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A Framing And Cultivation Analysis Of Sexually Provocative Material Used In "Seventeen" From 1990-2000: A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Brandy Ellen Keener
A Framing And Cultivation Analysis Of Sexually Provocative Material Used In "Seventeen" From 1990-2000: A Qualitative And Quantitative Approach., Brandy Ellen Keener
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to use a qualitative as well as quantitative approach to examining the sexual content, messages and images in Seventeen from 1990-2000, while applying the results to compare how it affects the relationship between the seductive gaze used in the advertisements in Seventeen and the self-worth of its audience. Qualitatively, 52 advertisements from the prom issues in Seventeen were analyzed. How the advertisements influenced the sexual attitudes and behaviors of female adolescents over a 10-year period was observed. Research indicated that the most predominant gaze that remained consistent in theme over time and increased in …
Examining The Value Of Banner Ads: A Uses And Gratifications Study., Ashley E. Norman
Examining The Value Of Banner Ads: A Uses And Gratifications Study., Ashley E. Norman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As clickthrough rates for banner ads decrease and scrutiny toward online advertising rises, finding a way to assess the effectiveness of online advertising is becoming increasingly important. Advertising value is one theory that has been proposed as a means of determining what gratifications consumers receive from advertising. This study applies advertising value to the Web and studies how three banner ad designs – animated, static and content-specific – rate in terms of the three predictors of advertising value – information, entertainment and irritation.
Implementation Of Recommended Forest Stewardship Program Practices In West Virginia: Ten-Year Assessment., Brian M. Jennings
Implementation Of Recommended Forest Stewardship Program Practices In West Virginia: Ten-Year Assessment., Brian M. Jennings
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
One thousand six hundred and seventy-two (63% response rate) Forest Stewardship Program participants responded to a survey aimed at assessing the implementation rates of the Forest Stewardship Program’s recommended practices. Ten different recommended practices were examined using logistic regression models in order to determine what factors were related to the implementation of those practices. Thirty-nine factors were included in each of the models, including landowner demographics, participation in other private landowner assistance programs, motivation behind enrollment in the FSP, and whether or not a specific practice was recommended in a plan. Twenty-three of the thirty-nine factors revealed a relationship with …
The Influence Of Birth Order On Verbal Aggressiveness And Argumentativeness., Marissa F. Rodgers
The Influence Of Birth Order On Verbal Aggressiveness And Argumentativeness., Marissa F. Rodgers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the influence of birth order on verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness. Participants were 207 (111 men, 94 women; M age = 19.80) students. Participants completed the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale (Infante & Wigley, 1986) and the Argumentativeness Scale (Infante & Rancer, 1982). Results indicated first-born children reported significantly more argumentativeness than did youngest children. Men reported significantly more verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness than females. A significant difference did not exist between the verbal aggressiveness of first-born children, only-children, and laterborn children. Future research should compare siblings’ reports of verbal aggressiveness, argumentativeness, and other salient communication behaviors to assess differing …
Communication Apprehension And Accuracy Of Decoding Nonverbal Signals: A Replication And Extension Of Schroeder And Ketrow (1997)., Abigail L. Sopko
Communication Apprehension And Accuracy Of Decoding Nonverbal Signals: A Replication And Extension Of Schroeder And Ketrow (1997)., Abigail L. Sopko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was intended to be a replication and extension of Schroeder and Ketrow’s study (1997) of communication apprehension and nonverbal decoding ability, using the Interpersonal Perception Task -15 (Costanzo & Archer, 1993). This study explored specific nonverbal behaviors that are utilized by individuals who report high levels of communication apprehension when making judgments about an interaction. Moreover, the relationship between nonverbal decoding ability and interaction involvement was investigated. Results did not indicate any relationship between individuals’ scores on the IPT-15 and any other variable included in the study. Future research should attempt to develop a more reliable and valid …
An Economic Analysis Of Pasture-Raised Beef Systems In Appalachia., Jason R. Evans
An Economic Analysis Of Pasture-Raised Beef Systems In Appalachia., Jason R. Evans
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cow-calf operations are important enterprises for family farmers in Appalachia and provide significant opportunity for supplemental income. Alternatives to traditional production methods that not only offer higher income potential but also lower risk levels need to be addressed for the benefit of the region’s producers. This thesis presents an analysis of one such alternative, pasture-raised beef production. Stochastic budgeting was used to compare profit and risk levels experienced by numerous categories of grassfed and traditional producers. Results showed that risk in pasture-raised operations is primarily production-related while risk for traditional producers is price-related and is, in general, more severe than …
