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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Creating Reporter Systems Within Drosophila Melanogaster, Ashley Elizabeth Banks Dec 2011

Creating Reporter Systems Within Drosophila Melanogaster, Ashley Elizabeth Banks

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of these projects was to generate two fluorescently based systems within Drosophila melanogaster for the advancement of molecular research. The first project was aimed to create fluorescent phosphomimetic constructs of m8, a regulator in eye formation. The second project was to create a fluorescent visual marker for heterochromatic gene silencing in Drosophila. Proper formation of the eye requires that only one cell from a group of equipotent cells assumes a neural fate (the R8 cell). The cells surrounding the R8 cell are prevented from assuming this outcome through a process known as lateral inhibition. Lateral inhibition uses the …

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Reputation Management: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Effective Use Of Reputation Management Techniques Applied To Personal Reputations During A Crisis, Joseph A. Saulen Dec 2011

Reputation Management: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Effective Use Of Reputation Management Techniques Applied To Personal Reputations During A Crisis, Joseph A. Saulen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Understanding the concept of image has been a cornerstone of public relations since its professional beginnings in the early 20th century. However, practitioners and scholars have introduced crisis management and reputation management techniques into the repertoire of public relations relatively recently. This research study analyzes the concepts of reputation management and image and their applications in respect to people during a crisis. It uses content analysis to examine John Edwards and Eliot Spitzer; and the resultant tone of media coverage to ascertain the effectiveness of their reputation management strategies.

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A Statistical Approach For Shadow Detection Using Spatio-Temporal Contexts, Yiyang Liu Dec 2011

A Statistical Approach For Shadow Detection Using Spatio-Temporal Contexts, Yiyang Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background subtraction is an important step used to segment moving regions in surveillance videos. However, cast shadows are often falsely labeled as foreground objects, which may severely degrade the accuracy of object localization and detection. Effective shadow detection is necessary for accurate foreground segmentation, especially for outdoor scenes. Based on the characteristics of shadows, such as luminance reduction, chromaticity consistency and texture consistency, we introduce a nonparametric framework for modeling surface behavior under cast shadows. To each pixel, we assign a potential shadow value with a confidence weight, indicating the probability that the pixel location is an actual shadow point. …

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Mechanical Property Evaluation Of Torrefied Biomass Materials With Correlation To Grinding Efficiency, Xin Zhou Dec 2011

Mechanical Property Evaluation Of Torrefied Biomass Materials With Correlation To Grinding Efficiency, Xin Zhou

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Motivated by the transition to a more sustainable society, biomass, currently the largest renewable energy source in the world, could therefore in principle become a key energy source in the future. Co-combustion of these materials and coal can lead to a significant reduction in carbon dioxide net emissions in new and existing power plants while potentially reducing capture costs as well. However, many challenges remain to be solved before biomass can be used on a much larger scale as a sustainable energy source. Some of these challenges are related to biomass production, land management, and competition with food production; but …

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Mine Safety Impoundment Inspection And Verification Tool: Mining And Industrial Safety Technology And Training Innovation, Eric W. Baker Dec 2011

Mine Safety Impoundment Inspection And Verification Tool: Mining And Industrial Safety Technology And Training Innovation, Eric W. Baker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this investigation primarily focuses on coal impoundment safety and early hazard potential awareness as well as addressing the need for adapting a field hardened computer so that its more advanced technology may be applied to the mining industry. The purpose was to develop a protocol based on West Virginia State and federal laws and regulations and use a mobile field computer into the inspection system for coal waste impoundments. The inspection template was constructed using paper forms presently used by MSHA and the West Virginia Water Research Institute and iterated after conducting a number of field trials. …

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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Methods For Prediction Of Brook Trout Salvelinus Fontinalis Percent Dry Weight, Andrew William Hafs Dec 2011

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Methods For Prediction Of Brook Trout Salvelinus Fontinalis Percent Dry Weight, Andrew William Hafs

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Reliable fish condition estimates are valued by fisheries ecologists and managers. Fish condition is used as an indicator of ecosystem health or to assess the population status for a species of interest. In aquaculture, proximate composition estimates are often wanted because of their relationship to fillet quality. Past researchers have used bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to provide nonlethal mass based estimates of proximate composition for fish. Percent dry weight (PDW) of a fish is highly correlated to proximate composition values and energy density, therefore reliable predictions of PDW would eliminate the need for costly and laboratory analyses lethal to the …

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The Relationship Of Teachers' Perceptions Of High School Principal's Monitoring Student Progress And Student Achievement In Southeastern Ohio, T. C. Chappelear Dec 2011

