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Watering The St. Katherine Landscape: Exploring The Nexus Between Socio-Economic And Hydro-Cultural Change, Joshua D. Lohnes
Watering The St. Katherine Landscape: Exploring The Nexus Between Socio-Economic And Hydro-Cultural Change, Joshua D. Lohnes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The town of St. Katherine is located in the mountainous and most water rich region of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. This relative water abundance was a critical factor to the historical and cultural landscape that emerged there over the centuries. Past human settlements have left an intricate network of catchments, conduits and wells. Much of this infrastructure is still in use today across the hundreds of orchards that dot valley floors around this growing urban center. A pipeline has recently linked this community to the Nile River hundreds of miles away restructuring water consumption patterns throughout the area and reinforcing a …
Column Flotation Of Subbituminous Coal Using The Blend Of Trimethyl Pentanediol Derivatives And Pico-Nano Bubbles, Jinxiang Chen
Column Flotation Of Subbituminous Coal Using The Blend Of Trimethyl Pentanediol Derivatives And Pico-Nano Bubbles, Jinxiang Chen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Subbituminous coal, a low rank of coal, is difficult-to-float using the conventional flotation process by a single frother such as MIBC and a single collector such as kerosene or fuel oil. The froth flotation of the fine coal separation process is based on the differences of wettability between coal and mineral particles. The formation of oxygenated functional groups on coal surface can reduce its hydrophobicity. This result makes the coal more difficult to float by oily collector alone. Previous work shows that the surfactant can be used to activate the oxygenated surface, by selecting the group of such as fatty …
Effects Of A Gonadotropin Mixture On Reproductive Success In Progesterone- Treated Non-Lactating Anestrous Ewes, Kellie Nicole D'Souza
Effects Of A Gonadotropin Mixture On Reproductive Success In Progesterone- Treated Non-Lactating Anestrous Ewes, Kellie Nicole D'Souza
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Using exogenous gonadotropins as part of an estrous induction protocol can have beneficial effects on fertility in ewes bred out-of-season. Few studies have evaluated the efficacy of P.G. 600RTM, a mixture of gonadotropins with FSH-like and LH-like activity, to increase fertility in anestrous ewes and, in particular, following pre-treatment with progesterone delivered via controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of P.G. 600RTM on reproductive success in progesterone-treated non-lactating anestrous ewes. Ewes, which had been separated from rams for at least one month prior to the beginning of the experiment, received …
The Effect Of Melatonin Or Maternal Nutrient Restriction On Cell Proliferation In The Ovine Placenta, Adam Walter Eifert
The Effect Of Melatonin Or Maternal Nutrient Restriction On Cell Proliferation In The Ovine Placenta, Adam Walter Eifert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Our objectives were to assess melatonin receptor dependent modulation of placental cell proliferation following treatment with either melatonin, luzindole (melatonin receptor 1 and 2 antagonist), or vehicle. In addition, a second study was conducted to assess placental cell proliferation following dietary melatonin treatment in a maternal nutrient restriction model. For the first experiment, 14 primiparous ewes were fitted with Alzet mini osmotic pumps attached to a catheter and infused with vehicle, melatonin, or luzindole from d 62 to 90 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized and placentomes collected for analysis at the end of the 4 week infusion. For the second …
Absorption Of Marine Vs Non-Marine Sources Of Epa And Dha, John S. Ketz
Absorption Of Marine Vs Non-Marine Sources Of Epa And Dha, John S. Ketz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from algae oil has been incorporated into tissues at a lower level and has been less effective than fish oil (FO) at reducing body fat. Our objective was to determine fecal excretion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA from different dietary sources. Male mice (n=100) were fed a 12% lipid diet containing soy oil (SO), FO, yeast oil (YO) algae oil (AO), or AO+YO. The AO diet was fed to contain amounts of DHA equal to the FO diet, and the YO diet was fed to contain amounts of EPA equal to the FO diet. To measure …
Evaluation Of Growth And Survival Of Hardwood Trees On Brown And Gray Sandstone, Lindsay M. Wilson-Kokes
Evaluation Of Growth And Survival Of Hardwood Trees On Brown And Gray Sandstone, Lindsay M. Wilson-Kokes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Deciduous forests in the Appalachian region have been greatly disrupted due to surface coal mining since the 1930's. After the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) in 1977, coal mine operators began planting a variety of grasses and legumes as a fast and economical way to re-establish a permanent vegetative cover in order to meet erosion and site stabilization requirements. However, soil compaction and competitive forage species have arrested the re-colonization of native hardwood tree species on these reclaimed sites. In an effort to evaluate tree growth on selected spoils and determine the effects of compaction, …
