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How The Fourth Amendment Frustrates The Regulation Of Police Violence, Seth W. Stoughton Jan 2021

How The Fourth Amendment Frustrates The Regulation Of Police Violence, Seth W. Stoughton

Faculty Publications

Within policing, few legal principles are more widely known or highly esteemed than the “objective reasonableness” standard that regulates police uses of force. The Fourth Amendment, it is argued, is not only the facet of constitutional law that governs police violence, it sets out the only standard that state lawmakers, police commanders, and officers should recognize. Any other regulation of police violence is inappropriate and unnecessary. Ironically, though, the Constitution does not actually regulate the use of force. It regulates seizures. Some uses of force are seizures. This Article explains that a surprising number of others—including some police shootings—are not. …

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Arbitration In The Age Of Covid: Examining Arbitration's Move Online, Amy J. Schmitz Jan 2021

Arbitration In The Age Of Covid: Examining Arbitration's Move Online, Amy J. Schmitz

Faculty Publications

Arbitration has been moving online over time with the growth of the Internet and Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”), which includes use of technology to assist online negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and variations thereof. Online Arbitration (“OArb”) is nonetheless a unique subset of ODR because it usually culminates in a final and binding award by a neutral third party that is enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). Indeed, I have written about OArb on prior occasions, due to its unique status under the FAA and other arbitration laws. However, OArb was relatively limited until the COVID-19 pandemic sparked the acceleration of …

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The Paradox Of Exclusive State-Court Jurisdiction Over Federal Claims, Thomas B. Bennett Jan 2021

The Paradox Of Exclusive State-Court Jurisdiction Over Federal Claims, Thomas B. Bennett

Faculty Publications

Standing doctrine is supposed to ensure the separation of powers and an adversary process of adjudication. But recently, it has begun serving a new and unintended purpose: transferring federal claims from federal to state court. Paradoxically, current standing doctrine assigns a growing class of federal claims - despite Congressional intent to the contrary - to the exclusive jurisdiction of state courts. Even then, only in some states, and only to the extent authorized by state law.

This paradox arises at the intersection of three distinct areas of doctrine:

(1) a newly sharpened requirement of concrete injury under Article III that …

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We Belong Together; Libraries, Communities And Third Places, Randa L. Morgan Jan 2021

We Belong Together; Libraries, Communities And Third Places, Randa L. Morgan

Faculty Publications

University students expect much from their libraries. They want a place to study and research. They want a place to eat and hang out with their friends. They want to be able to relax between classes and find a quiet place to focus on work. They want a home away from home. As libraries have begun to accommodate these requests and shift away from the traditional ideas of a library, our students’ expectations are contradictory: have we lost the stereotypical idea of a library or are we in a renaissance where libraries are a third place for many students? Academic …

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Articulating Conceptual Modeling Research Contributions, Lois M. L. Delcambre, Stephen W. Liddle, Oscar Pastor, Veda C. Storey Jan 2021

Articulating Conceptual Modeling Research Contributions, Lois M. L. Delcambre, Stephen W. Liddle, Oscar Pastor, Veda C. Storey

Faculty Publications

To contribute to the ongoing discussions related to understanding and organizing the field of conceptual modeling, this paper presents a reference framework for articulating conceptual modeling research. The framework accommodates the diverse nature of conceptual modeling research contributions. The framework can describe many styles of research, including empirical research. The framework was inspired by, and is able to characterize, a large set of published papers in conceptual modeling. The framework allows researchers and reviewers to acknowledge the contributions of their work. Using the framework to describe a research paper also promotes meaningful discussion among reviewers and readers.

