Digital Commons Network^™

The Role Of Normative Political Ideology In Consumer Behavior, David Crockett, Melanie Wallendorf

Faculty Publications

This study of African-American consumers living in a large racially segregated midwestern city adds to extant theory on ideology in consumer behavior by considering the role of normative political ideology in provisioning. The specific roles of traditional black liberal and black nationalist political ideologies are discussed. We conclude that normative political ideology is central to understanding shopping as an expression of social and political relations between households confronting attenuated access to goods and services, ranging from housing to food, in a setting stratified by gender, race, and class. Beyond the specifics of this demographic group and setting, we suggest contemporary …

Neglected Taxonomy Of Rare Desert Fishes: Congruent Evidence For Two Species Of Leatherside Chub, Jerald B. Johnson, Thomas E. Dowling, Mark C. Belk

Faculty Publications

Conservation biologists rely heavily on taxonomy to set the scope for biological monitoring and recovery planning of rare or threatened species. Yet, taxonomic boundaries are seldom evaluated as falsifiable hypotheses that can be statistically tested. Here, we examine species boundaries in leatherside chub (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), an imperiled desert fish native to the Bonneville Basin and upper Snake River drainages of western North America. Recent molecular data hint that this fish could be composed of two distinct taxa that are geographically separated into northern and southern species. To formally test this hypothesis, we evaluated leatherside chub using several different categories of …

Alu Element Mutation Spectra: Molecular Clocks And The Effect Of Dna Methylation, Jinchuan Xing, Dale J. Hedges, Kyudong Han, Hui Wang, Richard Cordaux, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

In primate genomes more than 40% of CpG islands are found within repetitive elements. With more than one million copies in the human genome, the Alu family of retrotransposons represents the most successful short interspersed element (SINE) in primates and CpG dinucleotides make up about 20% of Alu sequences. It is generally thought that CpG dinucleotides mutate approximately ten times faster than other dinucleotides due to cytosine methylation and the subsequent deamination and conversion of C→T. However, the disparity of Alu subfamily age estimations based upon CpG or non-CpG substitution density indicates a more complex relationship between CpG and non-CpG …

The Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Trt2 TrnaThr Gene Upstream Of Ste6 Is A Barrier To Repression In Matα Cells And Exerts A Potential Trna Position Effect In Mata Cells, Tiffany A. Simms, Elsy C. Miller, Nicolas P. Buisson, Nithya Jambunathan, David Donze

Faculty Publications

A growing body of evidence suggests that genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III exhibit multiple functions within a chromosome. While the predominant function of these genes is the synthesis of RNA molecules, certain RNA polymerase III genes also function as genomic landmarks. Transfer RNA genes are known to exhibit extra-transcriptional activities such as directing Ty element integration, pausing of replication forks, overriding nucleosome positioning sequences, repressing neighboring genes (tRNA position effect), and acting as a barrier to the spread of repressive chromatin. This study was designed to identify other tRNA loci that may act as barriers to chromatin-mediated repression, and …

Effects Of Cardiotrophin On Adipocytes, Sanjin Zvonic, Jessica C. Hogan, Patricia Arbour-Reily, Randall L. Mynatt, Jacqueline M. Stephens

Faculty Publications

Cardiotrophin (CT-1) is a naturally occurring protein member of the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family and signals through the gp130/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) heterodimer. The formation of gp130/ LIFR complex triggers the auto/trans-phosphorylation of associated Janus kinases, leading to the activation of Janus kinase/STAT and MAPK (ERK1 and -2) signaling pathways. Since adipocytes express both gp130 and LIFR proteins and are responsive to other IL-6 family cytokines, we examined the effects of CT-1 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our studies have shown that CT-1 administration results in a dose- and time-dependent activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1, -3, -5A, and -5B as …

Stat 5 Activators Can Replace The Requirement Of Fbs In The Adipogenesis Of 3t3-L1 Cells, William C. Stewart, James E. Baugh, Z. Elizabeth Floyd, Jacqueline M. Stephens