West Virginia High School Guidance Counselors Perceptions And Interactions With Agricultural Education Programs In Their Schools, Nicole Riggle Shipman
West Virginia High School Guidance Counselors Perceptions And Interactions With Agricultural Education Programs In Their Schools, Nicole Riggle Shipman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Guidance or vocational counselors have a strong influence over student placement in agricultural education programs. A descriptive research design using a mailed questionnaire was used for this study to determine methods used by West Virginia high school guidance counselors to determine student placement in agricultural education classes. The study found that a majority of the guidance counselors do not have an agricultural background. A majority of the counselors report enrolling students in agricultural programs regardless of their college or career goals. Counselors view agricultural teachers as concerned for students' achievement and personal growth and believe agricultural educators should be involved …
Cross Cultural Relationships Of Depression, Attachment Styles, And Quality Of Romantic Relationships: Cultural Difference Between Taiwanese/Chinese And American College Students, Yi-An Lo Burleson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Relationship quality has been determined to be a positive factor in the treatment of depression (Brown, 2000; Fagan, 2009). Although the importance of marriage has been broadly studied, little research has investigated correlations among relationship quality, depressive moods, and attachment styles. Although the prevalence of depressive moods has been documented within populations of Taiwanese/Chinese international students and American college students (Wei et al., 2007), Wang and Mallinckrodt (2006) found that definitions of ideal attachment differ in these groups. Furthermore, researchers have not yet investigated the effect of cultural differences and attachment styles on the interactions between relationship quality and depressive …
Completion Rates In West Virginia Community And Technical Colleges, Angelic M. Kinder
Completion Rates In West Virginia Community And Technical Colleges, Angelic M. Kinder
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research examined withdrawal and completion rates in courses at public community colleges in West Virginia during the Fall 2009 and Fall 2010 semesters. Online distance education has quickly gained popularity over the previous ten years, and the number of students enrolling in online education has increased at a higher rate than overall enrollment in higher education. Few studies have analyzed withdrawal and completion rates specifically in online courses. Why is student attrition so high? How does this vary from traditional face-toface courses? What can institutions do to prevent online students from withdrawing and not completing courses? This study performed …
Fate And Transport Of Methamphetamine And Related Compounds In Remediated Clandestine Laboratories, Holly A. Mccall
Fate And Transport Of Methamphetamine And Related Compounds In Remediated Clandestine Laboratories, Holly A. Mccall
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Remediation of clandestine laboratories has become a national concern due to health and environmental concerns. To date, remarkably little has been published regarding the fate and transport of methamphetamine in clandestine laboratories, both before and after remediation. The fate and transport of methamphetamine in an indoor air environment is an inherently complex process, where the drug can move as either particulate matter or vapor. The ability to diffuse throughout a building structure increases the need for analysis techniques that can evaluate potential exposure by various means. This research investigated three analytical methods for the detection of methamphetamine: ion mobility spectrometry …
Regulation Of Anoikis By Oncogenic Pathways, Sun Hee Park
Regulation Of Anoikis By Oncogenic Pathways, Sun Hee Park
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Detachment of epithelial cells from matrix or attachment to an inappropriate matrix engages an apoptotic response known as anoikis, which prevents metastasis. Anoikis-resistance of tumor cells is critical for anchorage-independent growth and metastasis. Here we show two novel oncogenic pathways that confer resistance to anoikis in tumor cells. One pathway (chapter 2) signifies a new link between EMT and anoikis-resistance. In chapter 3, we present a new connection between inflammatory signaling pathways and anoikis-resistance. Cellular sensitivity to anoikis is compromised during the oncogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), through various mechanisms. Chapter 2 introduces a novel mechanism (NRAGE/TBX2/p14ARF) that is induced upon …
The Evolution Of The Paleopolyploid Genome In Family Salicaceae, Eli Rodgers-Melnick
The Evolution Of The Paleopolyploid Genome In Family Salicaceae, Eli Rodgers-Melnick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Whole genome duplication is a recurrent phenomenon throughout the history of flowering plants, with at least 1 occuring in the history of each angiosperm lineage. However, following duplication the genome typically undergoes a period of increased structural rearrangements and gene loss, resulting in a diploidized genome with large stretches of syntenic regions resulting from the duplication. This process, termed fractionation, often exhibits biased patterns of gene retention, which appear to correspond with the putative connectedness of genes within biological networks. In this thesis, I explore the extent to which the same biases appear in duplicate genes from the most recent …
