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Inorganic Nanoparticle Nucleation On Polymer Matrices, Adrian John Kosteleski
Inorganic Nanoparticle Nucleation On Polymer Matrices, Adrian John Kosteleski
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The introduction of inorganic nanoparticles into organic materials enhances both the mechanical and chemical properties of the material. Metallic nanoparticles, like silver and gold, have been introduced into polymers for use as antimicrobial coatings or dielectric materials, respectively. The challenge in creating these materials currently is the difficulty to homogeneously disperse the particles throughout the polymer matrix. The uneven dispersion of nanoparticles can lead to less than optimal quality and undesired properties. By creating a polymer nanocomposite material with well-controlled size inorganic materials that are evenly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix; we can improve the materials performance and properties. The …
Saints, Sinners, And Socialists On The Southside: Polish Catholic Immigrant Workers, Politics, And Culture In Wheeling, West Virginia, 1890-1930, William Hal Gorby
Saints, Sinners, And Socialists On The Southside: Polish Catholic Immigrant Workers, Politics, And Culture In Wheeling, West Virginia, 1890-1930, William Hal Gorby
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the years after the Civil War, Wheeling, West Virginia developed into a major manufacturing center in the Northern Panhandle. Until 1885, Wheeling was the state capital of West Virginia and was the center of cut nail production in America. The city already possessed a large population of Irish and German immigrants. However, with the decline of the nail industry and the transition to steel manufacturing in the Upper Ohio Valley, by the 1890's, Wheeling attracted many immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. These immigrants took their places at the bottom of the industrial hierarchy and were relegated to the …
Visualization And Analysis Tools For Neuronal Tissue, Michael Morehead
Visualization And Analysis Tools For Neuronal Tissue, Michael Morehead
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The complex nature of neuronal cellular and circuit structure poses challenges for understanding tissue organization. New techniques in electron microscopy allow for large datasets to be acquired from serial sections of neuronal tissue. These techniques reveal all cells in an unbiased fashion, so their segmentation produces complex structures that must be inspected and analyzed. Although several software packages provide 3D representations of these structures, they are limited to monoscopic projection, and are tailored to the visualization of generic 3D data. On the other hand, stereoscopic display has been shown to improve the immersive experience, with significant gains in understanding spatial …
Watershed - A Transdisciplinary Social Design Process Applied To An Environmental Issue, Forrest Thomas Conroy
Watershed - A Transdisciplinary Social Design Process Applied To An Environmental Issue, Forrest Thomas Conroy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Wicked problems are often vast, complex, and difficult to navigate. Often used in dealing with social design issues, the term "wicked" is intended to connote a problem that is difficult to define and solve rather than its moral implications.1 These problems, like watershed maintenance and pollution mitigation, involve an entwined community of diverse players, intricate systems, and ever-changing terrain. Because of their pluralistic nature, these problems can seem impossible to solve and even impossible to understand. This requires a collective approach and new ways of thinking to create better understanding and solutions. Important changes occur when citizens are knowledgeable, see …
Examining Physiological Roles Of Adipose Derived Vegf: Consequences In Substrate Availability And Endurance Exercise Capacity In Adipocyte Specific Vegf Deficient Mice, Nicole J. Zachwieja
Examining Physiological Roles Of Adipose Derived Vegf: Consequences In Substrate Availability And Endurance Exercise Capacity In Adipocyte Specific Vegf Deficient Mice, Nicole J. Zachwieja
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Reducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in adipose tissue alters adipose vascularity and metabolic homeostasis. We hypothesized that this would also affect metabolic responses during exercise-induced stress, and that adipocyte-specific VEGF deficient (adipoVEGF-/-) mice would have impaired endurance capacity. Endurance exercise capacity in adipoVEGF-/- (n=10) and littermate control (n=11) mice was evaluated every 4 weeks between 6 & 24 weeks of age using a submaximal endurance run to exhaustion at 20 m/min, 10-degree incline. Maximal running speed, using incremental increases in speed at 30-second intervals, was tested at 25 weeks of age. Beginning at 6 weeks, and continuing with all …
Nerve Growth Factor Regulates Na+ Transport In Human Airway Epithelial Cells, Michael J. Shimko
Nerve Growth Factor Regulates Na+ Transport In Human Airway Epithelial Cells, Michael J. Shimko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) was discovered for its ability to enhance nerve growth, but recent evidence suggests there is a correlation between elevated NGF levels in the lung and airway diseases, including lung inflammatory diseases and respiratory virus infections. NGF can be produced and act upon both structural and non-structural cells of the airways, and overexpression of NGF causes morphological and physiological changes in the airways, such as an increased innervation resulting in a neuronal remodeling of the lung, airway smooth muscle thickening, increased vascularization, airway hyperreactivity to capsaicin, and subepithelial thickening. Although work has been conducted to investigate NGFs …
