Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (205)
- Arts and Humanities (192)
- Life Sciences (138)
- Anthropology (71)
- Creative Writing (69)
-
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (63)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (60)
- Environmental Studies (57)
- Environmental Sciences (46)
- Geography (39)
- Archaeological Anthropology (36)
- Philosophy (33)
- Natural Resources and Conservation (30)
- Biological and Physical Anthropology (28)
- History (28)
- Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology (28)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (27)
- Poetry (27)
- Forest Sciences (25)
- Communication (24)
- English Language and Literature (24)
- Nonfiction (23)
- Natural Resources Management and Policy (22)
- Nature and Society Relations (22)
- Sociology (22)
- Biology (21)
- Animal Sciences (19)
- Fiction (19)
- Social and Cultural Anthropology (19)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (18)
- Keyword
-
- Montana (46)
- Habitat selection. (33)
- Archaeology (30)
- Poetry (28)
- Conservation (27)
-
- Climate change (26)
- Predation (Biology) (25)
- Learning (19)
- Wilderness (19)
- Gender (18)
- Geology (18)
- Nature (16)
- Reinforcement (Psychology) (16)
- Immunology Research. (15)
- Nature Effect of human beings on. (15)
- Psychology of. (15)
- Environment (14)
- Yellowstone (13)
- Agriculture (12)
- Art (12)
- Elk (12)
- Environmental education. (12)
- Ethics (12)
- Montana Antiquities (12)
- Ponderosa pine (12)
- William (12)
- GIS (11)
- Habitat selection (11)
- Montana History (11)
- Photography (11)
Articles 1231 - 1260 of 3727
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Self-Control Choices Using Running Reinforcement, Jennifer Lynn Brinegar
Self-Control Choices Using Running Reinforcement, Jennifer Lynn Brinegar
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Rats were given a choice between two amounts of a run-reward after responding on one of two equidistant levers. Responding on one lever resulted in the delivery of a smaller, immediate access to a running wheel (Impulsive) while responding on the other lever resulted in the delivery of larger but delayed access to a running wheel (Self-control). A variable inter-trial-interval was used to control the session duration regardless of the distribution of choices made by the subject. The results demonstrate that the use of a wheel-running reinforcer results in a significant self-control choice bias. This suggests that the use of …
The Influence Of Neighborhood, Family, School, And Student Dimensions Of Social Capital On Academic Achievement: An Integrated Theoretical Framework, Floy O. Scott
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Current federal education law places the responsibility of the academic achievement of students with schools while ignoring other social factors that might influence the educational outcomes of students. Students are part of a complex social system that both enable and constrain their development and behavior. If we are to look at ways to improve academic programs, it is imperative we examine the different social systems to which students are exposed, including neighborhood, family, peer groups, and educational systems, in order to understand their role in assessing school accountability efforts. This study uses an integrated framework of social disorganization theory and …
The Leadership Triad: Identity-Integrity-Authenticity: A Case Study Of The Inner Life And Leadership Of Educational Leaders, David Ingram Henderson
The Leadership Triad: Identity-Integrity-Authenticity: A Case Study Of The Inner Life And Leadership Of Educational Leaders, David Ingram Henderson
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Henderson, David I., Ed.D., May, 2007 Educational Leadership The Leadership Triad: Identity-Integrity-Authenticity A Case Study of the Inner Life and Leadership of Educational Leaders Chairperson: William P. McCaw, Ed.D. The purpose of this qualitative intrinsic case study was to analyze how the inner lives of fifteen educational leaders impacted their leadership practice. The common experience of the Courage To Lead (CTL) program defined the case. This case study was bound by place as the cohort of educational leaders involved in this study were all from the Seattle area in Washington State and experienced the CTL program in 2002-2004 at the …
First-Year Growth And Survival Of Habitat Revegetation Trials On The Lower Colorado River, Mexico, Stephen Dwight Handler
First-Year Growth And Survival Of Habitat Revegetation Trials On The Lower Colorado River, Mexico, Stephen Dwight Handler
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Sweeping changes across the Colorado River watershed in the 20th century resulted in near-complete collapse of the natural communities in the Colorado River Delta (CRD) in Mexico. A brief return of freshwater flows in the 1980s and 1990s showed the riparian corridor remains resilient to past damage, and the CRD remains a vital area for habitat conservation and restoration. This project aimed to test conclusions drawn from similar projects in the United States and show that revegetation projects are possible along the lower Colorado River in Mexico. From November 2006 to October 2007, we tested the effects of various treatments …