The Nutritional Management On Reproduction In Beef Replacement Heifers., James F. Kinsey
The Nutritional Management On Reproduction In Beef Replacement Heifers., James F. Kinsey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effects of dietary treatment, supplementation or forage only, on the induction of puberty, growth response, and fertility of 196 yearling beef heifers were investigated. Heifers were assigned to one of the two dietary treatments based on age and weight. Upon completion of the feeding trial (145d, year 1; 159d, year 2) all heifers were placed on one of three estrous synchronization protocols for timed artificial insemination and placed for one estrous cycle with a clean up bull for both years. Growth variables, (ADG and final weight) were enhanced by supplementation with soybean hull pellets. The effect of dietary treatment …
The Effect Of Dietary Lactose On The Performance Of Turkeys., Mabel Mbone Milimu
The Effect Of Dietary Lactose On The Performance Of Turkeys., Mabel Mbone Milimu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An experiment was conducted involving 360 large white turkeys of mixed sex, raised in floor pens. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of dietary lactose on the performance of turkeys and to determine the optimum amount of lactose inclusion in the diet. There were six diets and three replicates of each diet. The diets contained 0%, (commercial and control) 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% lactose and were randomly assigned to 18 pens with 20 birds per pen. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the diets in final …
Evaluating Municipal Replacement Trees: Assessing Health And Survival Factors., Scott L. Kilbourn
Evaluating Municipal Replacement Trees: Assessing Health And Survival Factors., Scott L. Kilbourn
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tree characteristics and environmental factors were evaluated to determine their effect on the health and survival of low-maturing street trees. A total of 271 trees were sampled in 13 West Virginia communities participating in the Municipal Tree Restoration Program (MTRP). Trees were assigned a crown rating on a scale of 0-7, 0 being excellent and 7 being very poor. Crown ratings were based on estimates of crown density, foliage transparency, and crown dieback percentages. Using logistic regression, a model was developed to predict the initial survival. Seven variables were found to have a significant relationship with crown rating: diameter above …
A Longitudinal Content Analysis Of Violence, Sex, And Drugs In Rap Music., Melina Sissum
A Longitudinal Content Analysis Of Violence, Sex, And Drugs In Rap Music., Melina Sissum
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study is a longitudinal study of violence, sexual references, and drug use in popular rap music lyrics. The top ten rap songs were gathered from 1994 through 2002 and analyzed. Results indicated that though there is violence in popular rap music it is not predominate. It was also found that when violence is present it is most often without consequences or rationale. Further, it was found that popular rap music contained more sexual references than violence. Also, when sexual references were present it was gratuitously, without reference to relationships. It was also found that there is a high correlation …
An Investigation Of Advances In Digital Cartography Through The Mapping Of West Virginia University., Brenden Duffy
An Investigation Of Advances In Digital Cartography Through The Mapping Of West Virginia University., Brenden Duffy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The traditional map metaphor has evolved beyond two dimensions and is now accompanied by a family of new ‘map’ types. Maps now encompass two dimensional displays, multi-dimensional digital representations, and static or interactive maps in both hard and softcopy formats. This research project examines the role of cartography within the context of developing 2-dimensional (2D) static maps, interactive 2D Internet maps, and 2.5D interactive Internet maps of West Virginia University (WVU). The contributing literature includes reviews of traditional cartographic processes, GIS and cartography, Internet mapping, and virtual reality and the Internet. In the production of a traditional paper map of …
Dark Wilderness A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Idea Of Cave Wilderness, Patricia E. Seiser
Dark Wilderness A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Idea Of Cave Wilderness, Patricia E. Seiser
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
It has been almost forty years since the passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act and the establishment of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Forty years later, we still have not seen a wilderness that is not a surface environment. There exist neither subterranean nor marine wilderness areas. Efforts on behalf of cave wilderness have focused on the 1964 Wilderness Act legal definition of wilderness. Perhaps what is required is a different concept for the establishment of cave wilderness. This study explored the idea of cave wilderness from a human dimension perspective, via focus groups, using stakeholders from two cave regions …
The Role Of Nerve Growth Factor In Neuropeptide Up-Regulation In Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons Following Irritant Exposure., Erin R. Wilfong