A Preliminary Study Evaluating Potential Probiotic Use In Endodontics, Khaled Seifelnasr
A Preliminary Study Evaluating Potential Probiotic Use In Endodontics, Khaled Seifelnasr
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: The main goal of endodontics is the prevention of apical periodontitis. This condition is the result of persistent pathogenic microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. f) and Candida albicans (C. a) remaining in the root canal systems of teeth, and the ability of those organisms to directly cause acute and chronic inflammation in the periapical tissues. The concept of the use of probiotics has not yet been evaluated in addressing endodontic disease, but probiotics have proven successful in treating periodontal disease. Taking these findings into account, this preliminary work was performed to evaluate the possible effectiveness of a probiotic …
Diet Induced Alteration Of The Murine Intestinal Microbiome After Antibiotic Ablation, Adam Irvin
Diet Induced Alteration Of The Murine Intestinal Microbiome After Antibiotic Ablation, Adam Irvin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background and Objective: We detected a dominant non-cultivatable gram-positive coccobacillus associated with cultivatable yeast in feces of mice treated with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics while being fed a partially defined mouse chow that is commonly used for nutritional studies. The goal of this study was to determine the identity of the non-cultivatable gram-positive coccobacillus.;Methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by Gram stain, quantitative flow cytometry, next generation sequencing of the V3 or V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene, fluorescence microscopy, and sequence analysis of the tuf gene, which can distinguish among Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera.;Results: Fecal samples from antibiotic-treated …
Effects Of Response-Independent Food Pellet Delivery On The Development Of Tolerance To The Rate-Decreasing Effect Of D-Amphetamine In Rats, Christopher A. Krebs
Effects Of Response-Independent Food Pellet Delivery On The Development Of Tolerance To The Rate-Decreasing Effect Of D-Amphetamine In Rats, Christopher A. Krebs
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The extent to which initial drug administration decreases the ability of an organism to obtain reinforcement can affect the development of behavioral tolerance. Environmental enrichment affects many drug-related phenomena, but its effects on the development of tolerance are not clear. The present study examined how enriching the environment by providing non-contingent food pellets during experimental sessions affects the development of tolerance to a dose of d-amphetamine that produces a loss in reinforcement. Lever pressing for food pellets was maintained under a multiple schedule consisting of two variable-interval (VI) 60-s components. One component was enriched by providing food pellets non-contingently under …
Functional Equivalency Of Created And Natural Wetlands In The Central Appalachians: Reproductive Success, Call Phenology, And Diet Composition Of Amphibians, Gabriel F. Strain
Functional Equivalency Of Created And Natural Wetlands In The Central Appalachians: Reproductive Success, Call Phenology, And Diet Composition Of Amphibians, Gabriel F. Strain
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Evaluating the adequacy of created wetlands to replace the functions of lost natural wetlands is important because wetland mitigation is a major tool used to offset wetland losses. However, measurements such as vegetative cover and presence of wildlife may not provide sufficient evidence that created wetlands are functioning properly and thus examining the ecology of wetland biota such as that of amphibians may be a more useful surrogate for function. The objectives of this study were to assess the reproductive success, temporal calling patterns, and diet composition of amphibians inhabiting created wetlands relative to natural wetlands in order to facilitate …
A Multi-Agent Design For Power Distribution Systems Automation, M. Jawad Ghorbani
A Multi-Agent Design For Power Distribution Systems Automation, M. Jawad Ghorbani
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A new Multi Agent System (MAS) design for fault location, isolation and restoration in power distribution systems is presented. In proposed approach, when there is a fault in the Power Distribution System (PDS), MAS quickly isolates the fault and restores the service to fault-free zones. Hierarchical coordination strategy is introduced to manage the agents which integrate the advantages of both centralized and decentralized coordination strategies. In this framework, Zone Agent (ZA) locate and isolate the fault based on the locally available information and assist the Feeder Agent (FA) for reconfiguration and restoration. FA can solve the restoration problem using the …
Mountain Top Eco-Industrial Park: An Eco-Industrial, Renewable Energy Approach For Industrial Park Development, Jing Chu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This project applies the concepts of industrial ecology and recreational gateway development to the redesign of an existing industrial park - Mountain Top Industrial Park in Grant County, West Virginia. The location of the existing industrial park, in close proximity to the CSX railroad and the future Corridor H expressway corridor, lends itself to eco-industrial development and may function as a touristic gateway to the region. The site is at the center of an `energy' complex: Mount Storm Power Plant and former surface mines. Extractive industries and energy production will be a theme within the design project. An Eco-Industrial Park …