The Relationship Of Teachers' Perceptions Of High School Principal's Monitoring Student Progress And Student Achievement In Southeastern Ohio, T. C. Chappelear

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Principals in school buildings across this nation and perhaps throughout the world are under immense pressure to improve outcomes for all students. Recent literature suggests this accountability may be warranted, at least in part, as there is overwhelming evidence that building principals can positively impact student achievement through their behavior as effective instructional leaders. Much of the evidence for this emanates from the elementary school level. The problem is that little research exists at the high school level to examine the relationship between building principals monitoring student progress and student achievement.;This baseline study examined the relationship between teachers' perceptions of …

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The Impact Of A Modified Cooperative Learning Technique On The Grade Frequencies Observed In A Preparatory Chemistry Course, Bridget J. Hayes Russell Dec 2011

The Impact Of A Modified Cooperative Learning Technique On The Grade Frequencies Observed In A Preparatory Chemistry Course, Bridget J. Hayes Russell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation explored the impact of a modified cooperative learning technique on the final grade frequencies observed in a large preparatory chemistry course designed for pre-science majors. Although the use of cooperative learning at all educational levels is well researched and validated in the literature, traditional lectures still dominate as the primary methodology of teaching. This study modified cooperative learning techniques by addressing commonly cited reasons for not using the methodology. Preparatory chemistry students were asked to meet in cooperative groups outside of class time to complete homework assignments. A chi-square goodness-of-fit revealed that the final grade frequency distributions observed …

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Mothers' Accuracy And Bias In Predicting Their Toddlers Performance On The Bayley Scales Of Infant Development, Darcey N. Powell Dec 2011

Mothers' Accuracy And Bias In Predicting Their Toddlers Performance On The Bayley Scales Of Infant Development, Darcey N. Powell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study evaluated mothers' specific knowledge of their own toddlers' development. Mothers' predictions of their toddlers' performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID-II) were compared to their toddlers' performance on each task. In addition, mothers' accuracy in their predictions and toddlers' performance was compared to the toddlers' display of emotional behaviors during the assessment. Mothers (N = 68, Mage = 31.31 years) with toddlers between the ages of 19 and 26 months (M age = 21.76 months) completed demographic questionnaires, measures assessing their perceived parenting self-efficacy, their knowledge of developmental norms, and their expectation for their …

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Alternative Modeling Of Multiply Hydraulic Fractures In Horizontal Wells Completed In Low Permeability Formation, Mahmod S. Alkalawi Dec 2011

Alternative Modeling Of Multiply Hydraulic Fractures In Horizontal Wells Completed In Low Permeability Formation, Mahmod S. Alkalawi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many conventional gas reservoirs around the world have been developed and well-understood on contrary to unconventional gas reservoirs where the amount of information available to the public considered still not abundant. The unconventional reservoirs (tight formation) where permeability ranges from 0.001millidarciesto micro-Darcy permeability is a relatively new area in some parts of the world and the details involving ways to increase productivity of wells and best fracture design yet has to be investigated .The unconventional gas reservoirs are important in the world due to its availability, future energy demand around the world, and most conventional gas reservoirs have already been …

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Utilization Of Igs Information For Improved Real-Time Gps Positioning, Francis James Barchesky Dec 2011

Utilization Of Igs Information For Improved Real-Time Gps Positioning, Francis James Barchesky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The estimation of a precise user's position is a difficult and complex problem. In addition, the use of geodetic grade position instruments is often not possible for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV) systems. However, the availability of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and International GNSS Service (IGS) predicted product data allows an attempt to increase the precision of a navigation algorithm, which is the aim in this thesis.;The utilization of this information within an algorithm work environment is a complex problem, requiring the development of multiple tools in order to use and access the IGS raw and product data. …

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Model Development And Incorporation Of Gis Tools For Floodplain Management, Andrew P. Darnell Dec 2011

Model Development And Incorporation Of Gis Tools For Floodplain Management, Andrew P. Darnell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Floodplain management consists of efforts to reduce flood damage to critical infrastructure and to protect the life and health of individuals from flooding. A major component of this effort is the monitoring of flood control structures such as dams because the potential failure of these structures may have catastrophic consequences. In order to prepare for these threats, engineers utilize inundation maps that model the flood resulting from high river stages. To create the maps, the structure and river systems are modeled using engineering software programs, and hydrologic events are used to simulate the conditions leading to the failure of the …

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Issues In The Care Of Farm Animals: Current History Of The Movement In Selected States, Jennifer N. Dunn Dec 2011

