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A Model Of Stabilizer Roll Bearing For A Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing Line, Vishnu V. Rachamalla
A Model Of Stabilizer Roll Bearing For A Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanizing Line, Vishnu V. Rachamalla
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The short service life of the hardware inside the molten zinc pot is often the cause for the unscheduled shutdown of a galvanizing line. The lifetime of the hardware used in these lines is not only a function of materials used but also on factors such as line speed, sheet tension, bearing contact pressure, bearing alignment, zinc pot temperature, corrosion as a function of pot chemistry, and surface finish of the materials used. Dr. James Snider has developed a comprehensive data file on the wear rate and corrosion properties of currently available bearing materials. Dr. Snider's dissertation research as well …
Supplemental Forages For Grazing Beef Cattle In Appalachia, Evans Abenga Basweti
Supplemental Forages For Grazing Beef Cattle In Appalachia, Evans Abenga Basweti
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
growth and availability of forages. Cool-season perennial grasses are the basic source of feed for cow-calf production. Producers require information about incorporating annual forages into grazing systems during months of low productivity of the cool-season species. An experiment was conducted for two years (2004 and 2005) at Reedsville Experimental Farm, West Virginia University, to determine growth rate, herbage accumulation and quality of sudangrass, and pearl millet grown in summer and triticale and a mixture of annual ryegrass and turnips grown in the fall on the same land. Two methods of herbage control, burning and glyphosate, were used to kill existing …
Differential Binding Of Hnrnp K, L And A2/B1 To An Exonic Splicing Silencer Element Located Within Exon 12 Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mrna, Brian Nelson Griffith
Differential Binding Of Hnrnp K, L And A2/B1 To An Exonic Splicing Silencer Element Located Within Exon 12 Of Glucose -6 -Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mrna, Brian Nelson Griffith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The expression of most lipogenic enzymes is regulated through the effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on transcription. However, we have observed that the regulation of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) by polyunsaturated fatty acids occurs through a novel posttranscriptional mechanism. RNA reporter assays were used to map the cis-acting element by measuring the regulation of each RNA reporter construct transfected into primary rat hepatocytes. All RNA reporter constructs were regulated by polyunsaturated fatty acids with the exception of RNA reporter constructs lacking exon 12. Therefore, polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate the constitutive splicing of G6PD mRNA through a cis-acting element located within …
Esterase Inhibition By Grapefruit Juice And Its Components Leads To Newly Identified Drug Interactions, Ping Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Grapefruit juice (GFJ) is well known to be a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A enzyme leading to drug-drug interactions. This study describes a newly identified potential of GFJ in mediating pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions due to its capability of esterase inhibition. The study demonstrates that GFJ inhibits purified porcine esterase activity towards para-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) and the prodrugs lovastatin and enalapril. In rat and human hepatic or gut S9 fractions and rat gut lumen GFJ inhibited the hydrolysis of enalapril and lovastatin, which are known to be metabolized principally by esterases, with lovastatin metabolized also by CYP3A. In Caco-2 cells, permeability of …
Applying Stages Of Change Theory To An Acute Pain Situation: Development Of The Childbirth Stages Of Change Questionnaire (Csocq), Rebecca K. Widoe
Applying Stages Of Change Theory To An Acute Pain Situation: Development Of The Childbirth Stages Of Change Questionnaire (Csocq), Rebecca K. Widoe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Various self-management methods and pharmacological agents are available to relieve childbirth pain. Decisions about pain management during labor have medical, psychological, and sociological ramifications, yet research investigating the selection of childbirth pain management strategies is scarce. The purpose of the current study was to develop a self-report instrument, the Childbirth Stages of Change Questionnaire (CSOCQ), to assess a pregnant woman's readiness to self-manage childbirth pain. Items representative of five levels of readiness were generated by experts. Next, 3 pregnant women evaluated items for content validity. A pilot CSOCQ was administered to 536 undergraduate women. Factor analysis and item-reliabilities were conducted …
Software Application For Emergency Responders, Safer 2.0, Saritha Reddy Potula
Software Application For Emergency Responders, Safer 2.0, Saritha Reddy Potula
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The SAFER 2.0 was developed as a web based information system for the First Responders involved in dealing with the hazardous materials incidents. The software tool enables First Responders to view and identify the substances involved in a hazard via a secure Internet connection. The tool also aids in identifying the unknown substances based on the physical description (color, odor, texture, gas/liquid, etc.), symptoms and other information available at the site of the incident. The system is based on the 2004 North American Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2004) and NIOSH Pocket Guide (NPG). ERG2004 was developed for use by firefighters, police, …