Effects Of Culverts On Brook Trout Genetic Diversity, Darren M. Wood
Effects Of Culverts On Brook Trout Genetic Diversity, Darren M. Wood
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are a species of concern within their native range due to a historical loss of habitat, overfishing, and stocking of non-native salmonids. Road culverts have been recognized as an additional impediment to population persistence as movement between diverse habitat types has been identified as an alternative life-history strategy to maximize spawning and growth. Brook trout were genetically analyzed using a suite of 13 microsatellite loci above 7 culverts with varying levels of passability classified through a physical protocol. While most sites were not found to have losses in genetic diversity, populations above culverts with a high …
A Force Sensor Array For Space Applications, Timothy L. Weadon
A Force Sensor Array For Space Applications, Timothy L. Weadon
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The need for force feedback and spatial awareness of contact in harsh environment applications, such as space servicing, has been unsatisfied due to the inability of current sensor technology to resist environmental effects. In this work, capacitive sensors based on a porous polymer-ceramic composite structure were evaluated for potential use in future operations within robotic end-effectors, withstanding temperatures ranging from -80 °C to 120 °C and forces up to 350 kPa. A thin-film design is utilized to allow for ease of embedding, allowing sensors to be implemented into exciting robotic hardware with minimal intrusion, and protecting sensors from electron bombardment, …
Glutamate Dysregulation In A Taup301l Mouse Model Of Alzheimer's Disease, Holly C. Hunsberger
Glutamate Dysregulation In A Taup301l Mouse Model Of Alzheimer's Disease, Holly C. Hunsberger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Individuals at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) often exhibit neuronal network hyperexcitability, particularly in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, in the years preceding AD diagnosis, suggesting that aberrant network activity might contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Recently, the microtubule-binding protein tau has been implicated in this hyperexcitability. Removal of tau in AD models overexpressing amyloid-beta (Abeta) or non-AD models of epilepsy decreases hyperexcitability and normalizes the excitation/inhibition imbalance. The exact mechanism by which tau produces hyperexcitability remains to be determined, but recent work suggests tau may mediate glutamatergic signaling. Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the …
Immune Related Gene Expression Of Parasite-Resistant Sheep During A Haemonchus Contortus Infection, Karen Nicole Sommers
Immune Related Gene Expression Of Parasite-Resistant Sheep During A Haemonchus Contortus Infection, Karen Nicole Sommers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a top health concern for sheep producers worldwide as traditional means of treatment are becoming less effective. Haemonchus contortus is of particular interest because it feeds on blood, causing significant pathological problems in the host. Certain breeds of sheep, like St. Croix, are more naturally resistant to parasitism. However, the underlying mechanisms that result in resistance are not fully understood. The following two experiments evaluated qPCR differential gene expression during the first ten days of a challenge H. contortus infection from lymph node and abomasal tissues. Experiment 1 evaluated 24 St. Croix hair lambs and 24 …
Analysis And Interpretation Of Complex Biological Signal Transduction Networks, Holly N. Currie
Analysis And Interpretation Of Complex Biological Signal Transduction Networks, Holly N. Currie
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cellular signaling is a complex system of biological communication that coordinates cellular activities via biochemical reactions. The passing of an extracellular signal across a cell membrane to intracellular signaling molecules is referred to as signal transduction. Signals transduced across a cell's membrane influence its function, and allow the cell to respond to its local environment. Within the cell, proteins are key responders to, and carriers of, the transduced signal. A class of proteins called kinases mediate most of the signal transduction in eukaryotic cells by catalyzing the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. The post-translational modification of proteins by phosphorylation regulates protein …
A Developmental Perspective: Early Childhood Externalizing Behaviors Pathway To Delinquency In Adolescence, Tandra Nicole Sias
A Developmental Perspective: Early Childhood Externalizing Behaviors Pathway To Delinquency In Adolescence, Tandra Nicole Sias
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Early childhood externalizing behaviors are a known risk factor for future problem behaviors (e.g., poor achievement, delinquency). The present study seeks to illuminate the pathway of early childhood externalizing behaviors to five adolescent delinquency types (i.e., violent offenses, property offenses, illicit drug use, licit drug use, and minor offenses), in addition to overall delinquency. Study data came from two waves of the Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (CNLSY-79; N = 855, 52.4% male, 24.1% Hispanic, 36.6% Black, and 39.1% white). Boys engaged in higher levels of violent and property crimes, and black youth were less likely to …