Stonewall Jackson Resort Master Plan: An Ecological Model For Stormwater Management That Engages And Educates Through Context Sensitive Low-Impact Development Strategies, Claire E. Jeran
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park sits in central West Virginia in the heart of the Appalachian Mountains. The dammed lake and state park opened to the public over two decades ago and development within the property continues today. The attention to stormwater management, vegetation, and public awareness of their connection to the natural environment become an integral component to an ecologically sustainable landscape. This project focuses on the eighteen acres surrounding the lodge buildings on a lakefront peninsula. The design responded to a thorough analysis and seeks to enhance the visitor's experience through use of new program elements, circulation patterns, …
Early And Late Stage Mechanisms For Vocalization Processing In The Human Auditory System, William James Talkington
Early And Late Stage Mechanisms For Vocalization Processing In The Human Auditory System, William James Talkington
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The human auditory system is able to rapidly process incoming acoustic information, actively filtering, categorizing, or suppressing different elements of the incoming acoustic stream. Vocalizations produced by other humans (conspecifics) likely represent the most ethologically-relevant sounds encountered by hearing individuals. Subtle acoustic characteristics of these vocalizations aid in determining the identity, emotional state, health, intent, etc. of the producer. The ability to assess vocalizations is likely subserved by a specialized network of structures and functional connections that are optimized for this stimulus class. Early elements of this network would show sensitivity to the most basic acoustic features of these sounds; …
The Rationale For Ridiculous, Erica E. Passage
The Rationale For Ridiculous, Erica E. Passage
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis is a description and analysis of the ceramic work of Erica E. Passage. This thesis includes a description and images of the work for the thesis exhibition The Rationale for Ridiculous as well as a discussion pertaining to the conceptual, technical and formal content of the work.
The Streptococcal Collagen-Like Protein-1 (Scl1) Is A Multifunctional Adhesin In Extracellular Matrix Interactions, Biofilm Formation, And Host Colonization By Group A Streptococcus, Heaven A. Oliver-Kozup
The Streptococcal Collagen-Like Protein-1 (Scl1) Is A Multifunctional Adhesin In Extracellular Matrix Interactions, Biofilm Formation, And Host Colonization By Group A Streptococcus, Heaven A. Oliver-Kozup
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for over 100 million skin infections annually that may lead to invasive episodes and autoimmune sequelaes. Wounds and unapparent skin infringements are susceptible to the introduction of GAS and serve as a portal of entry. The nutritional nature of a wound and the accessibility to exposed host cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components create a model milieu for successful host colonization and potential biofilm formation. The initiation of biofilm is often mediated by bacterial surface adhesins and has been shown to interfere with wound healing by blocking critical host cellular interactions. However, the underlying …
Project Knowledge Of 4-H Members Who Participated In The Equine Skillathon At The West Virginia State Fair, Kolby Denae Wyant
Project Knowledge Of 4-H Members Who Participated In The Equine Skillathon At The West Virginia State Fair, Kolby Denae Wyant
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An Equine Skillathon is conducted annually at the West Virginia State Fair in Department F that is open to 4-H and FFA members. At the 2012 West Virginia State Fair, a descriptive research study was done utilizing the Equine Skillathon as the method of instrumentation. The study was conducted to assess the fundamental equine knowledge of junior and senior 4-H members who participated in the 2012 State Fair Equine Skillathon in the five categories of breed identification, conformation, body and hoof parts, as well as feed identification. The data was collected from the participating 4-H members' score sheets and used …
Mechanisms Of Cadmium Tolerance In Populus, Brahma Reddy Induri
Mechanisms Of Cadmium Tolerance In Populus, Brahma Reddy Induri
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cadmium (Cd), a known carcinogen and one of the leading heavy metal pollutants on a global scale, is released to the atmosphere through various industrial processes such as smelting and mining and other applications including manufacture of batteries and phosphate fertilizers. It causes many deleterious effects in plants, and is harmful to humans through its entry into the food chain. Traditional methods of remediating Cd-contaminated soils, such as excavation and land-filling, are expensive and disturb the natural topography. The emerging method of phytoremediation in which plants are employed to remediate contaminated soils has become increasingly popular because of its cost …
Examining The Painful And Provocative Events Scale And Testing The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory Of Suicidal Behavior In Undergraduates And Cyberbullying Victims, Matthew R. Mcnally
