marshall Test Method For Asphalt Concrete, Michael S. Hughes May 1999

Inter-Laboratory Variability Of The Marshall Test Method For Asphalt Concrete, Michael S. Hughes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Statistical quality control measures, such as used by the West Virginia Division of Highways (WVDOH), require quantification of the variability of the test methods to set meaningful material acceptance parameters. The Division currently uses the Marshall method for asphalt concrete mix design and quality control. Although the Marshall method will be replaced as the Division transitions to the Superpave method, in the interim, the Division will continue to use the Marshall method. The objective of this project was to determine multi-laboratory precision statements for the Marshall method that the WVDOH can use in developing statistically based quality acceptance specifications.;An experiment …

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Dynamic Stability Of An Elliptical Pendulum With Unilateral Simple Supports, Heins Naim Karam May 1999

Dynamic Stability Of An Elliptical Pendulum With Unilateral Simple Supports, Heins Naim Karam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study of rollover stability of partially filled tanker trucks often requires the use of mechanical pendulums to substitute the sloshing dynamics of the fluid. Cylindrical tanks have been effectively characterized by simple pendulums combined with some fixed masses. Just recently, a WVU team proposed the use of an elliptical pendulum to substitute the sloshing dynamics in partially filled elliptical tankers.;In this research, a trammel mechanism is configured as an elliptical pendulum with a unilaterally supported base. That is, the supports on either side can lift off the ground to allow for rollover under certain critical lateral accelerations. Two generalized …

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Dual Fuel Conversion Of A Direct-Injection Diesel Engine, Talus Park May 1999

Dual Fuel Conversion Of A Direct-Injection Diesel Engine, Talus Park

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Dual fuel pilot-injected diesel natural gas engines offer significant potential to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PK emissions while maintaining diesel-like efficiency. A 1994 Navistar T444E turbocharger V-8 diesel engine was converted to dual fuel diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG). In an attempt to reduce the overall cost and complexity of conversion, the engine was left completely original, including the diesel fuel injection system. Also, for the sake of simplicity, the method of intake manifold fumigation through an IMPCO, Inc. electronic natural gas control valve was chosen to deliver the CNG. A microprocessor-based electronic control unit …

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Development Of A Decision Support System For Assessment Of Mobile Bridges, Vikram Ramamoorthy May 1999

Development Of A Decision Support System For Assessment Of Mobile Bridges, Vikram Ramamoorthy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The development of a prototype Decision Support System (DSS) for the condition assessment of the Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge (AVLB) has been demonstrated in the current work. AVLB is a mobile bridge that has been used by the US Army for tank and assault vehicle crossing. It is employed for spanning short gaps of 50 feet or less in the terrain. The condition assessment of such bridges, to ensure safety of personnel and tank, is of strategic importance. The methodology of the prototype DSS is based on a refined visual inspection procedure and a previously established vibration measurement technique.;Conforming to …

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Heavy-Duty Emissions Inventory And Prediction, Ravishankar Ramamurthy May 1999

Heavy-Duty Emissions Inventory And Prediction, Ravishankar Ramamurthy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Heavy duty vehicle emissions represent a significant portion of the mobile source emissions inventory. Accurate estimation of their contribution is essential as on-highway and non-road heavy duty diesel emissions account for at least one third of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the inventory. West Virginia University (WVU) has developed an extensive database of continuous transient gaseous emissions levels from a wide variety of heavy duty vehicles in field operation, from which a subset of vehicles (A to J) have been chosen for further analysis. Several different transient cycles were utilized for testing including the Central Business District schedule. The …

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Survey And Home Range Analyses Of Wintering Shorebirds Using The Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex, Franklin Co., Florida, Christine Marie Gunnels May 1999

Survey And Home Range Analyses Of Wintering Shorebirds Using The Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex, Franklin Co., Florida, Christine Marie Gunnels

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Radio telemetry was used to document spatial variation in use by wintering shorebirds at a series of sites believed to form the Lanark Reef Shorebird Complex in Franklin County. Fifty and 95% convex polygon home range estimate for Willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) averaged 0.52 km 2 and 14.85 km2, respectively. Fifty and 95% convex polygon home range estimate for the Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) averaged <0.01 km2 and 0.10 km 2, respectively. Fifty and 95% convex polygon for the Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) and Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus ) was 0.32 km2, and 6.72 km2, and 0.36 km2 and 24.41 km2, respectively. Black-bellied Plovers appeared to have the smallest distance between locations followed by Willets, Long-billed Curlews and Marbled Godwits.;Replicate shorebird surveys were conducted on the reef and count data were regressed against four environmental variables (wind speed, tide height, cloud cover, and temperature). Regression results (R2 adj) accounted for 45% and 66% of the variance in total shorebird counts on the Reef for 1996 and 1997, respectively. Shorebird total counts were positively correlated with tide height for 1996 and 1997 (P < 0.01).

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