Ecological Process And The Blister Rust Epidemic: Cone Production, Cone Predation, And Seed Dispersal In Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis), Shawn Thomas Mckinney
Ecological Process And The Blister Rust Epidemic: Cone Production, Cone Predation, And Seed Dispersal In Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis), Shawn Thomas Mckinney
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), a high elevation foundation species, is experiencing population declines throughout the northern part of its range. The introduced fungal pathogen, Cronartium ribicola (white pine blister rust), infects whitebark pine and kills cone-bearing branches and trees. Blister rust has spread nearly rangewide and damage and mortality are highest in the northwest US and southwest Canada. Mortality caused by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) population upsurges, and successional replacement and loss of regeneration opportunities from fire suppression, are also impacting some whitebark pine populations. Within this dissertation, I present three manuscripts that address the impact of whitebark pine's …
Hormonal Mediation Of A Unique Behavioral Polymorphism In The White-Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia Albicollis), Meredith Bettencourt Swett
Hormonal Mediation Of A Unique Behavioral Polymorphism In The White-Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia Albicollis), Meredith Bettencourt Swett
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
In this body of work, I examine how testosterone (T) physiology mediates the life-history trade-off between mating effort and parental care in the White-throated Sparrow. This species exhibits a behavioral polymorphism that occurs in both sexes. White-striped (WS) morphs are more territorially aggressive, sing more frequently and seek more extra-pair copulations. Tan-striped (TS) morphs provision nestlings more frequently. Thus this species roughly illustrates the trade-off between mating effort and parental care. I examine T physiology on three levels: plasma titres, binding globulins and response to the social environment. I ask whether levels of T correlate with morph-specific behavior and does …
Lithologic And Hydrogeologic Controls On The Occurrence, Transport, And Fate Of Mtbe In Fine Grained Glacial-Lacustrine Sediments, Mary Kathryn Sutherland
Lithologic And Hydrogeologic Controls On The Occurrence, Transport, And Fate Of Mtbe In Fine Grained Glacial-Lacustrine Sediments, Mary Kathryn Sutherland
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
In April of 1994, a leaking 60,480L gasoline underground storage tank was removed from George’s Conoco in Ronan, Montana. Investigations discovered a free product plume extending under Highway 93, with dissolved phase contamination (including MTBE) extending 460 m west to Spring Creek. Though geochemical sampling has established the general plume extent, the influence of aquifer heterogeneities on plume position and transport behavior is poorly described. The purpose of this work is to characterize the physical controls on plume migration. In addition to standard well installation and geochemical sampling, geotechnical tools including cone penetration testing (CPT) and Membrane Interface Probe (MIP), …
Small Robe Band Of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis By Social And Religious Transformation, Linda Matt Juneau
Small Robe Band Of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis By Social And Religious Transformation, Linda Matt Juneau
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
One of the most significant challenges facing Native Americans and their indigenous identity is a greater understanding of the historical complexity of relationships that interconnected ethnically diverse populations across geographic landscapes. This thesis examines the range of Blackfoot political, social, economic structures, spiritual beliefs, and practices that were in place at the time of Euro-American contact. I use historically documented evidence of transformations that took place from the beginning of the fur trade era through the reservation era. Through the theoretical lens of ethnogenesis I use a case study of the Small Robe (Inuck’siks) band of the South Piegan of …
A Lithic Raw Materials Study Of The Bridge River Site, British Columbia, Canada, Darrell Albert Austin
A Lithic Raw Materials Study Of The Bridge River Site, British Columbia, Canada, Darrell Albert Austin
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
New excavations at the Bridge River Site were conducted over two seasons (2003, 2004), collecting over 16,000 artifacts, of which about 4,000 were from dated contexts. These dated materials were used for a materials study to look at settlement patterns, trade and prestige. The Bridge River Site is located in an area of complex geology that contains many unique and valuable resources for the prehistoric and the present. The accreted terranes are a series of land extensions created by buoyant rocks (island arcs) carried by the subduction zone and accreted or added to the main continent. These accreted terranes collided …
Dam Regulations Effects On Sand Bar Migration On The Missouri River: Southeastern South Dakota, John Perkins Sanford
Dam Regulations Effects On Sand Bar Migration On The Missouri River: Southeastern South Dakota, John Perkins Sanford
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
upload later