Effectiveness Of Sleep Extension On Athletic Performance And Nutrition Of Female Track Athletes, Oluremi Famodu
Effectiveness Of Sleep Extension On Athletic Performance And Nutrition Of Female Track Athletes, Oluremi Famodu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Adequate sleep is an essential component to rest and recovery for athletes. Detrimental effects of inadequate sleep (sleep deprivation), on athletes' performance have been well documented. In contrast, increasing sleep (sleep extension), has not been thoroughly investigated in this population. Furthermore, the effect of sleep on an athlete's nutrition behaviors and choices has yet to be determined.;PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of one additional hour of sleep on performance and nutrition behaviors on collegiate, female, track and field athletes.;METHODS: Twenty-one females (age 20.2 +/- 1.8 yrs) maintained normal sleep habits for one week. Baseline …
Police Officers Talking About Gun Control: A Case Study Of A Rural Sheriff's Department, Angela Sycafoose
Police Officers Talking About Gun Control: A Case Study Of A Rural Sheriff's Department, Angela Sycafoose
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research examines how members of a rural police department view gun control, and the degree to which they think that gun control laws protect police officers and the public. Drawing on conclusions from interviews with twenty police officers within one local sheriff's department, three themes emerged: 1) the officers rejected gun control laws and deemed them ineffective for controlling criminal behavior; 2) the officers showed support for specific gun control measures such as, citizens obtaining concealed carry permits and expanding gun background checks; 3) the officers deemed guns to be an essential part of rural upbringing and identity. We …
A Streptozotocin-Induced Model Of Alzheimer's Disease In Mice With Wild-Type Human Tau, Carolyn C. Rudy
A Streptozotocin-Induced Model Of Alzheimer's Disease In Mice With Wild-Type Human Tau, Carolyn C. Rudy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for 60 to 80% of all dementias, affects over 5 million Americans, and incurs annual healthcare costs of over {dollar}200 billion (Alzheimer's Association, 2012). Hyperphosphorylation of tau, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles observed in AD, leads to deficits in cell structure and function. Because recent data suggest impairments in cerebral glucose utilization and energy metabolism play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of AD, we sought to create a mouse model that emulates the metabolic changes using intracerebroventricular infusions of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) in transgenic mice expressing human tau. The Barnes maze, a test of spatial …
Technology Use In The Treatment And Prevention Of Eating Disorders, Jessie T. Popelka
Technology Use In The Treatment And Prevention Of Eating Disorders, Jessie T. Popelka
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Technology is changing rapidly in this global world. A radically different delivery of nutrition information and counseling is technologically feasible in fewer than five years. With about half of girls and a quarter of boys being dissatisfied with their bodies during adolescence into young adulthood, some negative consequences including development of disordered eating, eating disorders (ED) and poor psychological well-being may increase. New methods of delivery, from social media to virtual worlds will allow health care providers (HCP) to reach and interact with patients in different cities or even countries. Simple "tweets" to online videos may have a place in …
Practical Strategies To Maximize Cockatiel Health And Broiler Chicken Performance, Amanda Leigh Foreman
Practical Strategies To Maximize Cockatiel Health And Broiler Chicken Performance, Amanda Leigh Foreman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There are various methods of processing avian diets. However, the two common methods of processing include grinding, batching, mixing, and feeding the resultant mash that is not thermally processed, extrusion processing, baking, and steam conditioning and pelleting. The method of processing utilized can greatly affect nutrient availability, therefore affecting the health and/or performance of the avian. The objective of the first study was to transition cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) that were housed in a controlled experimental setting, with a standardized transition strategy, using two different commercially available cockatiel diets that were advertised as nutritionally complete. The transition strategy consisted of gradually …
Stem Cell Matrix And Cartilage Regeneration, Jingting Li
Stem Cell Matrix And Cartilage Regeneration, Jingting Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cartilage defects caused by injuries of the knee affect about 900,000 Americans annually, resulting in more than 200,000 surgical procedures. Cartilage repair remains a major challenge due to its limited healing capacity. Current cell-based therapy using autologous chondrocyte implantation has been developed for decades and promising results have been observed in clinic. However, the shortage of autologous chondrocytes and their uncertain long-term effectiveness have led researchers to find alternative solutions. Stem cells from various tissues have been shown to be potential sources of chondrocytes. Among them, synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) have been suggested as tissue-specific stem cells for chondrogenesis. However, …