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Why Digital Humanists Should Emphasize Situated Data Over Capta, Matthew Lavin Jan 2021

Why Digital Humanists Should Emphasize Situated Data Over Capta, Matthew Lavin

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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A Statistical Analysis Of Drug Seizures And Opioid Overdose Deaths In Ohio From 2014 To 2018, David White, Lam Tran, Lin Ma Jan 2021

A Statistical Analysis Of Drug Seizures And Opioid Overdose Deaths In Ohio From 2014 To 2018, David White, Lam Tran, Lin Ma

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Ratemaking As Climate Adaptation Governance, Jonas J. Monast Jan 2021

Ratemaking As Climate Adaptation Governance, Jonas J. Monast

Faculty Publications

Electric utilities are directly affected by, and in some cases are a source of, many pressing climate adaptation challenges: wildfires, vulnerable infrastructure, extreme storms, and drought. The state Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is one of the most consequential government agencies guiding the electricity sector’s response to climate change. Rate-regulated utilities may not charge ratepayers for new capital investments without PUC approval. When PUCs decide which costs are eligible for rate recovery, they also define which risks utilities seek to manage and which hedging strategies they use to do so. This Article argues that the foundational principles of ratemaking allow the …

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Anaerobic Carbon Monoxide Uptake By Microbial Communities In Volcanic Deposits At Different Stages Of Successional Development On O‐Yama Volcano, Miyake‐Jima, Japan, Amber N. Depoy, Gary M. King, Hiroyuki Ohta Jan 2021

Anaerobic Carbon Monoxide Uptake By Microbial Communities In Volcanic Deposits At Different Stages Of Successional Development On O‐Yama Volcano, Miyake‐Jima, Japan, Amber N. Depoy, Gary M. King, Hiroyuki Ohta

Faculty Publications

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Research on Kilauea and O‐yama Volcanoes has shown that microbial communities and their activities undergo major shifts in response to plant colonization and that molyb-denum‐dependent CO oxidizers (Mo‐COX) and their activities vary with vegetation and deposit age. Results reported here reveal that anaerobic CO oxidation attributed to nickel‐dependent CO oxidizers (Ni‐COX) also occurs in volcanic deposits that encompass different developmental stages. Ni‐COX at three distinct sites responded rapidly to anoxia and oxidized CO from initial concentrations of about 10 ppm to sub‐atmospheric levels. CO was also actively consumed at initial 25% …

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A Nanoparticle Co-Matrix For Multiple Charging In Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Of Tissue, Bijay Banstola, Kermit K. Murray Jan 2021

A Nanoparticle Co-Matrix For Multiple Charging In Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Of Tissue, Bijay Banstola, Kermit K. Murray

Faculty Publications

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Rationale: A two-component matrix of 2-nitrophloroglucinol (2-NPG) and silica nanoparticles was used for matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging of high-charge-state biomolecules in tissue. Potential advantages include increased effective mass range and efficiency of fragmentation. Methods: A mixture of 2-NPG matrix and silica nanoparticles was applied to cyrosectioned 10 μm thick mouse brain tissue. The mixture was pipetted onto the tissue for profiling and sprayed for tissue imaging. MALDI images were obtained under high vacuum in a commercial time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Results: The combined 2-NPG and nanoparticle matrix produced highly charged …

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Dynamical Comparison Of Different Polymer Architectures - Bottlebrush Vs Linear Polymer, Karin J. Bichler, Bruno Jakobi, Gerald J. Schneider Jan 2021

Dynamical Comparison Of Different Polymer Architectures - Bottlebrush Vs Linear Polymer, Karin J. Bichler, Bruno Jakobi, Gerald J. Schneider

Faculty Publications

© 2021 American Chemical Society. Different polymer architectures behave differently regarding their dynamics. We have used a combination of dielectric spectroscopy, and fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to compare the dynamical behavior of two different polymer architectures, with similar overall molecular weight. The systems of interest are a bottlebrush polymer and a linear one, both based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). To verify the structure of the PDMS-g-PDMS bottlebrush in the melt, small-angle neutron scattering was used, yielding a spherical shape. Information about the segmental dynamics was revealed by dielectric spectroscopy and extended to higher temperatures by fast field cycling …

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How To Include Issues Of Race And Racism In The 1-L Torts Course: A Call For Reform, Jennifer Wriggins Jan 2021

How To Include Issues Of Race And Racism In The 1-L Torts Course: A Call For Reform, Jennifer Wriggins