Issues In The Care Of Farm Animals: Current History Of The Movement In Selected States, Jennifer N. Dunn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many animal care practices commonly accepted as a regular part of the agricultural industry are being questioned by organizations advocating for the care of farm and companion animals. The use of gestation crates for pregnant sows, veal crates for veal calves, and battery cages for egg-laying hens are being banned in some states in the United States. While appearing to be a modern phenomenon, animal rights/animal welfare issues actually can be found throughout history. The purpose of the study was to trace the history of the care of farm and companion animals movement in the United States. This included the …

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Modeling And Integration Of Demand Response And Demand Side Resources For Smart Grid Application In Distribution Systems, Naveen Venkatesan Dec 2011

Modeling And Integration Of Demand Response And Demand Side Resources For Smart Grid Application In Distribution Systems, Naveen Venkatesan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Today's electric grid is undergoing drastic changes to evolve into a smart grid. Deregulation of the integrated and monopolistic power system into genco, transco and disco has led to tremendous competition among these players. These entities are in the process of developing innovative smart grid strategies that can improve their reliability and profit. In this thesis work, some of the smart grid initiatives by discos have been explored.;This thesis work is driven by two major objectives. The primary objective is to explore Demand Response (DR), develop its comprehensive model and to analyze various effects and implications of DR on distribution …

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Development Of Soil Lead And Tree-Ring Methods For Characterizing Atmospheric Deposition Gradients And Subsequent Tree Growth Responses, Bradley P. Breslow Dec 2011

Development Of Soil Lead And Tree-Ring Methods For Characterizing Atmospheric Deposition Gradients And Subsequent Tree Growth Responses, Bradley P. Breslow

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Atmospheric deposition of pollutants and nutrients can have a range of effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite its ecological importance, it remains a challenge to model patterns of deposition across complex terrain and also to assess how forest ecosystems are reacting to chronic inputs of atmospheric deposition. I measured the lead (Pb) content of forest soils adjacent to atmospheric deposition monitoring stations throughout the central Appalachian Mountains to examine how well patterns of soil Pb relate to regional patterns of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition. While I found no significant relationship between organic soil Pb content and N deposition, I …

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West Virginia 4-H Camp Songs And Music Traditions, Jason A. Burnside Dec 2011

West Virginia 4-H Camp Songs And Music Traditions, Jason A. Burnside

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of music in 4-H traditions from the beginning of the organization to the present. In addition to the overall 4-H traditions, the research focused on traditions in the 4-H camping program. The research examined songs, song quality, and the role they played in the 4-H tradition and/or the 4-H camp experience. Differences and similarities of 4-H music from the beginning of the 4-H program in West Virginia to the present day were explored. The study also examined the origins of the songs used in the West Virginia 4-H program discerning …

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Efficient Design Of Biological Experiments For Dose-Response Modeling In Nanomaterial Toxicology Studies, Kai Wang Dec 2011

Efficient Design Of Biological Experiments For Dose-Response Modeling In Nanomaterial Toxicology Studies, Kai Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis is concerned with developing two-stage Bayesian optimum design procedure in nanotoxicology with simulation experiments. The proposed design method adopts suitable nonlinear dose response curve and non-constant variance model in experimental modeling, which more adequately represents the desirable properties of bioassay-experiment. A multiple objective genetic algorithm were used to select best set of non-dominated experiments on Pareto front. The proposed approach has been shown to provide better design than traditional experiment method in terms of D-optimum design and A-optimum design.

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Can Changes In Sr Protein Acetylation Affect Alternative Splicing?, Heather E. Knupp Dec 2011

Can Changes In Sr Protein Acetylation Affect Alternative Splicing?, Heather E. Knupp

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cellular phenotype and function is determined by the cellular proteome. Within the cellular proteome there are processes that have a potential to significantly alter the composition of the proteome. One such process is called alternative splicing. Splicing is the removal of introns from a pre-mRNA sequence and the remaining pre-mRNA sequences, called exons, are combined. Alternative splicing modifies the intron-exon combination, and can form novel products from the different arrangement of the coding sequences. This process, due to the high potential for new, possibly unwanted products, is highly regulated and can occur in a tissue and developmental-specific fashion. The misreguation …

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Encoding Of Temporal Sound Features In The Rodent Superior Paraolivary Nucleus, Richard A. Felix Ii Aug 2011