Time-Varying Phase Relationship Between Spiking Neuronal Responses And Local Field Potentials In Olfactory Processing In Manduca Sexta, Oakland J. Peters
Time-Varying Phase Relationship Between Spiking Neuronal Responses And Local Field Potentials In Olfactory Processing In Manduca Sexta, Oakland J. Peters
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Transient Oscillatory Model (TOM) seeks to explain neural coding in the first processing center of the invertebrate olfactory system - the antennal lobe - by proposing that activated primary output neurons participate in the encoding ensemble only transiently, based on the coincidence of their spiking relative to local field potential (LFP) oscillation phase. Using the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta, as a model system, we tested the predictions of the TOM with regard to the trial-to-trial consistency of odor driven oscillations, the phase-locking of action potentials to LFP oscillations, and the role of GABAA receptors in the generation of these …
Flipping The Classroom In College Algebra: A Design And Development Study, Lori Ogden
Flipping The Classroom In College Algebra: A Design And Development Study, Lori Ogden
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation documents the development of a flipped classroom teaching model for teaching college algebra. The model supports the use of multiple teaching strategies including video lectures for students to view as homework, outside of class. A design and development framework is used to describe the design decisions, model implementation, and evaluation of the model across three deliveries, or case studies, of a college algebra course from fall of 2012 through fall of 2013. Design decisions included course sequence and instructional materials. Model implementation described the teaching and assessment strategies throughout each unit of material taught in the course and …
Conditional Clauses, Meghan Olson
Conditional Clauses, Meghan Olson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
My MFA written thesis addresses work completed and shown in a thesis exhibition at West Virginia University as well as significant influences to my studio process. While my stated focus is printmaking, the work presented in the exhibition consisted of six sculptural and installation pieces. This thesis, along with the supporting exhibition, will address my investigations into probing ordinary materials for juxtapositions and arrangements that lend themselves towards a conditional, not absolute, meaning. The work is created from an impulse to put everyday materials together in order to observe subtle relationships that ultimately transcend the ordinary and question what is …
America's Lollipop Licking Tease: The Eroticization Of The Female Child In 1930s Film, Susan Jennings Lantz
America's Lollipop Licking Tease: The Eroticization Of The Female Child In 1930s Film, Susan Jennings Lantz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation examines the eroticization of female children in film during the 1930s as a mechanism for concealing troubling realities of the Great Depression in the United States. The repressed sexuality embedded in the plots of Post Hays Code movies featuring Shirley Temple and characters such as Stella Dallas, Dorothy Gale, and Scarlett O'Hara serve to suture over a crisis of masculinity triggered by changing roles in gender, race, and class. By attempting to invoke the image of a "little girl" in place of that of a grown woman, some films (such as Gone With the Wind, and Bright Eyes) …
Investigating Feeding Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids And/Or Soy Protein Isolate To Female Pck Rats On Polycystic Kidney Disease And Related Complications, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
Investigating Feeding Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids And/Or Soy Protein Isolate To Female Pck Rats On Polycystic Kidney Disease And Related Complications, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple benign cysts along the epithelial lining of the kidneys. As PKD progresses, cyst growth increases kidney volume, decreases renal function, and may eventually lead to end stage renal disease. In addition to renal manifestations, PKD patients are at risk of complications that include bone loss and polycystic liver disease (PLD). Currently, no genetic therapy or effective pharmacological treatments exist. Therefore, dietary intervention offers a potentially efficacious, cost-effective, and safe therapeutic option for PKD and PKD-related complications. Offering dietary treatment to attenuate PKD disease progression has the potential to improve …
Cafe Nudge Project: Choice Architecture For Eating And Nudging Healthy Behaviors, Shannon N. Ackerman
Cafe Nudge Project: Choice Architecture For Eating And Nudging Healthy Behaviors, Shannon N. Ackerman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of the Cafe Nudge Project was to assess the cafeteria environment and the flow of students through the lunch-line to determine characteristics that could be enhanced to encourage healthy food choices in three Appalachian high schools. The Center for Behavioral Economics and Child Nutrition Program (BEN Center) has collectively conducted prior research on this topic and has coined the term "Smarter Lunchrooms Movement" for improving cafeteria environments. These improvements included increased fresh fruit and vegetable consumption, increased consumption of low-fat white milk, and decreased consumption of high-fat and high-calorie foods. This study was a two-part observation. In the …