Faculty Publications

Race and racism have always played a significant role in the U.S. tort system as research has long shown and as hundreds of published decisions demonstrate. Do torts casebooks reflect the importance of race and racism in torts? The article first surveys 23 torts casebooks published from 2016 to 2021 to see whether and to what extent they discuss race and racism. Most avoid discussions of race and racism in torts; and although they always discuss tort history, they omit the racial history of torts. Although publishers frequently issue new editions of torts casebooks, newer editions generally have not expanded …

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A Reasonable Person Standard For Qualified Immunity, Bailey D. Barnes Jan 2021

A Reasonable Person Standard For Qualified Immunity, Bailey D. Barnes

Faculty Publications

Ahmaud Arbery, Jacob Blake, Rayshard Brooks, George Floyd, Daniel Prude, Breonna Taylor. In 2020, the United States' longstanding problem of police brutality, especially related to officer encounters with minorities, was on full display. The names listed here are only a snapshot of those cases that garnered the most significant media attention. Though in admittedly differing circumstances, each of these cases demonstrates that both on-duty and off-duty police interactions can have dire, even deadly, consequences. Yet, these situations are only those that resulted in death or severe injury. Invariably, there are numerous other instances where law enforcement, clothed with the state's …

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Wage Enslavement: How The Tax System Holds Back Historically Disadvantaged Groups Of Americans, David Gamage, Goldburn P. Maynard Jr. Jan 2021

Wage Enslavement: How The Tax System Holds Back Historically Disadvantaged Groups Of Americans, David Gamage, Goldburn P. Maynard Jr.

Faculty Publications

Despite the importance placed on equality of opportunity within United States political culture, the existing tax system inhibits historically disadvantaged groups from building wealth or catching up with historically more privileged groups. This effectively then traps many members of historically disadvantaged groups into a continued cycle of dependence on tax-disfavored wage and salary income, a phenomenon that we metaphorically label as “wage enslavement.” This Article explains this phenomenon and then calls for reform.

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References To Aesop's Fables In Judicial Opinions And Written Advocacy, Douglas E. Abrams Jan 2021

References To Aesop's Fables In Judicial Opinions And Written Advocacy, Douglas E. Abrams

Faculty Publications

In several “Writing It Right” articles over the past few years, I have described how federal and state judges frequently accent their opinions' substantive or procedural points with careful references to cultural markers familiar to many Americans. This article continues traveling the literary lane by turning to Aesop’s Fables. By invoking a Fable, the Friends of Animals district court continued a tradition that began in 1823, when the Pennsylvania Supreme Court cited Aesop in a will contest.

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Ignoring Drug Trademarks, Erika Lietzan Jan 2021

Ignoring Drug Trademarks, Erika Lietzan

Faculty Publications

If you walk into a pharmacy with a prescription for Merck’s ZOCOR, which contains simvastatin, the pharmacist will probably give you a product containing simvastatin made by another company. The pharmacist will dispense a “generic” simvastatin product. State generic substitution laws, passed in the 1970s to help the government save money by switching patients to cheaper generic drugs, either permit or require this substitution. But drug brand names -- such as ZOCOR -- are trademarks. Like other trademarks, they distinguish goods in the market from others, and they signal the source of the goods. These state laws essentially treat the …

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Second Law Of Entanglement Dynamics For The Non-Asymptotic Regime, Mark M. Wilde Jan 2021

Second Law Of Entanglement Dynamics For The Non-Asymptotic Regime, Mark M. Wilde

Faculty Publications

The distillable entanglement of a bipartite quantum state does not exceed its entanglement cost. This well known inequality can be understood as a second law of entanglement dynamics in the asymptotic regime of entanglement manipulation, excluding the possibility of perpetual entanglement extraction machines that generate boundless entanglement from a finite reserve. In this paper, I establish a refined second law of entanglement dynamics that holds for the non-asymptotic regime of entanglement manipulation.