The Role Of Nerve Growth Factor In Neuropeptide Up-Regulation In Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons Following Irritant Exposure., Erin R. Wilfong
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Workers exposed to occupational irritants often develop symptoms of airway inflammation by unknown mechanisms. In laboratory animals, occupational irritants activate sensory nerves located in airway walls. Sensory nerves respond by increasing neuropeptide production. The neuropeptide, substance P (SP), is produced in trigeminal ganglia (TG) cell bodies and released from nasal mucosa nerve endings. Neurogenic inflammation results from the release of neuropeptides and is characterized by vasodilation, plasma extravasation, mucous secretion and neutrophil chemotaxis. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the regulation of neuropeptides in the upper airway after irritant exposure. Nasal irritation to asphalt fumes is a commonly …
The Mechanisms Of Ethanol-Induced Damage To The Developing Cerebellum: Effects On The Cerebellar Granule Cells., Zheng Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Alcohol exposure causes developmental abnormality known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), featured with central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. The cerebellum is vulnerable to ethanol toxicity. Developmental exposure to ethanol depletes the number of cerebellar granule cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. A potential mechanism for ethanol-induced neuronal depletion is to reduce the pool of neuronal progenitors. The progression of the cell cycle is regulated by a family of protein kinases called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). We hypothesize that ethanol interferes with the CDK system and disrupts the cell cycle kinetics in cerebellar granule progenitors (CGPs). Pregnant rats were fed ad …
An Examination Of Factors Influencing The Spatial Distribution Of Foraging Bats In Pine Stands In The Southeastern United States., Michael A. Menzel
An Examination Of Factors Influencing The Spatial Distribution Of Foraging Bats In Pine Stands In The Southeastern United States., Michael A. Menzel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The general objective of this dissertation was to determine the effect of changes in forest structure on bat activity patterns in southern pine stands. Individual studies included an investigation of the homerange, habitat use, and diet of a species of special concern common to the Southern Pine Region (SPR), Rafinesque's big-eared bat, a investigation of the relative activity of bats below, within, and above forest canopies in 5 vegetational communities, and a review of the distribution and habitat associations of the bats of the SPR. In my first study, I examined homerange size, habitat use, and diet of four reproductively …
Fictions Of Nature: Ecology, Science, And Culture In Twentieth-Century British Literature., Neal Bukeavich
Fictions Of Nature: Ecology, Science, And Culture In Twentieth-Century British Literature., Neal Bukeavich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines twentieth-century British fiction concerned with humankind's interactions with the nonhuman world. I analyze a range of literary works, including H. G. Wells's The Food of the Gods (1903), D. H. Lawrence's The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920), and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), John Brunner's Stand on Zanzibar (1968), Graham Swift's Waterland (1983), and J. G. Ballard's Rushing to Paradise (1994). This body of literature remains largely unexamined for its treatments of ecological issues and belongs to a national history deeply implicated in local and global environmental change. Moreover, my consideration of this literary tradition marks a …
The Effects Of Resistance Training And Oral Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Fiber Morphology, Strength And Activities Of Daily Living In Patients With Charcot -Marie -Tooth Disease., Robert David Chetlin
The Effects Of Resistance Training And Oral Creatine Supplementation On Muscle Fiber Morphology, Strength And Activities Of Daily Living In Patients With Charcot -Marie -Tooth Disease., Robert David Chetlin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Resistance exercise and creatine supplementation independently improve strength and function in patients with neuromuscular diseases, but the effectiveness of the two combined in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is unknown. Additionally, no study has examined gender differences in strength and activities of daily living (ADLs) in CMT patients before or after resistance training, nor has ADL performance been used for exercise prescription. Purposes. (1) To examine the effects of resistance training with and without creatine supplementation on muscle, strength and function in patients with CMT; (2) To compare effects of 12 weeks training on strength and ADLs in CMT men …
Say-Do Correspondence: Effects Of Reinforcer Magnitude, Response Requirement, And Prior Experience On Choices., Stephanie P. Da Silva
Say-Do Correspondence: Effects Of Reinforcer Magnitude, Response Requirement, And Prior Experience On Choices., Stephanie P. Da Silva
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effects of reinforcer magnitude, response requirement, and prior experience on choices in say-do correspondence were assessed in three experiments. In each of the experiments, correspondence was trained on red, green, and white key colors using Lattal and Doepke's (2001) homologue of correspondence. In Experiment 1, the duration of food presentations following correspondence on each key color was manipulated across conditions. As the duration of food presentation increased (e.g., from 3 s to 6 s), the number of say responses on that key color increased and, as the duration of food presentation decreased (e.g., from 3 s to 1 s), …
Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska
Reducing Pausing During Rich -To -Lean Schedule Transitions: Effects Of Reinforcer Context And Cue Accuracy., Chad Michael Galuska
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Transitions from rich-to-lean conditions of reinforcement often produce extended pausing in operant responding and may underlie maladaptive behavior in natural settings. Reducing their disruptive effects is of basic and applied interest. Experiment 1 assessed the effects of the overall reinforcement rate on pausing. Pigeons were exposed to a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50 FR 100 schedule. The number of rich (FR 50) and lean (FR 100) components varied across conditions. Pausing during the rich-to-lean transition was inversely related to the overall rate of reinforcement for two of three pigeons. As the number of rich components comprising the multiple schedule increased, pausing …
The Effect Of Emphysema On Adaptation Of Peripheral Skeletal Muscle To Different Loading Conditions In The Syrian Golden Hamster., Anne K. Swisher
The Effect Of Emphysema On Adaptation Of Peripheral Skeletal Muscle To Different Loading Conditions In The Syrian Golden Hamster., Anne K. Swisher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Purpose. Severe emphysema affects peripheral skeletal muscle with only partial reversal with exercise training. The effects of mild emphysema on adaptation of peripheral skeletal muscle to different loading conditions are unknown. Methods. Male Syrian golden hamsters were instilled with saline (S, n = 6) or porcine elastase (E, n = 12) to induce mild emphysema prior to removal of the right Achilles tendon to induce overload (OV) of plantaris muscle and unloading (UL) of gastrocnemius. The left limb served as control (C). Six animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5 months. Fiber type, citrate synthase activity (CS), and capillary …
Prepartum Milking Of Holstein Heifers: Prepartum Mastitis And Factors Affecting Heifers Milked Prepartum., Nancy Jean Kerr
Prepartum Milking Of Holstein Heifers: Prepartum Mastitis And Factors Affecting Heifers Milked Prepartum., Nancy Jean Kerr
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A field study was conducted on two commercial dairy production units to determine the effects of milking Holstein heifers prepartum on prepartum mastitis, reproduction, milk production, and overall health. Holstein heifers were assigned at least 30 days prior to the expected date of parturition to one of three treatment groups: Non-Prepartum Milked Control, Postpartum Milked (C; Farm 1, n = 31; Farm 2, n = 15), Prepartum Milked (P; Farm 1, n = 68; Farm 2, n = 16); and Prepartum Milked with Mastitis (M; Farm 1, n = 27; Farm 2, n = 4). Prepartum milking consisted of twice …
Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim
Cumulative Review: Effects Of Random Alternation Of Review Items On Mathematics Problem Solving., Christine Kim
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study evaluated the differences between three methods of reviewing basic algebra skills. Five component rules were trained: the use of four laws of exponents and a combination rule that included simplifying mathematical expressions (i.e., “order of operationsâ€) and perfect squares. All methods used the same procedures to teach the rules and included review sessions interspersed among the training of the individual rules. The differences among methods involved the kinds of practice provided during the review sessions. The simple review group (n = 12) received extra questions on each rule learned. The nonrandom cumulative review group (n = 12) …
Framing The View: The *Western Landscape And Nineteenth-Century Narratives Of Expansion., Thomas P. Kinnahan
Framing The View: The *Western Landscape And Nineteenth-Century Narratives Of Expansion., Thomas P. Kinnahan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study traces the flowering of Western scientific exploration during the fifteen years following the Civil War. During these years, the empirical modes of perception and representation associated with Western exploration gained growing cultural authority and increasingly came to frame discussions of Western policy. At the same time, the systematic exploration of the West revealed the region in new and sometimes startling ways, in some cases prompting far-reaching revisions in the nation's self-perception. The stakes of these revisions became especially acute in the 1870's as the nation's frontier line flowed toward the alien landscapes of the arid West, prompting both …
The Role Of Retrochiasmatic Neurons In Seasonal Breeding In The Ewe., Steven L. Hardy
The Role Of Retrochiasmatic Neurons In Seasonal Breeding In The Ewe., Steven L. Hardy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A seasonal change in GnRH secretion is well documented in sheep. An alteration in the estradiol (E2) negative feedback mechanism is thought to promote ovarian quiescence via GnRH inhibition during spring and summer months in response to changes in day length. It is evident that the hypothalamus becomes hypersensitive to E2 during this time, but the mechanism driving the shift is not completely understood. However, it is clear that A15 dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) play a key role in these seasonal changes. These neurons mediated E2 negative feedback in anestrus, but do not respond to E2 …
The Regulation Of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism In Human Osteoblast-Like Cells., Frank Joseph Secreto