Faculty Publications

The 3T3-L1 cells differentiate into fat cells that have many properties of native adipocytes including: substantial lipid accumulation, insulin sensitivity, and the ability to secrete endocrine hormones. A substantial expense in using these cells is fetal bovine serum (FBS), a critical component of efficient adipogenesis. Our recent studies on STAT 5 proteins have revealed that these transcription factors are phosphorylated and translocate to the nucleus immediately after the initiation of differentiation. Studies by several other laboratories also suggest that STAT 5 proteins can have pro-adipogenic properties. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are both potent activators of STAT 5A and …

Ko, Kr, Km: Integrating The Organization Of Information, Resources And Knowledge, Anita Coleman

Faculty Publications

This presentation was made at the 30th Anniversary Celebrations of the Dept. of Management Information Science, Eller College, University of Arizona, held at the Hilton El Conquistador, Tucson, AZ, Nov. 3-5, 2004. Knowledge organization (KO), knowledge representation (KR) and knowledge management (KM) are described and methods used in the models classsification research project from these disciplines are described.

Phosphonoformate: A Minimal Transition State Analogue Inhibitor Of The Fosfomycin Resistance Protein, Fosa, Rachel E. Rigsby, Chris L. Rife, Kerry L. Fillgrove, Marcia E. Newcomer, Richard N. Armstrong

Faculty Publications

Fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid] is a simple phosphonate found to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Early resistance to the clinical use of the antibiotic was linked to a plasmid-encoded resistance protein, FosA, that catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the oxirane ring, rendering the antibiotic inactive. Subsequent studies led to the discovery of a genomically encoded homologue in the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The proteins are Mn(II)-dependent enzymes where the metal is proposed to act as a Lewis acid stabilizing the negative charge that develops on the oxirane oxygen in the transition state. Several simple phosphonates, including the …

Three Distinct Suppressors Of Rna Silencing Encoded By A 20-Kb Viral Rna Genome, Rui Lu, Alexey Folimonov, Michael Shintaku, Wan Xiang Li, Bryce W. Falk, William O. Dawson, Shou Wei Ding

Faculty Publications

Viral infection in both plant and invertebrate hosts requires a virus-encoded function to block the RNA silencing antiviral defense. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three distinct suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by the ≈20-kb plus-strand RNA genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). When introduced by genetic crosses into plants carrying a silencing transgene, both p20 and p23, but not coat protein (CP), restored expression of the transgene. Although none of the CTV proteins prevented DNA methylation of the transgene, export of the silencing signal (capable of mediating intercellular silencing spread) was detected only from the F 1 …

Prevention Conference Vii - Obesity, A Worldwide Epidemic Related To Heart Disease And Stroke: Executive Summary, Robert H. Eckel, David A. York, Stephan Rössner, Van Hubbard, Ian Caterson, Sachiko T. St. Jeor, Laura L. Hayman, Rebecca M. Mullis, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Use Of A Quartz Crystal Microbalance With Dissipation For The Measurement Of Protein–Protein Interactions: A Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of The Interactions Between Molecular Chaperones, Janice Limson, Odutayo O. Odunuge, Hans Green, Fredrik Höökc, Gregory Blatch

Faculty Publications

Biotechnology research and innovation depends on the ability to understand the molecular mechanisms of biological processes such as protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is now well established as a quantitative technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions. In this study, we examined the recently developed quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) method as an alternative to SPR spectroscopy to investigate protein–protein interactions, in particular, for chaperone–co-chaperone interactions. In mammalian cells, the Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop) is a co-chaperone required for the association of the molecular chaperones, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The …

The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker: Interactions With Fire, Snags, Fungi, Rat Snakes, And Pileated Woodpeckers, Richard N. Conner, Daniel Saenz, D. Craig Rudolph