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Long-Lived Isomeric States And Quasiparticle Band Structures In Neutron-Rich Gd 162,164 Nuclei From Β Decay, E. H. Wang, J. M. Eldridge, N. T. Brewer, J. H. Hamilton, J. C. Batchelder, Y. X. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Brown, C. J. Zachary, B. M. Musangu, A. V. Ramayya, K. P. Rykaczewski, C. J. Gross, R. Grzywacz, M. Madurga, D. Miller, D. W. Stracener, C. Jost, E. F. Zganjar, J. A. Winger, M. Karny, S. V. Paulauskas, S. H. Liu, M. Wolińska-Cichocka, S. W. Padgett, A. J. Mendez, K. Miernik, A. Fijałkowska, S. V. Ilyushkin Jan 2021

Long-Lived Isomeric States And Quasiparticle Band Structures In Neutron-Rich Gd 162,164 Nuclei From Β Decay, E. H. Wang, J. M. Eldridge, N. T. Brewer, J. H. Hamilton, J. C. Batchelder, Y. X. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Brown, C. J. Zachary, B. M. Musangu, A. V. Ramayya, K. P. Rykaczewski, C. J. Gross, R. Grzywacz, M. Madurga, D. Miller, D. W. Stracener, C. Jost, E. F. Zganjar, J. A. Winger, M. Karny, S. V. Paulauskas, S. H. Liu, M. Wolińska-Cichocka, S. W. Padgett, A. J. Mendez, K. Miernik, A. Fijałkowska, S. V. Ilyushkin

Faculty Publications

Neutron-rich nuclei Eu162,164 were produced by bombarding a proton beam on a U238 target at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and mass separating the Eu162,164 products. New level schemes and new γ-ray transitions of the daughters Gd162,164 were identified from β-decay spectroscopy studies. Half-lives of the Eu162,164 were remeasured to clarify the previous ambiguous results. Two quasiparticle band structures were built and compared with neighboring nuclei. The β and γ bands were extended in Gd162 and a γ band was extended in Gd164. Half-lives of the isomeric states at (6-) 1449 keV in Gd162 …

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Clinical Commissioning Of Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Systems: Report Of Aapm Task Group 185, Jonathan B. Farr, Michael F. Moyers, Chris E. Allgower, Martin Bues, Wen Chien Hsi, Hosang Jin, Dimitris N. Mihailidis, Hsiao Ming Lu, Wayne D. Newhauser, Narayan Sahoo, Roelf Slopsema, Daniel Yeung, X. Ronald Zhu Jan 2021

Clinical Commissioning Of Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Systems: Report Of Aapm Task Group 185, Jonathan B. Farr, Michael F. Moyers, Chris E. Allgower, Martin Bues, Wen Chien Hsi, Hosang Jin, Dimitris N. Mihailidis, Hsiao Ming Lu, Wayne D. Newhauser, Narayan Sahoo, Roelf Slopsema, Daniel Yeung, X. Ronald Zhu

Faculty Publications

Proton therapy is an expanding radiotherapy modality in the United States and worldwide. With the number of proton therapy centers treating patients increasing, so does the need for consistent, high-quality clinical commissioning practices. Clinical commissioning encompasses the entire proton therapy system's multiple components, including the treatment delivery system, the patient positioning system, and the image-guided radiotherapy components. Also included in the commissioning process are the x-ray computed tomography scanner calibration for proton stopping power, the radiotherapy treatment planning system, and corresponding portions of the treatment management system. This commissioning report focuses exclusively on intensity-modulated scanning systems, presenting details of how …

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Absorption Spectroscopy Of Quantum Black Holes With Gravitational Waves, Ivan Agullo, Vitor Cardoso, Adrián Del Rio, Michele Maggiore, Jorge Pullin Jan 2021

Absorption Spectroscopy Of Quantum Black Holes With Gravitational Waves, Ivan Agullo, Vitor Cardoso, Adrián Del Rio, Michele Maggiore, Jorge Pullin

Faculty Publications

The observation of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by matter was instrumental in revealing the quantum properties of atoms and molecules in the early XX century, and constituted a turning-point in the development of the quantum theory. Quantum mechanics changes dramatically the way radiation and matter interact, making the probability of emission and absorption of light strongly frequency dependent, as clearly manifested in atomic spectra. In this essay, we advocate that gravitational radiation can play, for the quantum aspects of black holes, a similar role as electromagnetic radiation did for atoms, and that the advent of gravitational-wave astronomy can bring …