Encoding Of Temporal Sound Features In The Rodent Superior Paraolivary Nucleus, Richard A. Felix Ii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON) is a prominent cell group in the mammalian brainstem. SPON neurons are part of a monaural circuit that encodes temporal sound features in the ascending auditory pathway. Such attributes of acoustic signals are critical for speech perception in humans and likely equally as important in animal communication. While basic properties of SPON neurons have been characterized in some detail, a comprehensive examination of mechanisms that underlie their ability to precisely represent temporal information is lacking. Furthermore, little is known of how the SPON impacts its primary target, the inferior colliculus. Combinations of electrophysiological, pharmacological and …

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Gender Classification From Facial Images, Cunjian Chen Aug 2011

Gender Classification From Facial Images, Cunjian Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Gender classification based on facial images has received increased attention in the computer vision community. In this work, a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art gender classification methods is carried out on publicly available databases and extended to reallife face images, where face detection and face normalization are essential for the success of the system. Next, the possibility of predicting gender from face images acquired in the near-infrared spectrum (NIR) is explored. In this regard, the following two questions are addressed: (a) Can gender be predicted from NIR face images; and (b) Can a gender predictor learned using visible (VIS) images operate …

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In The Crosshairs: Second Amendment Lawyers And Cases In State And Federal Appellate Courts, H. Carl Taylor Iii Aug 2011

In The Crosshairs: Second Amendment Lawyers And Cases In State And Federal Appellate Courts, H. Carl Taylor Iii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Judicial behavior, the types of activities and behaviors judges become involved with in their capacity on the bench, has a profound and lasting impact on the types of decisions rendered by judges across all courts that comprise the American judiciary (Baum 2000; Baum 2006; Maveety 2002). There is a growing realization that judicial behavior encompasses more than just the making of good laws and public policy decisions (Baum, 2000; Baum 2006; Hammond, Bonneau, & Sheehan 2005; Comparato 2003). For example, Songer & Haire (1992) explore integrated approaches to the study of judicial voting through obscenity cases in the U.S. Courts …

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Immobilized Cytochrome P450 2c9 (Cyp2c9): Applications For Metabolite Generation, Monitoring Protein-Protein Interactions, And Improving In-Vivo Predictions Using Enhanced In-Vitro Models, Lance A. Wollenberg Aug 2011

Immobilized Cytochrome P450 2c9 (Cyp2c9): Applications For Metabolite Generation, Monitoring Protein-Protein Interactions, And Improving In-Vivo Predictions Using Enhanced In-Vitro Models, Lance A. Wollenberg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are a family of oxoferroreductase enzymes containing a heme moiety and are well known to be involved in the metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic materials. It is estimated that roughly 75% of all pharmaceutical compounds are metabolized by these enzymes. Traditional reconstituted in-vitro incubation studies using recombinant P450 enzymes are often used to predict in-vivo kinetic parameters of a drug early in development. However, in many cases, these reconstituted incubations are prone to aggregation which has been shown to affect the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Moreover, the presence of other isoforms …

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Surplus Value Extraction In Mental Labor In The Teaching Profession, Lindsey D. Felton Aug 2011

Surplus Value Extraction In Mental Labor In The Teaching Profession, Lindsey D. Felton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research examines the labor of a public education school teacher and the value that is extracted from their labor. Teachers' working conditions and mental labor are assessed through qualitative research methods to help in explaining the various impacts and perceptions that teachers have within Monongalia and Preston Counties in West Virginia. Interviews and textual analysis research aided in uncovering issues of mental labor, labor exploitation, alienation of labor, and working conditions among teachers. Furthermore, how these issues coincide with the theory of surplus value extraction and the theory of labor alienation within Marxist literature.

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Prediction Of Mechanical Properties Of Aerogels Using A Multifractal Multidimensional Multiscaling Approach, Fritz Andres Campo Schickler Aug 2011

Prediction Of Mechanical Properties Of Aerogels Using A Multifractal Multidimensional Multiscaling Approach, Fritz Andres Campo Schickler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aerogels, produced by sol-gel technologies, have several applications in sensors, high energy particle physics, catalysis, heat insulation, supercapacitors, heat storage devices, high efficiency windows, among others. These applications take advantage of the outstanding properties these materials present as a result of their structure. However, the low mechanical properties that these materials present as result of the process, limits their commercial applications. In this dissertation, it is investigated the relationship between the processing conditions and mechanical properties of these materials computationally.;The prediction of the effective properties for these materials is a daunting task because of their complex structure. Aerogels's structure is …

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Development Of An Artificial Neural Network To Predict In-Use Engine Emissions, Melissa L. Morris Aug 2011