Faculty Publications

Red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) adaptation to fire-maintained southern pine ecosystems has involved several important interactions: (I) the reduction of hardwood frequency in the pine ecosystem because of frequent tires, (2) the softening of pine heartwood by red heart fungus (Phellinus pini) that hastens cavity excavation by the species, (3) the woodpecker's use of the pine's resin system to create abarrier against rat snakes (Elaphe sp.), and (4) the woodpecker as a keystone cavity excavator for secondary-cavity users. Historically, frequent, low-intensity ground tires in southern pine uplands reduced the availability of dead trees (snags) that are typically used by other …

Physical Activity Among Children Attending Preschools, Russell R. Pate, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Stewart G. Trost, Paula Ziegler, Marsha Dowda

Faculty Publications

Objectives. Obesity rates are increasing among children of all ages, and reduced physical activity is a likely contributor to this trend. Little is known about the physical activity behavior of preschool-aged children or about the influence of preschool attendance on physical activity. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels of children while they attend preschools, to identify the demographic factors that might be associated with physical activity among those children, and to determine the extent to which children’s physical activity varies among preschools.

Methods. A total of 281 children from 9 preschools wore an Actigraph …

Glycine N-Methyltransferases: A Comparison Of The Crystal Structures And Kinetic Properties Of Recombinant Human, Mouse And Rat Enzymes, Svetlana Pakhomova, Zigmund Luka, Steffi Grohmann, Conrad Wagner, Marcia E. Newcomer

Faculty Publications

Glycine N-methyltransferases (GNMTs) from three mammalian sources were compared with respect to their crystal structures and kinetic parameters. The crystal structure for the rat enzyme was published previously. Human and mouse GNMT were expressed in Escherichia coli in order to determine their crystal structures. Mouse GNMT was crystallized in two crystal forms, a monoclinic form and a tetragonal form. Comparison of the three structures reveals subtle differences, which may relate to the different kinetic properties of the enzymes. The flexible character of several loops surrounding the active site, along with an analysis of the active site boundaries, indicates that the …

Dynamics Of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Nitrogen And Phosphorus In A Seagrass Meadow Of Laguna Madre, Texas, Susan Ziegler, Edith Kaiser, Ronald Benner

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Relaxation To Native Conformation Of A Bond-Fluctuating Protein Chain With Hydrophobic And Polar Nodes, Johan Bjursell, Ras B. Pandey

Faculty Publications

The conformation and dynamics of a protein chain with hydrophobic and polar nodes are examined by the bond-fluctuation model using Monte Carlo simulations on a cubic lattice. The minimal (nearest neighbor) interaction leads to standard (self-avoiding walk) conformation, i.e., the scaling of the radius of gyration R_g with the molecular weight N R_g ∝ N^γ with γ ≃ 3/5/ Specific interactions with longer range and higher strength are needed to approach the native globular conformations with γ < 3/5. Relaxation into the globular ground state shows a weak power-law decay, i.e., R_g ∝ t^-α, α ~ 0.06-0.12.

How Cellular Movement Determines The Collective Force Generated By The Dictyostelium Discoideum Slug, J. C. Dallon, H. G. Othmer

Faculty Publications

How the collective motion of cells in a biological tissue originates in the behavior of a collection of individuals, each of which responds to the chemical and mechanical signals it receives from neighbors, is still poorly understood. Here we study this question for a particular system, the slug stage of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. We investigate how cells in the interior of a migrating slug can effectively transmit stress to the substrate and thereby contribute to the overall motive force. Theoretical analysis suggests necessary conditions on the behavior of individual cells, and computational results shed light on experimental …

Evidence That D1 Processing Is Required For Manganese Binding And Extrinsic Protein Assembly Into Photosystem Ii, Johnna L. Roose, Himadri B. Pakrasi

Faculty Publications

Photosystem II (PSII) is a large membrane protein complex that catalyzes oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. During its normal function, PSII is damaged and frequently turned over. The maturation of the D1 protein, a key component in PSII, is a critical step in PSII biogenesis. The precursor form of D1 (pD1) contains a C-terminal extension, which is removed by the protease CtpA to yield PSII complexes with oxygen evolution activity. To determine the temporal position of D1 processing in the PSII assembly pathway, PSII complexes containing only pD1 were isolated from a CtpA-deficient strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. …