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Nuclear Dynamics And Reactions In The Ab Initio Symmetry-Adapted Framework, Kristina D. Launey, Alexis Mercenne, Tomas Dytrych Jan 2021

Nuclear Dynamics And Reactions In The Ab Initio Symmetry-Adapted Framework, Kristina D. Launey, Alexis Mercenne, Tomas Dytrych

Faculty Publications

We review the ab initio symmetry-adapted (SA) framework for determining the structure of stable and unstable nuclei, along with related electroweak, decay, and reaction processes. This framework utilizes the dominant symmetry of nuclear dynamics, the shape-related symplectic Sp(3, R) symmetry, which has been shown to emerge from first principles and to expose dominant degrees of freedom that are collective in nature, even in the lightest species or seemingly spherical states. This feature is illustrated for a broad scope of nuclei ranging from helium to titanium isotopes, enabled by recent developments of the ab initio SA no-core shell model expanded to …

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Importance Of Van Der Waals Interactions For Ab Initio Studies Of Topological Insulators, K. Shirali, W. A. Shelton, I. Vekhter Jan 2021

Importance Of Van Der Waals Interactions For Ab Initio Studies Of Topological Insulators, K. Shirali, W. A. Shelton, I. Vekhter

Faculty Publications

We investigate the lattice and electronic structures of the bulk and surface of the prototypical layered topological insulators Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 using ab initio density functional methods, and systematically compare the results of different methods of including van der Waals (vdW) interactions. We show that the methods utilizing semi-empirical energy corrections yield accurate descriptions of these materials, with the most precise results obtained by properly accounting for the long-range tail of the vdW interactions. The bulk lattice constants, distances between quintuple layers and the Dirac velocity of the topological surface states (TSS) are all in excellent agreement with experiment. In …

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Design, Upgrade And Characterization Of The Silicon Photomultiplier Front-End For The Amiga Detector At The Pierre Auger Observatory, A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, A. Almela, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, R. Alves Batista, G. A. Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, P. R. Araújo Ferreira, H. Asorey, P. Assis, G. Avila, A. M. Badescu, A. Bakalova, A. Balaceanu, F. Barbato, R. J. Barreira Luz, K. H. Becker, J. A. Bellido, C. Berat, M. E. Bertaina, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, T. Bister, J. Biteau, J. Blazek, C. Bleve, M. Boháčová Jan 2021

Design, Upgrade And Characterization Of The Silicon Photomultiplier Front-End For The Amiga Detector At The Pierre Auger Observatory, A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, J. M. Albury, I. Allekotte, A. Almela, J. Alvarez-Muñiz, R. Alves Batista, G. A. Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, P. R. Araújo Ferreira, H. Asorey, P. Assis, G. Avila, A. M. Badescu, A. Bakalova, A. Balaceanu, F. Barbato, R. J. Barreira Luz, K. H. Becker, J. A. Bellido, C. Berat, M. E. Bertaina, X. Bertou, P. L. Biermann, T. Bister, J. Biteau, J. Blazek, C. Bleve, M. Boháčová

Faculty Publications

AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m2. Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light …

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Search For Long-Duration Gravitational-Wave Signals Associated With Magnetar Giant Flares, A Macquet, M A. Bizouard, E Burns, N Christensen, A Macquet, Z Wadiasingh, G Younes Jan 2021

Search For Long-Duration Gravitational-Wave Signals Associated With Magnetar Giant Flares, A Macquet, M A. Bizouard, E Burns, N Christensen, A Macquet, Z Wadiasingh, G Younes

Faculty Publications

Magnetar giant flares are rare and highly energetic phenomena observed in the transient sky whose emission mechanisms are still not fully understood. Depending on the nature of the excited modes of the magnetar, they are also expected to emit gravitational waves (GWs), which may bring unique information about the dynamics of the excitation. A few magnetar giant flares have been proposed to be associated with short gamma-ray bursts. In this paper we use a new gravitational-wave search algorithm to revisit the possible emission of GWs from four magnetar giant flares within 5 Mpc. While no gravitational-wave signals were observed, we …