Decomposition And The Freeze-Thaw Process In Northwestern Montana: A Preliminary Study, Laura Beth Wagster
Decomposition And The Freeze-Thaw Process In Northwestern Montana: A Preliminary Study, Laura Beth Wagster
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
The goal of this project is to observe decomposition rates of four wolf carcasses over the duration of winter in northwestern Montana and to consider these rates as they apply to humans. Four wolf carcasses were studied in order to assess decomposition rates, particularly winter intervals of the freeze-thaw process and the possibility of the reemergence of insects during ideal conditions. It is hypothesized that the majority of insect activity on the carcasses will be limited to only internal activity during harsh weather conditions. Both carcasses placed in June decayed at predictable rates of decompositional stages and wolves 1 and …
Influence Of Embryonic Metabolic Rate And Incubation Temperature On Incubation Length Variation In Neotropical Passerines, Alina Maria Niklison
Influence Of Embryonic Metabolic Rate And Incubation Temperature On Incubation Length Variation In Neotropical Passerines, Alina Maria Niklison
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Variation in embryonic developmental periods influences fitness, but causes of interspecific variation are poorly understood. Allometry, for example, does not explain variation in incubation periods among neotropical passerines. Incubation temperature can explain some variation in developmental periods, but substantial variation remains unexplained. Here we examine two previously untested alternatives. Adult metabolic rates differ among species and similar differences among embryos may explain some variation in embryonic development rates; higher metabolism may allow faster cellular proliferation. Alternatively, metabolic rates are temperature dependent, and metabolic rates might respond differentially to temperature among species and compensate for differing incubation temperatures. These alternatives are …
An Interlinear Analysis Of Seven Kalispel Texts From Hans Vogt, Kelsi Camp
An Interlinear Analysis Of Seven Kalispel Texts From Hans Vogt, Kelsi Camp
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
This thesis is an interlinearization of seven Kalispel texts originally published in 1940 by Hans Vogt. The texts were published with sentence-by-sentence English translations but were not further analyzed by Vogt. Here, they are analyzed at the morpheme level, providing data for further research on the language and for language documentation and preservation purposes. The thesis includes an introductory section with background and methodology, the interlinearized texts, and a list of stems, affixes, and roots occurring in the texts.
Calling All Clowns - A Creative Project And A Personal Journey, Linda Ann Elizabeth Cripps
Calling All Clowns - A Creative Project And A Personal Journey, Linda Ann Elizabeth Cripps
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
(not required for professional paper)
Predicting Northern Goshawk Dynamics Using An Individual-Based Spatial Model, Melanie A. Smith
Predicting Northern Goshawk Dynamics Using An Individual-Based Spatial Model, Melanie A. Smith
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) is a US Forest Service Region 2 Sensitive Species, requiring the Black Hills National Forest to manage for its viability. Previous studies have suggested that a model integrating goshawk population demographics, habitat availability, and territoriality would have the ability to predict population dynamics including goshawk locations, population size, and population viability. An individual-based spatial model was created for the Black Hills goshawk population. This project focused on evaluating our current understanding of goshawk dynamics, and making individual- and population-level predictions as appropriate following model validation. The model simulated demographics and behavior of individuals and usage …
Assessment Of Potential Agroforestry Systems For Kafuta: A Village In The Western Division Of The Gambia, Justina Marie Toth
Assessment Of Potential Agroforestry Systems For Kafuta: A Village In The Western Division Of The Gambia, Justina Marie Toth
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Toth, Justina M. M.S. December 2007 Resource Conservation ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR KAFUTA: A VILLAGE IN THE WESTERN DIVISION OF THE GAMBIA Committee Chair: John Goodburn Extensive interviews with a sample of 21 government and non-governmental workers in the natural resource field, as well as random surveys of 18 households (i.e. 18 women and 16 men) in the Western Division village of Kafuta are employed to help inform the following central research question: What agroforestry systems are the most appropriate for the village of Kafuta, given the regions unique physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions? With these two qualitative …
Nad(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase (Nqo1)-Directed Lavendamycin Antitumor Agents: Structure-Based Design, Molecular Modeling And Structure-Activity Studies, Mary Hassani