Phytoformations Of Silver And Gold Nanoparticles, Brooke A. Fridley
Phytoformations Of Silver And Gold Nanoparticles, Brooke A. Fridley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Stevia and red beet suspension cultures were examined for uptake of silver from AgNO3 solution. Alfalfa and mung bean sprouts were also studied for silver accumulation when grown in AgNO3 solution. AA analysis confirmed the presence of silver in both sprouts and suspension cultures after exposure to AgNO3 solution, despite the toxic effects of silver on the living matter.;Extract from Pelargonium graveolens underwent reaction with both AgNO3 and KAuCl4 to form silver or gold nanoparticles. For the reaction with AgNO3, light was required to initiate the reaction. In contrast, reactions producing gold nanoparticles did not require light to react. Oxygen …
Afferent Regulation Of A15 Dopamine Neurons In The Ewe, Adrienne L. Bogusz
Afferent Regulation Of A15 Dopamine Neurons In The Ewe, Adrienne L. Bogusz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Ovine reproduction is characterized by a breeding season and an anestrous season. Seasonal anestrus is induced by increased responsiveness of the GnRH neurosecretory system to estrogen (E) negative feedback. Previous studies have shown that inhibitory A15 dopamine neurons mediate this increased sensitivity to E, however, these neurons lack E receptors. In this thesis we performed three experiments. For experiment 1 we looked at the specific sites of actions that thyroid hormones act to cause neuronal plasticity of A15 DA neurons, utilizing dual-labeled immunocytochemistry. The results of this study demonstrated no change in dendrite morphology or the number of close contacts …
Development Of An Animal Model Of Choice Between Aversive Events, James W. Diller
Development Of An Animal Model Of Choice Between Aversive Events, James W. Diller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study examined variables controlling choice between aversive events using pigeons as subjects. Initially, a titration procedure using variable-interval (VI) schedules of food and shock delivery contingent on keypecking was conducted to determine a moderately aversive shock intensity and duration. Subjects were then presented with a choice between food delivery followed by either a single shock or three shocks in a discrete-trials procedure. The change in context affected the aversiveness of the shock. In the VI condition, shock presentation resulted in 40-60% decrease in response rates. In the discrete-trials procedure, however, responding was "all-or-none." Thus, an attempt to redetermine …
Characterization Of Laboratory Simulated Road Paving-Like Asphalt By High Performance Liquid Chromatography And Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Brandon F. Law
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Prolonged, extensive exposure to asphalt fume has been associated with several adverse health effects. Inhaled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from asphalt fume exposure are of concern. The objective of this study was to characterize both qualitative and quantitative differences between fumes generated at 150°C and 180°C using a well controlled laboratory road paving fume generation system. Fumes were characterized by (1) total vapor and particulate concentration, (2) simulated boiling point profile and (3) specific PAH content. The mean concentrations of the vapor fractions generated at 180°C and 150°C were 23.3 mg/m3 and 11.2 mg/m3, respectively, demonstrating a statistically significant increase …
Measuring Chemotaxis In Borrelia Burgdorferi The Lyme Disease Spirochete, Richard Gerrit Bakker
Measuring Chemotaxis In Borrelia Burgdorferi The Lyme Disease Spirochete, Richard Gerrit Bakker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochete causative agent of Lyme disease. The chemotaxis and motility systems of these bacteria are far less well described than that of Escherichia coli or Salmonella enterica. This dissertation explores the role of the CheA proteins in the chemotactic response and describes the first defined attractants for B. burgdorferi.;In order to test hypotheses, we developed or optimized three protocols. To characterize the motion of cells, two motion tracking systems were optimized. The Hobson BacTracker allowed for tracking cell motions in real time. This hardware/software chimera, while powerful for the specific application, utilizes a cumbersome interface. Therefore, …
The Effect Of A Diet Supplemented With Flaxseed Oil On The Lipid Content And Fatty Acid Profile Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Muscle Tissue, Jason P. Nguyen
The Effect Of A Diet Supplemented With Flaxseed Oil On The Lipid Content And Fatty Acid Profile Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Muscle Tissue, Jason P. Nguyen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This experiment examined the effect of nine diets supplemented with varied combinations of flaxseed oil and vitamin E on the total lipid content and fatty acid profile of rainbow trout over four months. Mean values were tested for significant differences between groups using one-way analyses of variance.;The most flaxseed oil supplementation, 23.5%, resulted in the highest concentration of total omega-3 fat in fillets (P<0.05). This was due to the increased (P<0.05) concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The 23.5% flaxseed oil trout had the lowest (P<0.05) proportion of saturated fatty acids and the highest amount of total unsaturated fatty acid. Unexpectedly, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents significantly decreased as the experiment progressed. No significant differences were seen among total fat contents. The results indicate that feeding a diet supplemented with flaxseed oil and vitamin E produces omega-3 enhanced trout with higher ALA but lower EPA and DHA.