The Heme Oxygenase(S)-Phytochrome System Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Rosalina Wegele, Ronja Tasler, Yuhong Zeng, Mario Rivera, Nicole Frankeinberg-Dinkel

Faculty Publications

For many pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa heme is an essential source of iron. After uptake, the heme molecule is degraded by heme oxygenases to yield iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin. The heme oxygenase PigA is only induced under iron-limiting conditions and produces the unusual biliverdin isomers IXβ and IXδ. The gene for a second putative heme oxygenase in P. aeruginosa, bphO, occurs in an operon with the gene bphP encoding a bacterial phytochrome. Here we provide biochemical evidence that bphO encodes for a second heme oxygenase in P. aeruginosa. HPLC, 1H, and 13C NMR studies indicate that BphO is …

Resolution Scaling In Noncontact Scanning Impedance Imaging, Benjamin C. Green, Tao Shang, Jacey C. Morine, Hongze Liu, Stephen M. Schultz, Travis E. Oliphant, Aaron R. Hawkins

Faculty Publications

Noncontact scanning impedance imaging has been presented as a method to provide high resolution, high contrast images for a variety of material systems. This technique combines electrical impedance measurements with very high resolution scanning. This article reports on efforts to scale this technique down to the very important single micron range and reveals measurements for both thick and thin samples with a measured minimum resolution below 30 µm. A design for a shielded impedance probe applicable to this process is outlined and probes of several different sizes were made and tested. Fabrication of these impedance probes is explained and a …

Incremental Genetic K-Means Algorithm And Its Application In Gene Expression Data Analysis, Yi Lu, Shiyong Lu, Farhad Fotouhi, Youping Deng, Susan J. Brown

Faculty Publications

Background

In recent years, clustering algorithms have been effectively applied in molecular biology for gene expression data analysis. With the help of clustering algorithms such as K-means, hierarchical clustering, SOM, etc, genes are partitioned into groups based on the similarity between their expression profiles. In this way, functionally related genes are identified. As the amount of laboratory data in molecular biology grows exponentially each year due to advanced technologies such as Microarray, new efficient and effective methods for clustering must be developed to process this growing amount of biological data.

Results

In this paper, we propose a new clustering algorithm, …

Msba-Dependent Translocation Of Lipids Across The Inner Membrane Of Escherichia Coli, William T. Doerrler, Henry S. Gibbons, R. Christian, H. Raetz

Faculty Publications

MsbA is an essential ABC transporter in Escherichia coli required for exporting newly synthesized lipids from the inner to the outer membrane. It remains uncertain whether or not MsbA catalyzes trans-bilayer lipid movement (i.e. flip-flop) within the inner membrane. We now show that newly synthesized lipid A accumulates on the cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane after shifting an E. coli msbA missense mutant to the non-permissive temperature. This conclusion is based on the selective inhibition of periplasmic, but not cytoplasmic, covalent modifications of lipid A that occur in polymysin-resistant strains of E. coli. The accessibility of newly synthesized phosphatidylethanolamine …