Development Of An Artificial Neural Network To Predict In-Use Engine Emissions, Melissa L. Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A method to predict in-use diesel engine emissions is developed based on engine dynamometer and in-use data acquired at the West Virginia University Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines, and Emissions. (WVU CAFEE). The model accounts for the effects of road grade on generated emissions; a need for this model is evident in literature. Current modeling methods do not account for the effects of road grade, and have been shown to under-predict NOx by as much as 57%. It is determined through present research and a review of relevant literature that an artificial neural network (ANN) was the most applicable modeling …

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Factors And Processes Influencing Streambank Erosion Along Horseshoe Run In Tucker County, West Virginia, Abigail L. Mcqueen Aug 2011

Factors And Processes Influencing Streambank Erosion Along Horseshoe Run In Tucker County, West Virginia, Abigail L. Mcqueen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Factors and processes influencing streambank erosion are not fully understood and combining factors and processes into a model that predicts streambank erosion is difficult. The mechanistic Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) and the empirical Bank Assessment of Nonpoint Source Consequences of Sediment (BANCS) model were evaluated to determine their effectiveness at predicting or explaining streambank erosion along Horseshoe Run. BSTEM underpredicted erosion by between 60 and 75%, but the model was able to provide relative estimates of eroded material and was also able to predict the type of erosion present at most bank sites. Model validation revealed critical …

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The Effects Of Genetic Strain And Finisher Diet Non-Phytate Phosphorus Level On Performance, Lysine Degradation And Litter Composition Of Large Tom Turkeys, Brittany Nicholle Swiger Aug 2011

The Effects Of Genetic Strain And Finisher Diet Non-Phytate Phosphorus Level On Performance, Lysine Degradation And Litter Composition Of Large Tom Turkeys, Brittany Nicholle Swiger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Successful commercial turkey production requires proper genetic strain selection to optimize live performance and profit. In addition, sustainable practices relative to manure disposal are essential due to perceptions that land application of poultry manure is a primary contributor to watershed eutrophication. The objective of our research was to assess genetic strain and finisher diet non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) level effects on large tom performance and litter composition using a research facility that mimics commercial production. Experiments were 2x2 factorial designs utilizing 2 strains (Nicholas and Hybrid) and 2 levels of dietary nPP (normal and low) in finishing diets. Two experiments of …

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Evaluating The Effects Of Morrow's Honeysuckle Control On Vertebrate And Vegetation Assemblages, And Small Mammal Foraging Ecology At Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Charnee Lee Rose Aug 2011

Evaluating The Effects Of Morrow's Honeysuckle Control On Vertebrate And Vegetation Assemblages, And Small Mammal Foraging Ecology At Fort Necessity National Battlefield, Charnee Lee Rose

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Exotic, Japanese bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae) are tied to a variety of impacts on wildlife and ecosystems. Morrow's honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) has become a persistent invader in eastern North America. We organized a restoration initiative at Fort Necessity National Battlefield (FONE), Pennsylvania, USA from 2004--2010. Concurrently, we studied the consumption of Morrow's honeysuckle fruits by small mammals from October--November 2009 and July--August 2010, and determined habitat variables that affected visitation rate to foraging stations. Areas of FONE were invaded by Morrow's honeysuckle after the land had been cleared for agriculture, and routine mowing ceased in the mid-1980s. Our restoration …

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Model Based Evaluation Of The Differences Between Full And Partial Flow Particulate Matter Sampling Systems, Nathan Kimble Aug 2011

Model Based Evaluation Of The Differences Between Full And Partial Flow Particulate Matter Sampling Systems, Nathan Kimble

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

PM has been shown to be harmful to people, animals, and the environment. For this reason PM is a regulated emission. As federal regulation of particulate matter (PM) becomes tighter, the need to accurately measure it becomes paramount. As the limit decreases, it becomes more difficult to measure PM due to the inaccuracies in the measurement equipment, and the nature of the particles to be lost in the sampling system.;This study investigated the error propagation and particle loss in two common PM mass measurement systems, the full flow sampling system, also called the constant volume sampling (CVS), and the partial …

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Effect Of Single/Dual Monitor Use On The Behavior Of Neck-Shoulder Musculature, Rabab T. Alabdulmohsen Aug 2011

Effect Of Single/Dual Monitor Use On The Behavior Of Neck-Shoulder Musculature, Rabab T. Alabdulmohsen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The design and functionality of the computer or video display unit (VDU) workstation has continuously evolved since its advent. One of the recent developments in the design of VDU workstations that may affect working postures of the head and neck and the activity of corresponding musculature is the use of dual screen monitors. VDU workstations with dual screen monitors are becoming increasing common at offices, libraries, and many other workplaces. A few studies show that user performance and efficiency is positively affected by the use of dual screen monitors, however, currently effect of dual screen monitors on the overall behavior …

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