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Searches For Continuous Gravitational Waves From 15 Supernova Remnants And Fomalhaut B With Advanced Ligo (Vol 875, 122, 2019), B P. Abbott, R Abbott, T D. Abbott, S Abraham, K Ackley, C Adams, R X. Adhikari, V B. Adya, C Affeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, O D. Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, G Allen, A Allocca, M A. Aloy, P A. Altin, A Amato, A Ananyeva, S B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S V. Angelova, S Antier, S Appert, K Arai, M C. Araya, J S. Areeda, M Arene, N Arnaud, K G. Arun, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, K. Aultoneal, C. Austin, V. Avendano, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccinni Jan 2021

Searches For Continuous Gravitational Waves From 15 Supernova Remnants And Fomalhaut B With Advanced Ligo (Vol 875, 122, 2019), B P. Abbott, R Abbott, T D. Abbott, S Abraham, K Ackley, C Adams, R X. Adhikari, V B. Adya, C Affeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, O D. Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, G Allen, A Allocca, M A. Aloy, P A. Altin, A Amato, A Ananyeva, S B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S V. Angelova, S Antier, S Appert, K Arai, M C. Araya, J S. Areeda, M Arene, N Arnaud, K G. Arun, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, K. Aultoneal, C. Austin, V. Avendano, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccinni

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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Anomalies In The Cosmic Microwave Background And Their Non-Gaussian Origin In Loop Quantum Cosmology, I Agullo, D Kranas, V Sreenath Jan 2021

Anomalies In The Cosmic Microwave Background And Their Non-Gaussian Origin In Loop Quantum Cosmology, I Agullo, D Kranas, V Sreenath

Faculty Publications

Anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) refer to features that have been observed, mostly at large angular scales, and which show some tension with the statistical predictions of the standard ?CDM model. In this work, we focus our attention on power suppression, dipolar modulation, a preference for odd parity, and the tension in the lensing parameter A ( L ). Though the statistical significance of each individual anomaly is inconclusive, collectively they are significant, and could indicate new physics beyond the ?CDM model. In this article, we present a brief, but pedagogical introduction to CMB anomalies and propose a …

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Fast-Transient Searches In Real Time With Ztfrest: Identification Of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows And New Constraints On The Kilonova Rate, Igor Andreoni, Michael W. Coughlin2, Erik C. Kool, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Harsh Kumar, Varun Bhalerao, Ana Sagues Carracedo, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Peter T. Pang, Divita Saraogi, Kritti Sharma, Vedant Shenoy, Eric Burns, Tomas Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Leo P. Singer, Daniel A. Perley, Kishalay De, U. C. Fremling, Eric C. Bellm, Mattia Bulla, Arien Crellin-Quick, Tim Dietrich, Andrew Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Ariel Goobar, Matthew J. Graham, David L. Kaplan, S. R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Ashish A. Mahabal, David L. Shupe, Jesper Sollerman, Richard Walters, Yuhan Yao Jan 2021

Fast-Transient Searches In Real Time With Ztfrest: Identification Of Three Optically Discovered Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows And New Constraints On The Kilonova Rate, Igor Andreoni, Michael W. Coughlin2, Erik C. Kool, Mansi M. Kasliwal, Harsh Kumar, Varun Bhalerao, Ana Sagues Carracedo, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Peter T. Pang, Divita Saraogi, Kritti Sharma, Vedant Shenoy, Eric Burns, Tomas Ahumada, Shreya Anand, Leo P. Singer, Daniel A. Perley, Kishalay De, U. C. Fremling, Eric C. Bellm, Mattia Bulla, Arien Crellin-Quick, Tim Dietrich, Andrew Drake, Dmitry A. Duev, Ariel Goobar, Matthew J. Graham, David L. Kaplan, S. R. Kulkarni, Russ R. Laher, Ashish A. Mahabal, David L. Shupe, Jesper Sollerman, Richard Walters, Yuhan Yao