Finishing The Euchromatic Sequence Of The Human Genome, Zahra Abdellah, Alireza Ahmadi, Shahana Ahmed, Matthew Aimable, Rachael Ainscough, Jeff Almeida, Claire Almond, Andrew Ambler, Karen Ambrose, Kerrie Ambrose, Robert Andrew, Daniel Andrews, Neil Andrews, Dan Andrews, Eva Apweiler, Hazel Arbery, Beth Archer, Gareth Ash, Kevin Ashcroft, Jennifer Ashurst, Robert Ashwell, Deborah Atkin, Andrea Atkinson, Barry Atkinson, John Attwood, Keith Aubin, Katherine Auger, Terry Avis, Anne Babbage, Sarah Babbage, Joanne Bacon, Claire Bagguley, Jonathan Bailey, Andrew Baker, Ruby Banerjee, Simon Bardill, Darren Barker, Gary Barker, Daniel Barker, Karen Barlow, Laurent Baron, Anika Barrett, Rebecca Bartlett, David Bashman, Victoria Basham, Alex Bateman, Karen Bates, Caroline Baynes, Lisa Beard, Susan Beard, David Beare, Alastair Beasley, Helen Beasley, Oliver Beasley, Stephen Beck, Emma Bell, Damian Bellerby, Tristram Bellerby, Richard Bemrose, James Bennett, David Bentley, Andrew Bentley, Mary Berks, Michael Berks, Graeme Bethel, Christine Bird, Ewan Birney, Helen Bissell, Suzanne Blackburne-Maze, Sarah Blakey, Christel Bolton, James Bonfield, Ralph Bonnett, Richard Border, Amanda Bradley, Nicola Brady, Jason Bray, Sarah Bray-Allen, Anne Bridgeman, Jonathan Brook, Shane Brooking, Andrew Brown, Clive Brown, Jacqui Brown, Margaret Brown, Mary Brown, Richard Bruskiewich, Jackie Bryant, David Buck, Veronica Buckle, Claire Budd, Sarah Buller, Jill Burberry, Deborah Burford, Joanne Burgess, Wayne Burrill, Christine Burrows, John Burton, Christine Burton, Phil Butcher, Adam Butler, Murray Cairns, Nick Camm, Christopher Campbell, Bruno Canning, Carol Carder, Paul Carder, Nigel Carter, Tamara Cavanna, Shani Chalk, Ka Chan, Joanna Chapman, Rachel Charles, Neil Chillingworth, Tom Chothia, Connie Chui, Rob Clack, Michele Clamp, Anthea Clark, Graham Clark, Kevin Clark, Sarah Clark, Sue Clark, Richard Clark, Betty Clarke, Eddie Clarke, Kay Clarke, Adrian Clarke, Laura Clarke, Chris Clee, Shelia Clegg, Karen Clifford, Julia Coates, Victoria Cobley, Alison Coffey, Penelope Coggill, Lotte Cole, Rachael Collier, Simon Collings, John Collins, Philip Collins, Louise Colman, Anthony Connolly, Richard Conner, Jennie Conquer, Donald Conroy, Doug Constance, Leanna Cook, Jonathan Cooper, Rachel Cooper, Robert Cooper, Maria Coppola, Teresa Copsey, Nicole Corby, Linda Cornell, Ruth Cornell, Christine Cornell, Amanda Cottage, Alan Coulson, Gez Coville, Anthony Cox, Tony Cox, Robert Coxhill, Matthew Craig, Tom Crane, Matt Crawley, Victor Crew, James Cuff, Karl Culley, Auli Cummings, Kirsti Cummings, Paul Cummings, Adam Curran, Valery Curwen, Jeffrey Cutts, Rachael Daniels, Lucy Davidson, Jonathon Davies, Joy Davies, Nicholas Davies, Robert Davies, John Davis, Jayne Davis, Matthew Davis, Elisabeth Dawson, Rebecca Deadman, Peter Dean, Simon Dear, Frances Dearden, Marcos Delgado, Panos Deloukas, Janet Dennis, Pawandeep Dhami, Catherine Dibling, Ruth Dobbs, Richard Dobson, Catherine Dockree, Daniel Doddington, Steven Dodsworth, Norman Doggett, Thomas Down, Andrew Dunham, Ian Dunham, Anne Dunn, Matthew