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a two-electron reductase that catalyzes an NAD(P)H-dependent activation of many quinone-based antitumor agents. NQO1, expressed at high levels in many human solid tumors, can be used as a target for enzyme-directed bioreductive antitumor drug development. We hypothesized that lavendamycins, quinolinedione antitumor antibiotics, can be activated by NQO1 in cancer cells that overexpress NQO1 to exhibit selective toxicity toward those cells. The effects of functional group changes on the metabolism of lavendamycins by recombinant human NQO1 were studied using a spectrophotometric assay. These structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies determined key structural features that were required for lavendamycin …
Examining The Relationship Of Physical Activity With Inflammation And Cardiovascular Disease Risk, Coral Michelle Gubler
Examining The Relationship Of Physical Activity With Inflammation And Cardiovascular Disease Risk, Coral Michelle Gubler
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 37.1 percent of all deaths in the United States. Physical activity is inversely related to both CV event risk and to many of the individual CVD risk factors. The inverse relationship between physical activity and CVD risk is well established. However, much dispute remains about the optimal physical activity intensity and duration related to health benefits and to lower CVD risk. The ability to objectively measure intensity and duration may clarify the inverse relationship between physical activity and CVD. The purpose of this collection of studies was to explore the association of physical activity with …
Monitoring Program And Assessment Of Coyote Predation For Olympic Marmots, Julia Judyta Witczuk
Monitoring Program And Assessment Of Coyote Predation For Olympic Marmots, Julia Judyta Witczuk
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Witczuk, Julia J. M.S., Summer2007 Wildlife Biology MONITORING PROGRAM AND ASSESSMENT OF COYOTE PREDATION FOR OLYMPIC MARMOTS Chairperson: L. Scott Mills The Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus) is an endemic species to the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State. Although nearly all of its range is enclosed within Olympic National Park, declines and local extirpations of the species have been documented. The most plausible driver of the decline appears to be an increase in predator pressure. My thesis had two main objectives. First, I investigated the role of non-native coyotes (Canis latrans) in causing marmot mortality. Through park-wide carnivore scat analysis I determined …
Templates For Creating Standardized Cartographic Productsfor Montana County Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plans, Bruce Albert Koerner
Templates For Creating Standardized Cartographic Productsfor Montana County Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plans, Bruce Albert Koerner
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
The Montana Critical Infrastructure GIS Committee, on behalf of the Montana Department of Administration, has been involved for several years in concentrated efforts to make various types of map products available to those involved in emergency management throughout the state. As a component of this process, the Committee authorized funding for a project devoted to the development of standardized map products for pre-disaster mitigation (PDM) plans during the spring of 2006, and the research was completed later that year. The requirement for the development of these plans was established by the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. In Montana, implementation of …
Evaluating Rangeland Conditions In Neighboring Protected Areas Of Russia And Mongolia, Sidney Rankin Holmes
Evaluating Rangeland Conditions In Neighboring Protected Areas Of Russia And Mongolia, Sidney Rankin Holmes
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, demands on the vast steppe rangelands and other natural resources in Mongolia, Russia, and other Central Asian states experienced drastic changes. Moving from a socialistic system into a free-market economy of supply and demand saw regulatory institutions, which historically managed natural resources like rangelands, dissolved or without the capacity to enforce their work requirements. Like other places in Russia, the region of the Kosh-Agach Wildlife Refuge experienced a decrease in demand for livestock products, which forced many rural peoples to move to urban areas in search of work. The opposite occurred …
Effects Of Long-Term Strenuous Exercise On Oxidative Dna Damage And Proteinuria In Humans, Nobuo Yasuda
Effects Of Long-Term Strenuous Exercise On Oxidative Dna Damage And Proteinuria In Humans, Nobuo Yasuda
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
The purpose of this study consisting of three projects was to determine the effects of long-term strenuous exercise on oxidative DNA damage and proteinuria in trained individuals. In the first project, four successive triathlons accompanied by long-term training in a triathlete was chosen as the experimental design and procedure. In the second project, repeated 5-h bouts of cycling exercise at 52 %VO2peak and a 40 km time trial with carbohydrate and potential antioxidant supplementation (fenugreek seed extract) were carried out with trained individuals. In the third project, a wildland firefighting three-day work shift was conducted with active duty military personnel. …
New Romanticism, Kendall Anne Mingey
New Romanticism, Kendall Anne Mingey
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
No Abstract.