Examining The Painful And Provocative Events Scale And Testing The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory Of Suicidal Behavior In Undergraduates And Cyberbullying Victims, Matthew R. Mcnally
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Suicide is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Individuals are hypothesized to acquire the capability for suicide through the experiencing of painful and provocative events. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Painful and Provocative Events Scale (PPES), a measure that seeks to identify experiences that lead an individual to acquire the capability for suicide through an increased tolerance for pain and a decreased fear of death. An exploratory factor analyses conducted to examine the factor structure of a revised Painful and Provocative Events Scale yielded a two-factor structure. …
Phosphorus Retention And Transformation In Floodplain Forests Of The Southeastern United States, John A. Navaratnam
Phosphorus Retention And Transformation In Floodplain Forests Of The Southeastern United States, John A. Navaratnam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Phosphorus (P) commonly limits productivity in freshwater ecosystems; thus, increased P loading, either in dissolved (DP) or particulate (PP) form, can lead to eutrophication. The central goal of my dissertation research is to understand these biogeochemical mechanisms of P retention and transformation in rivers and streams and their associated FFs in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the southeastern US (VA, NC, SC, GA).;To assess the nature of P removal during flooding events, I conducted a detailed study of DP and PP forms (inorganic, Pi and organic, Po) in waters from alluvial (AL) and blackwater (BW) FFs. At each FF site, …
The Effect Of Non-Marine Vs. Marine Sources Of The Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Dha And Epa, On Serum Lipoproteins, Mary C. Rodavich
The Effect Of Non-Marine Vs. Marine Sources Of The Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Dha And Epa, On Serum Lipoproteins, Mary C. Rodavich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Fish oil (FO) is a marine source of n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanaenoic acid (DHA), and has been shown to improve heart health.;Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of non-marine sources of n-3 fatty acids, algae oil (AO) and yeast oil (YO), as compared to fish oil (FO).;Methods: Male ICR mice (8 wk old, n=100) were randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups: soy oil (SO; 0 g/kg DHA or EPA), FO (7.03 g/kg DHA + 12.64 g/kg EPA), AO (7.03 g/kg DHA + 0.13 g/kg EPA), YO (0.018 g/kg DHA …
Gamechangers: A Content And Semiotic Analysis Of Super Bowl Commercials During Recession And Non-Recession Years, Joshua Smithson
Gamechangers: A Content And Semiotic Analysis Of Super Bowl Commercials During Recession And Non-Recession Years, Joshua Smithson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in symbolic content of Super Bowl commercials during recession and non-recession years. Another aim was to find out if humorous commercials were more common in recession year commercials as opposed to non-recession year commercials. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were applied. The study examined the topic through both content analysis and semiotic analysis. For the content analysis, commercials were viewed and coded to address the question of whether commercials change based on economic conditions. For the semiotic analysis, one commercial from each of the four selected years was chosen to …
The Effects Of Feeding Growing Female Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids On Lipogenic Gene Expression And Lipid Metabolism In Liver And Adipose Tissues, Kaitlin Mock
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) consumption has increased through diet and supplementation due to reports of health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine whether different n-3 PUFA sources play a role in lipid metabolism by altering lipogenic gene expression, serum lipids and lipoproteins, and inflammation. Young (aged 28 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of six diets: corn oil (CO, control), flaxseed oil (FO), krill oil (KO), menhaden oil (MO), salmon oil (SO), or tuna oil (TO). qPCR was used to analyze relative gene expression. Only MO-fed rats had down-regulated gene expression of the …
Using Empathy In Design To Foster Interest In Social Issues, Kofi Opoku
Using Empathy In Design To Foster Interest In Social Issues, Kofi Opoku
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Design has transformed from being merely a product oriented discipline focused on the promotion of consumer goods to become a goal oriented practice seeking to address the needs and challenges faced by people in their communities. Conventionally, most designers have engaged various processes that help identify the real needs of an audience in order to develop effective solutions. Designing for social change presents the interesting challenge of reaching audience members who may not be directly affected by an issue to become invested in communityled transformations. My thesis uses the context of homelessness to examine how empathic techniques can be employed …
Assessment Of Age, Diet, And Growth Of Yellow Perch ( Perca Flavescens) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Nate Taylor