Dunn, Richard Durbin, Jillian Durham, Ireena Dutta, Ruth Dwyer, Lauren Dyer, Mark Earthrowl, Timothy Eastham, Emma Eastham, Carol Edwards, Karen Edwards, Andrew Ellington, David Elliot, Matthew Ellwood, Becky Emberson, Helen Errington, Gareth Evans, John Evans, Katie Evans, Richard Evans, Eduardo Eyras, Louisa Faulkner, Charlotte Fellingham, Theresa Feltwell, Stephen Fennell, Robert Finn, Tina Flack, Claire Felming, Kerry Fleming, Jonathan Flint, Mark Flint, Yvonne Floyd, Simon Footman, John Fowler, Deborah Frame, Matthew Francis, Stephen Francis, Adam Frankish, John Frankland, Audrey Fraser, David Fraser, Lisa French, David Fricker, Daniel Frost, Jackie Frost, Lorna Frost, Carole Frost, Liam Fuller, Kathryn Fullerton, Alison Gardner, Patrick Garner, Jane Garnett, Leigh Gatland, Lindsay Gatland, Jilur Ghori, Ben Gibbs, Diane Gibson, Elizabeth Gibson, James Gilbert, Lisa Gilby, Christopher Gillson, Rebecca Glithero, April Gooderham, Matthew Gorton, Darren Grafham, Michael Grant, Susan Grant, Lain Gray, Emma Gray, Lisa Green, James Greenhalgh, Joe Greenhill, Sam Griffiths-Jones, Philippa Gregg, Simon Gregory, Susan Gribble, Coline Griffiths, Ed Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Russell Grocock, Ian Guthrie, Rhian Gwilliam, Rebekah Hall, Karen Halls, Gretta Hall-Tamly, John Hamlett, John Hamlett, Sian Hammond, Julie Hancock, Adam Harding, Joanne Harley, David Harper, Georgina Harper, Patrik Harper, Grant Harradence, Charlene-Lou Harrison, Elliot Harrison, Ruth Harrison, Elizabeth Hart, Daniel Hassan, Natalie Hawkins, Kellie Hawley, Kerry Hayes, Paul Heath, Rosemary Heathcott, Cathy Hembry, Carl Henderson, Tim Herd, Stephen Hewitt, Douglas Higgs, Guy Hillyard, Russell Hinkins, Sara-Jane Ho, David Hodgson, Michael Hoffs, Jane Holden, Janet Holdgate, Ele Holloway, Ian Holmes, Sarah Holmes, Simon Holroyd, Alison Hooper, Lucy Hopewell, Ben Hopkins, Gary Hornett, Geoff Hornsby, Tony Hornsby, Sharon Horsley, Roger Horton, Philip Howard, Philip Howden, Kevin Howe, Gareth Howell, Timothy Hubbard, Elizabeth Huckle, Jaime Hughes, Jennifer Hughes, Louisa Hull, Holger Hummeric, Sean Humphray, Matthew Humphries, Adrienne Hunt, Paul Hunt, Sarah Hunt, Giselle Hunter, David Hyde, Michael Ince, Judith Isherwood, Vivek Iyer, Janet Izatt, Monica Izmajlowicz, Niclas Jareborg, Bijay Jassal, Grant Jeffery, Kim Jeffery, Colin Jeffrey, Kerstin Jekosch, Lee Jenkins, Tina Johansen, Cheryl Johnson, Christopher Johnson, David Johnson, Keith Jolley, Abigail Jones, Claire Jones, Juliet Jones, Matthew Jones, Michael Jones, Steven Jones, Shirin Joseph, Ann Joy, Linsey Joy, Victoria Joy, Gillian Joyce, Mark Jubb, Kanchi Karunaratne, Michael Kay, Danielle Kaye, Lyndal Kearney, Stephen Keenan, Simon Kelley, Joanna Kershaw, Ross Kettleborough, Cathy Kidd, Peter Kierstan, Andrew Kimberley, Andrew King, Simon Kingsley, Colin Kingswood, Gillian Klingle, Andrew Knights, Ian Korf, Anders Krogh, Heena Lad, Philip Laidlaw, Michael Laing, Gavin Laird, Christine Lambart, Ralph Lamble, Cordelia Langford, Ben Larke, Timun Lau, Stephanie Lawlor, Sampsa Leather, Minna Lehvaslaiho, Johannes