A Component-Based Approach To Verification And Validation Of Formal Software Models, Dejan Desovski
A Component-Based Approach To Verification And Validation Of Formal Software Models, Dejan Desovski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Formal methods for verification of software systems often face the problem of state explosion and complexity. We present a divide and conquer methodology that leads to component based verification and analysis of formal requirements specifications expressed using Software Cost Reduction (SCR) models. The proposed methodology has the following steps: model partitioning, partition verification (either by model checking or testing) and composition of verification results.;We define a novel decomposition methodology for SCR specifications based on min-cut graph algorithms. The methodology identifies components in given SCR specifications and automates related abstraction methods. It also provides guidance on how to perform verification and …
The Study Of Selected Twentieth-Century American Piano Compositions Appropriate For Use With Freshman And Sophomore College Piano Majors: Performance And Pedagogical Suggestions, Li-Jung Lee
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Studying and performing twentieth-century compositions are important for piano students to become well-rounded musicians. This study presents a performance analysis of repertoire from three highly influential American composers: Four Piano Blues (1926-1948) by Aaron Copland, Excursions Op. 20 (1944) by Samuel Barber and Suite de Danzas Criollas Op. 15 (1946) by Alberto Ginastera. Although these works are not the most technically demanding works by these composers, the nationalistic character of the Argentine and American folk melodies and dances; the popular styles of ragtime, blues and jazz; as well as their incorporation into twentieth-century compositional technique will challenge students in their …
A New Reduced Order Model For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Suryanarayana Raju Pakalapati
A New Reduced Order Model For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Suryanarayana Raju Pakalapati
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Fuel cells are one of the promising eco-friendly and efficient electricity generators for future energy infrastructure. Rigorous research has been underway for over a decade to develop fuel cell technology as a viable alternative to the conventional energy sources. Numerical modeling has played a prominent role in such research endeavors. Detailed multi-dimensional models reveal important information regarding the performance of a fuel cell but they are computationally intensive. Relatively simple zero- and one-dimensional models on the other hand average out the details that could be critical. The topic of this dissertation is a new strategy for modeling fuel cells which …
Understanding Political Ecologies Of Land Use Change Using Household Surveys In Mankweng, South Africa, Joshua Edward Rutkowski
Understanding Political Ecologies Of Land Use Change Using Household Surveys In Mankweng, South Africa, Joshua Edward Rutkowski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mankweng, Limpopo, South Africa has experienced a large population growth since its inception in the late 1950s. The impacts of land use changes in the area are far reaching and have a wide range of influences. This paper documents the historical and political pressures affecting Mankweng as the township progresses into the 21st Century. Household surveys were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in order to understand the geographic relationships of the area. This study found household surveys to be beneficial in understanding land use change.