Faculty Publications

The most common way to discover extragalactic fast transients, which fade within a few nights in the optical, is via follow-up of gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave triggers. However, wide-field surveys have the potential to identify rapidly fading transients independently of such external triggers. The volumetric survey speed of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) makes it sensitive to objects as faint and fast fading as kilonovae, the optical counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, out to almost 200 Mpc. We introduce an open-source software infrastructure, the ZTF REaltime Search and Triggering, ZTFReST, designed to identify kilonovae and fast transients in ZTF …

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Discovering Features In Gravitational-Wave Data Through Detector Characterization, Citizen Science And Machine Learning, S Soni, C P. Berry, S B. Coughlin, M Harandi, S Soni, K Crowston, C Osterlund, O Patane, A K. Katsaggelos, L Trouille, V G. Baranowski, W F. Domainko, K Kaminski, M A. Rodriguez, U Marciniak, P Nauta, G Niklasch, R R. Rote, B Teglas, C Unsworth, C Zhang Jan 2021

Discovering Features In Gravitational-Wave Data Through Detector Characterization, Citizen Science And Machine Learning, S Soni, C P. Berry, S B. Coughlin, M Harandi, S Soni, K Crowston, C Osterlund, O Patane, A K. Katsaggelos, L Trouille, V G. Baranowski, W F. Domainko, K Kaminski, M A. Rodriguez, U Marciniak, P Nauta, G Niklasch, R R. Rote, B Teglas, C Unsworth, C Zhang

Faculty Publications

The observation of gravitational waves is hindered by the presence of transient noise (glitches). We study data from the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO detectors, and identify new glitch classes: fast scattering/crown and low-frequency blips. Using training sets assembled by monitoring of the state of the detector, and by citizen-science volunteers, we update the Gravity Spy machine-learning algorithm for glitch classification. We find that fast scattering/crown, linked to ground motion at the detector sites, is especially prevalent, and identify two subclasses linked to different types of ground motion. Reclassification of data based on the updated model finds that …

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Reducing Scattered Light In Ligo's Third Observing Run, S. Soni, C. Austin, A. Effler, R. M.S. Schofield, G. González, V. V. Frolov, J. C. Driggers, A. Pele, A. L. Urban, G. Valdes, R. Abbott, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, A. Ananyeva, S. Appert, K. Arai, J. S. Areeda, Y. Asali, S. M. Aston, A. M. Baer, M. Ball, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, D. Barker, L. Barsotti, J. Bartlett, B. K. Berger, J. Betzwieser, D. Bhattacharjee, G. Billingsley, S. Biscans, C. D. Blair, R. M. Blair Jan 2021

Reducing Scattered Light In Ligo's Third Observing Run, S. Soni, C. Austin, A. Effler, R. M.S. Schofield, G. González, V. V. Frolov, J. C. Driggers, A. Pele, A. L. Urban, G. Valdes, R. Abbott, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, A. Ananyeva, S. Appert, K. Arai, J. S. Areeda, Y. Asali, S. M. Aston, A. M. Baer, M. Ball, S. W. Ballmer, S. Banagiri, D. Barker, L. Barsotti, J. Bartlett, B. K. Berger, J. Betzwieser, D. Bhattacharjee, G. Billingsley, S. Biscans, C. D. Blair, R. M. Blair

Faculty Publications

Noise due to scattered light has been a frequent disturbance in the advanced LIGO gravitational wave detectors, hindering the detection of gravitational waves. The non stationary scatter noise caused by low frequency motion can be recognized as arches in the time-frequency plane of the gravitational wave channel. In this paper, we characterize the scattering noise for LIGO and Virgo's third observing run O3 from April, 2019 to March, 2020. We find at least two different populations of scattering noise and we investigate the multiple origins of one of them as well as its mitigation. We find that relative motion between …

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Open Data From The First And Second Observing Runs Of Advanced Ligo And Advanced Virgo, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, A. Aich, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, G. Allen, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, S. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène Jan 2021

Open Data From The First And Second Observing Runs Of Advanced Ligo And Advanced Virgo, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, A. Aich, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, G. Allen, A. Allocca, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, S. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Ansoldi, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène

Faculty Publications

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software.

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