Assessment Of Age, Diet, And Growth Of Yellow Perch ( Perca Flavescens) In Cheat Lake, West Virginia, Nate Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis evaluates population characteristics of yellow perch ( Perca flavescens) in Cheat Lake, West Virginia, and is comprised of two chapters: 1) an introduction and literature review on the biology, ecology, and life history of yellow perch and studies regarding diet growth, and condition and 2) a study examining age and length, summer diet composition, and growth of yellow perch in Cheat Lake, West Virginia. Owing partly to recent mitigation of acidic conditions in the Cheat River watershed, populations of yellow perch and other fishes have increased in Cheat Lake. For this study, I evaluated age and length, summer …
Spring Studies And A Decision-Making Process To Guide Groundwater Contamination Prevention In An Agricultural Karst Basin, Erin D. Murphy
Spring Studies And A Decision-Making Process To Guide Groundwater Contamination Prevention In An Agricultural Karst Basin, Erin D. Murphy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Groundwater contamination is a potential major health and environmental issue in karst aquifers because of rapid surface water to groundwater connections and conduit-dominated flow that may allow contaminants to move great distances from their source in a very short amount of time. Agricultural contaminants are a significant problem in Buckeye Creek basin in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. Pasquarell and Boyer (1995) found that cattle grazing near sinking streams, sinkholes, and springs contribute to the elevated levels of fecal coliform bacteria in the groundwater. Six sites in Buckeye Creek basin were monitored for fecal coliform contamination and then analyzed in order …
Appalachian Alter-Natives: The Back-To-The-Land Migration And Community Change In Appalachia, 1970--2000, Jinny A. Turman
Appalachian Alter-Natives: The Back-To-The-Land Migration And Community Change In Appalachia, 1970--2000, Jinny A. Turman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, thousands of people migrated from America's cities to the countryside to establish communes and independent homesteads on small plots of land. By working the land they hoped to achieve autonomy, self-sufficiency, and closeness with nature. Cheap land, mild climate, beautiful scenery, and folk culture drew many of these predominately young, white, well educated, and affluent migrants to Appalachia. During the earliest years of the back-to-the-land migration suspicion and occasionally conflict surfaced as natives and newcomers navigated different lifestyle preferences and worldviews, for many of the back-to-the-landers, or "alter-natives," had identified …
Development Of Hydrogel Tracer Beads And Comparative Tracer Tests To Better Understand Contaminant Fate And Transport In Karst Systems, Amanda Laskoskie
Development Of Hydrogel Tracer Beads And Comparative Tracer Tests To Better Understand Contaminant Fate And Transport In Karst Systems, Amanda Laskoskie
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Karst aquifers can be highly susceptible to contamination due to a close connection to the land surface, lack of filtration through a soil zone, and rapid transmission along solutionally-enhanced flowpaths. These factors also allow for aquifer contamination by direct injection of immiscible organic compounds in the form of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). The fate and transport of NAPLs in karst aquifers is poorly understood. Tracer tests allow for qualitative characterization of hydraulic flow in the surface and subsurface, but their results may not be applicable to the movement of NAPL for which density plays a critical role. Particulate tracers have …
Characterization Of Coconut Oil And Cla Induced Lipolysis, Siri Manasa Ippagunta
Characterization Of Coconut Oil And Cla Induced Lipolysis, Siri Manasa Ippagunta
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Obesity is a main health concern and leads to many other health complications. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to cause a reduction in obesity in several species. CLAinduced body fat loss is enhanced when mice are fed coconut oil (CO). The objectives were to determine if the CLA-induced lipolysis in different oil source-fed mice was time-dependent and to determine the effect of cell signaling inhibitors on CO+CLA-induced lipolysis. Study 1: Male mice (ICR; n=80; 3wk) were fed 7% soybean oil (SO) or CO diets for 6wk and then supplemented with 0 or 0.5% CLA for 3, 7, 10 …
The Effect Of Organic Acids On Compositional Characteristic Of Protein And Lipid Recovered During Isoelectric Solubilization/Precipitation Processing Of Silver Carp And The Effectiveness Of These Organic Acids On The Reduction Of Staphylococcus Aureus, Maryam Ronaghi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
An effective method to recover protein, called ISP processing, uses extreme pH shifts to solubilize protein and then recover it by precipitation and centrifugation. The objective of this study was to determine the proximate composition of the recovered materials from ISP after processing with different acid concentrations and the bactericidal effectiveness of these acids in comparison with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid against Staphylococcus aureus during isoelectric solubilization and precipitation (ISP) processing. Headed and gutted silver carp were homogenized and brought to the protein solubilization pH (2.5, 3.0, 11.5, or 12.5) using the acids (glacial L-lactic acid and formic …