Establishing A Historic Benchmark For Rimrock Pine Communities At New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, Richard Stockton Maxwell
Establishing A Historic Benchmark For Rimrock Pine Communities At New River Gorge National River, West Virginia, Richard Stockton Maxwell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The structure and composition of a rimrock pine community was studied in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. A forest survey found that the overstory was dominated by Pinus virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, and Quercus spp. The importance of Pinus virginiana decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the cliff edge and was replaced by hardwood competitors. Regeneration of Pinus virginiana (∼4,200 stems/ha) was deemed inadequate to sustain a pine forest except on the harshest sites near the cliff edge. A 108-year (1897-2005) fire chronology was constructed from 51 fire scars recorded by 23 pines along …
Analysis Of The Mechanisms Mediating The Regulation Of Acetyl -Coa Carboxylase Transcription By The Liver X Receptor And Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Saswata Talukdar
Analysis Of The Mechanisms Mediating The Regulation Of Acetyl -Coa Carboxylase Transcription By The Liver X Receptor And Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Saswata Talukdar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Agonists of the liver X receptor (LXR) prevent and decrease arterial plaque formation in experimental models of atherosclerosis. The anti-atherosclerotic effects of LXR agonists are mediated by an increase in expression of genes involved in cholesterol export. Currently, the therapeutic utility of LXR agonists is limited by the fact that these agents increase triglyceride levels in the blood and liver. These undesired effects are caused by an increase in transcription of genes controlling triglyceride synthesis, such as acetyl CoA carboxylasealpha (ACCalpha). We have demonstrated that a synthetic LXR agonist, T0-901317 increases ACCalpha via both a direct mechanism involving the activation …
Effects Of Pesticide Exposure On The Humoral Immune Response Following Streptococcus Pneumoniae Vaccination, Keith Douglas Salazar
Effects Of Pesticide Exposure On The Humoral Immune Response Following Streptococcus Pneumoniae Vaccination, Keith Douglas Salazar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As pesticide use rises in the US annually, the need for extensive characterization of the risks associated with these substances also increases. Herbicides represent the most frequently used type of pesticides. 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) and 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are two of the most commonly used herbicides. These experiments evaluated the effects of propanil and 2,4-D on the humoral immune response in C57BL/6 mice following heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae (HKSP) immunization. Intraperitoneal exposure of 150 mg/kg propanil on the same day as HKSP immunization enhances the splenic T-independent type 2 antibody response to phosphorylcholine (PC) antigen 4-6-fold. Maximal PC enhancement occurs 7 days …
Geographic Interpretation: The Role Of Spatial Knowledge In The Interpretation Of Natural Resources, Heidi Leigh Bailey
Geographic Interpretation: The Role Of Spatial Knowledge In The Interpretation Of Natural Resources, Heidi Leigh Bailey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A surge of interest in geographic information has stemmed from the recent proliferation of Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning Systems, and web-based tools such as Google Earth. This growing interest in geographic information has many implications for natural resource interpretation. Visitor centers and interpretive centers have long been sources of geographic information---providing maps and exhibits depicting a site or region. Such displays come in all shapes and sizes and in a variety of media, including maps, models, projections, animations and dioramas. Yet missing from the field of interpretation is research on the effectiveness of these tools in conveying geographic information …
The Role Of Pi3k/Akt/Tsc/P70s6k1 Pathway In Tumor Growth And Angiogenesis, Qiao Meng
The Role Of Pi3k/Akt/Tsc/P70s6k1 Pathway In Tumor Growth And Angiogenesis, Qiao Meng
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in tumor progression and angiogenesis. To determine the specific role of PI3K isoform p110alpha in ovarian cancer, we designed small interfering RNA (siRNA) against p110alpha. The expression of p110alpha siRNA significantly decreased cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. AKT has three different isoforms: AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. We found that downregulation of AKT1 is sufficient to inhibit cell migration, invasion, and proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. The activation of p70S6K1 was decreased in both p110alpha and AKT1 siRNA-expressing cells. Inhibition of p70S6K1 activity also decreased cell migration, invasion, and proliferation.;The tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) lies …
Filter Weighing Procedure For 2007 And Newer Heavy Duty Diesel Engines, Eric Taylor
Filter Weighing Procedure For 2007 And Newer Heavy Duty Diesel Engines, Eric Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The 2007 heavy-duty on road diesel engine particulate matter standards will require that the particulate matter (PM) levels being emitted from the exhaust will be less than 0.01 g/bhp-hr. This ten-fold decrease in the existing regulations created the need for changes in the PM filter-weighing environment and procedures. The Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 86 Subpart N (40 CFR 86) has stated that a weighing environment must meet Federal Standard 209E class 1000 classification. This regulation required a new cleanroom facility in the West Virginia University Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions laboratories.;Weighing procedures were determined by …
Soil Microbial Communities From The Alimentary Canal Of The Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), Joshua A. Chapman