Beyond Organic: Defining Alternatives To Usda Certified Organic, Jennifer Ann Von Sehlen
Beyond Organic: Defining Alternatives To Usda Certified Organic, Jennifer Ann Von Sehlen
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Since the inception of the National Organic Program (NOP) housed within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the substantial growth of the organic food market has garnered both enthusiasm and criticism. While large farm operations and food companies boast a significant reduction in the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers as a result of more crop land being converted to organic production, small-scale organic farmers are feeling the financial pinch as industry takes over the once niche market. The USDA has received much criticism for defining organic in a way that appears to favor special interests, including industrial-size organic …
An Analysis Of Wars Of The Romani, A Flemish Tapestry From The Late Sixteenth Century, Theodore Brooks Hughes
An Analysis Of Wars Of The Romani, A Flemish Tapestry From The Late Sixteenth Century, Theodore Brooks Hughes
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Among the treasures of the Montana Museum of Art and Culture is a lovely and elaborate work of art entitled Wars of the Romani, a Flemish tapestry woven in the last third of the 16th century. It is a large weaving, 10’ x 15’, portraying two armies intertwined in merciless combat. The specific subject matter of Wars of the Romani is unknown, but a standard displaying the Roman eagle held aloft in the background indicates the presence of the Roman legions. The tapestry displays rushing horsemen mounted on vigorous horses, marching spearmen, and supine warriors, imagery common to Flemish battle …
Cause Specific Mortality Of Desert Bighorn Sheep Lambs In The Fra Cristobal Mountains, New Mexico, Usa, Zachary David Parsons
Cause Specific Mortality Of Desert Bighorn Sheep Lambs In The Fra Cristobal Mountains, New Mexico, Usa, Zachary David Parsons
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) are an endangered species in New Mexico. Many of the small, isolated populations of desert bighorn are declining, and factors affecting their growth rates include low lamb recruitment and high mortality of adults due to cougar predation. No one has previously reported cause-specific mortality rates for desert bighorn lambs. My objectives were to determine the causes, extent, and timing of lamb mortality in the Fra Cristobal Mountains, New Mexico, USA. I tested 3 capture techniques during 2001 and 2002: approaching lambs on foot and restraining them by hand; jumping from a helicopter and restraining …
Neuropsychological Correlates Of Borderline Personality Disorder, Christopher S. Miller
Neuropsychological Correlates Of Borderline Personality Disorder, Christopher S. Miller
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
In the current study, participants with borderline personality disorder (BPD) displayed deficits in neuropsychological functioning when compared with healthy controls. Participants with BPD performed worse on all measures of cognitive functioning: attention, verbal memory, processing speed and a measure of general neuropsychological functioning. The study found that depression was significantly more prevalent in the BPD sample compared with the control sample and that there was a significant inverse correlation between level of depression and scores on a general index of neuropsychological functioning. Results from ANCOVA analyses revealed significant differences existed in neuropsychological performance on all four measures of cognitive functioning …
The Role Of Silicates In Interstitial Lung Disease, Francisco Jose Leyva
The Role Of Silicates In Interstitial Lung Disease, Francisco Jose Leyva
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Interstitial Lung disease (ILD), produces disruption of alveolar walls with loss of functionality and accumulation of scar tissue. Asbestosis and silicosis are the ILD produced by the inhalation of asbestos fibers or silica particles respectively. An increase in prostacyclin release after exposing endothelial cells to asbestos has been reported. This study attempts to elucidate the role of lung epithelial cells in the generation of asbestos induced ILD. A cell model to study crocidolite-induced toxicity was developed using LA-4 cells, previously characterized as alveolar type II cells. LA-4 cells when exposed to crocidolite had a decrease in viability and an increase …
The Shield Bearing Warriors Of Bear Gulch: A Look At Prehistoric Warrior Identity In Rock Art And Places Of Power, Melissa Marie Ray
The Shield Bearing Warriors Of Bear Gulch: A Look At Prehistoric Warrior Identity In Rock Art And Places Of Power, Melissa Marie Ray
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Centuries ago prehistoric warriors carved and painted their identities on the sandstone cliffs of Bear Gulch 24FR002. Bear Gulch is the premier shield bearing warrior site on the Northern Plains; in fact it holds the most shield bearing warriors known on the Northern Plains at a single site. Shield bearing warrior consists of an anthropomorph with a shield for a body, a head, feet, and weapons or flags protruding out from behind the shield. At Bear Gulch there are elaborate headdresses, flags, shields, weapons, bustles, and wolf tail moccasins. Many of these elements are only found in the ethnographic literature …
Spatial And Temporal Relationships Of Adult Male Black Bears To Roads In Northwest Montana, 2003-2004, Tonya Chilton-Radandt
Spatial And Temporal Relationships Of Adult Male Black Bears To Roads In Northwest Montana, 2003-2004, Tonya Chilton-Radandt
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
Chilton-Radandt, Tonya. M.S., Autumn 2006 Spatial and Temporal Relationships of Adult Male Black Bears to Roads in Northwest Montana Chairperson: Dr. Elizabeth Crone Roads have direct and indirect consequences for wildlife. Vehicle collisions are a direct cost of roads on wildlife. Indirectly, roads may increase mortality of game species by increasing hunting pressure along these roads. Adult male black bears (Ursus americanus) are the most desirable age and sex class to many hunters, which may lead to over-harvest of this sex and age class. Road closures (permanently closing or seasonally restricting roads) are used to mitigate impacts of roads on …