The Regulation Of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism In Human Osteoblast-Like Cells., Frank Joseph Secreto
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Reports that estrogen (E2) treatment modulates arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by bone and bone cells are found in the literature. However, conflicting indications of the relationship that exists between E2 and AA metabolism emerge from the analysis of those reports. The present studies were undertaken to determine if E2 effected the production of prostaglandins (PG) in human osteoblast-like cells (hOB), and if this effect is due to the regulation of key enzymes involved in PG production, namely cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and the cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2). We determined that hOB cells pretreated with E2 and co-stimulated with tumor growth factor-β …
Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilizer And Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.) Component On Productivity Of Grass-Legume Mixed Swards, Chamil Salinda Kandapola
Effects Of Nitrogen Fertilizer And Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.) Component On Productivity Of Grass-Legume Mixed Swards, Chamil Salinda Kandapola
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effects of two levels of red clover (low and high) and three levels of N fertilizer (0, 28, 56 N kg ha-1) on herbage accumulation and quality of grass-legume mixed swards were studied. Total herbage accumulation of the mixtures with high legume percentage was significantly higher than those with low legume percentage and this was most pronounced at second harvest. Swards high in legumes also had higher crude protein concentrations and lower weed percentages than those low in legumes. Although the effect of N on herbage accumulation was not significant, an increase was observed for crude protein concentration of …
Dendritic Development Of Gabaergic Cortical Interneurons Revealed By Biolistic Transfection With Gfp, Xiaoming Jin
Dendritic Development Of Gabaergic Cortical Interneurons Revealed By Biolistic Transfection With Gfp, Xiaoming Jin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Neurons using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter are critically important as inhibitory neurons in the CNS. A major hindrance to further studies of this important and highly diverse class of neurons is their relative scarcity, which makes it difficult to identify and target them for morphological and physiological studies. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel protocol for visualizing detailed morphology of GABAergic neurons in living mouse brain slice cultures, using biolistic transfection with GAD67-GFP. The morphological, immunocytochemical and physiological characteristics of GAD67-GFP expressing neurons indicated that they were functional GABAergic neurons. Additionally, our data demonstrate that this …
Expression And Regulation Of C-Myb In B-Lymphocyte Development, Candice Lashawn Damiani
Expression And Regulation Of C-Myb In B-Lymphocyte Development, Candice Lashawn Damiani
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
B lymphocytes are continually produced in bone marrow from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells. Lymphopoiesis is characterized by a series of highly regulated genotypic and phenotypic changes resulting in immunocompetent effector cells which express cell surface immunoglobulin. Our laboratory has focused on defining extracellular signals regulating lymphoid progenitor cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. These studies have demonstrated that pro-B cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation are regulated by interactions with fibroblastic stromal cells in the hematopoietic microenvironment. However, specific molecular mechanisms by which stromal cells regulate B lymphoid development are largely unknown. In an attempt to better understand molecular mechanisms regulating maturation …
Sport Fish Consumption Advisory For West Virginia, William Alvin Warnick
Sport Fish Consumption Advisory For West Virginia, William Alvin Warnick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The risk based sport fish consumption advisory protocol, West Virginia Sport Fish Consumption Advisory Guide (the Guide), was drafted for the state. Fish were collected from ten West Virginia sites (5 previously identified as contaminated, 5 previously identified as uncontaminated). Fish samples were collected, processed and analyzed for total mercury concentration and Aroclors (PCBs). Recommended meal frequencies were calculated from contaminant levels and based on the Guide. Mean fillet sample contaminant levels were compared to composite sample levels and found to require the same level or in one case a more protective of consumption advisory. Ten composite samples had Aroclor …
Variables Affecting Compliance Of Pigeons, Adam H. Doughty
Variables Affecting Compliance Of Pigeons, Adam H. Doughty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Pigeons served in experiments modeling compliance techniques studied by applied behavior analysts and social psychologists. A discrete-trial procedure operated in each experiment. In baseline, each trial consisted of a single key color, and in test conditions, each trial consisted of a sequence of key colors. Across experiments, there were either two or three trial types in baseline. When there were two, one color was correlated with a low fixed ratio (FR) on half the trials, and on the other trials a second color was correlated with another schedule that differed across experiments. Food was delivered on most of the low-FR …