Soil Microbial Communities From The Alimentary Canal Of The Earthworm Lumbricus Terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), Joshua A. Chapman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The effect of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) activity on microbial community composition was investigated in a silt loam soil. Fingerprints were constructed using PCR amplicons of bacterial 16S rDNA separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Analysis of similarity established that significant differences existed between community fingerprints. Differences were explored using non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Microbial communities of earthworm casts separated from soil treatments for both CD DGGE and CI DGGE profiles. Cast communities were determined by the worm's food source. Soils with earthworms and manure separated from all other soil treatments. Major trends …
Web-Based Forensic Information Management System, Parmjit Singh
Web-Based Forensic Information Management System, Parmjit Singh
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The focus of this work was on the design and implementation of a web based forensic information management system for the West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory (WVSPFL). The software tool enables law enforcement agents to submit crime information to the Forensic Laboratory via a secure Internet connection. The tool also enables each of the nine units of WVSPFL to process the information electronically. Online electronic forms were created to mirror the existing paper based forms, making the transition easier. The existing processes were standardized and streamlined, there by minimizing information inconsistency. The crime information once gathered is automatically uploaded …
Media Representation And Portrayal Of African-American Athletes, Justin Zackal
Media Representation And Portrayal Of African-American Athletes, Justin Zackal
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The racial composition of athletes competing at major colleges and in professional sports in America is disproportioned to the general population and journalists that cover their sports. With African-Americans accounting for such a large contingent of athletes, how their race is perceived by society is often predicated on the coverage they receive. The purpose of this study is to look at the importance of media coverage of African-American athletes, and to show if White media scrutinize African-American athletes more than they do White athletes. The misrepresentation of African-American athletes in the press box could mean an unequal playing field in …
Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley
Gender-Role Development In Toddlers: The Association Between Parental Gender-Role Orientation And Toddler's Gender-Typed Behavior, Jennifer K. Hartley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Associations between the gender-role orientation of parents and the toy-play behavior of first-born infants were investigated. Fifteen fathers ( M age = 31.13, SD = 4.26) and 46 mothers ( M age = 28.13, SD = 4.97) completed self-administered questionnaires which included questions on feedback to play with gender-typed toys. ANOVA results indicated that mothers provided more masculine-typed toys for their sons than their daughters, and more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons; fathers provided more feminine-typed toys for their daughters than their sons. In addition, mothers provided more encouragement to same-gender-typed play than cross-gender-typed play for both …
To What Extent Does Personal Relevance Impact Behavior After Attending A Laboratory Safety Training Session?, Sandra E. Fouch
To What Extent Does Personal Relevance Impact Behavior After Attending A Laboratory Safety Training Session?, Sandra E. Fouch
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Each year in the United States, millions of dollars are spent to educate adults. Therefore, there has been a flurry of interest in answering the question, ''How do adults learn?'' There are different answers and therefore, different theories. The method selected for this study incorporated Andragogic learning into the laboratory safety training at Carnegie Mellon University. This design involved a number of features that recognized the essential maturity of the learner.;The training was developed to present the Laboratory Safety and Hazardous Waste Trainings at Carnegie Mellon University. The new training provided additional discussion points to allow the adults to interact …
Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy
Diesel Fuel Extender From Animal Waste, Laura S. Eddy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An increase in the quantity of food is required to meet the demand of an increasing in the population. The agricultural industry continues to grow to meet this demand. This thesis focuses on a new method to deal with the increasing amount of animal waste that is produced as a result of the increasing food demand. By reacting animal waste with an aqueous solution and diesel fuel, a major fraction of the waste becomes a diesel fuel extender. The extended diesel fuel contains no ash and has a viscosity similar to conventional diesel fuel. The extended diesel fuel contains 20% …
Knowledge And Attitudes Of West Virginia Extension Agents And High School Agricultural Educators With Regard To Meat Goats And The Meat Goat Industry, Angela L. Kirk
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes on meat goats and the meat goat industry in West Virginia by West Virginia Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers. A descriptive research design was selected for the study. A mailed questionnaire was sent to 51 Extension agents and 88 agriculture teachers who were the accessible population. Of the 139 agriculture educators 99 responded to the survey, for a response rate of 71.2%. A majority (67.1%) of Extension agents and high school agricultural teachers have noticed an increase in the meat goat industry in their areas and …
Willingness To Pay As A Predictor Of Viability For Three Different Recreational Pass Variables, Jessica Ann Neff
Willingness To Pay As A Predictor Of Viability For Three Different Recreational Pass Variables, Jessica Ann Neff
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In 1996, under the Clinton administration, the recreation fee demonstration program (RFDP) was authorized by Congress as a three-year pilot program. The initial authorization of the fee program was extended numerous times until it was proposed to become a permanent part of the legislation. In December 2004, Congress passed the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act (FREA) (P.L. 108-447), which permanently authorized the five federal land agencies to continue a recreation fee program for a period of ten years. The purpose behind FREA is to retain recreation fee revenues to supplement appropriations and other funding sources. Recreation fee dollars differ from …