Lemke, Steven Leonard, Daniel Leongamornlert, Margaret Leversha, Julia Lightning, Sarah Lindsay, Matthew Line, Sally Linsdell, Peter Little, Christine Lloyd, David Lloyd, Victoria Lock, William Lock, Anne Lodziak, Ian Longden, Howard Loraine, Rachel Lord, Jane Loveland, Jamie Lovell, Georgina Lye, Neil Marriott, Anne Marrone, Paul Marsden, Victoria Marsh, Matthew Martin, Sancha Martin, Gareth Maslen, Debbie Mason, Lucy Matthews, Paul Matthews, Nick Matthews, Madalynne Maynard, Owen Mccann, Joseph Mcclay, Craig Mccollum, Louise Mcconnachie, Bill Mcdonald, Louise Mcdonald, Jennifer Mcdowall, Sarah Mcguire, Carole Mckeown, Stuart Mclaren, Kirsten Mclay, James Mclean, John Mcmurdo, Amanda Mcmurray, Des Mcmurray, Natalie Mcwilliams, Nalini Mehta, Patrick Meidi, Noel Menuge, Simon Mercer, Asab Miah, Gos Micklem, Simon Miles, Sarah Milne, Dippica Mistry, Shailesh Mistry, Jake Mitchell, Jeff Mitchell, Maryam Mohammadi, Christophe Molina, Paul Mooney, Madeline Moore, Andrea Moreland, Beverly Mortimore, Richard Mott, Ian Mullenger, Jim Mullikin, Brian Munday, Elaine Munday, Andy Mungall, Clare Murnane, Kerry Murrell, Alison Myers, David Negus, Bee Ng, David Niblett, Jonathan Nicholson, Tim Nickerson, Sukhjit Nijjar, Zemin Ning, James Nisbet, Karen Novik, Christopher Odell, Daniel O'Donovan, Francess Ogbighele, Tom Oinn, Hayley Oliver, Karen Oliver, Helena Orbell, Anthony Osborn, Joan Osborne, Emma Overton-Larty, Sophie Palmer, Richard Pandian, Adrian Parker, Christopher Parkin, Kim Parkin, Ginny Parry-Brown, Dina Patel, Ritesh Patel, Alexandra Pearce, Danita Pearson, Anna Peck, Richard Peck, John Pedan, Sarah Pelan, Chantel Percy, Andrew Perito, Isabelle Perrault, Anna Peters, Roger Pettett, Ben Phillimore, Kim Phillips, Samantha Phillips, Darren Platt, Emma Playford, Bob Plumb, Matthew Pocock, Keith Porter, Tarryn Porter, Christopher Potter, Simon Potter, Don Powell, Radhika Prathalingham, Elena Prigmore, Michael Quail, Hannah Quarrie, Chris Quince, Matloob Qureshi, Helen Ramsay, Yvonne Ramsey, Sally Ranby, Richard Rance, Vikki Rand, Joanne Ratford, Lewis Ratford, Daniel Read, Donald Redhead, Richard Redon, Christine Rees, Mary Reid, Astrid Reinhardt, Alex Rice, Catherine Rice, Peter Rice, Suzzanne Richard, Susan Richardson, Kerry Ridler, Lyn Riethoven, Rachel Rigby, Melanie Robinson, Rebecca Rochford, Jane Rogers, Lisa Rogers, Hugh Ross, Mark Ross, Angela Rule, James Rule, Ben Russell, Jayne Russell, Kamal Safdar, Natalie Salter, Javier Santoyo-Lopez, David Saunders, Carol Scott, Deborah Scott, Ian Scott, Fiona Seager, Margaret Searle, Paul Searle, Stephen Searle, Harminder Sehra, Joe Shakespeare, Jason Shardelow, Greg Sharp, Teresa Shaw, Charles Shaw-Smith, Jennifer Shearing, Karen Sheppard, Richard Silk, Matthew Sims, Sarah Sims, Shanthi Sivadasan, Carl Skuce, Luc Smink, Andrew Smith, Laura Smith, Lorraine Smith, Michelle Smith, Russell Smith, Stephanie Smith, James Smith, Hannah Sneath, Cari Soderlund, Victor Solovyev, Erik Sonnhammer, Elizabeth Sheridan, Ratna Shownkeen, Richard Silk, Matthew Sims, Sarah Sims, Shanthi Sivadasan, Carl Skuce, Luc Smink, Andrew Smith, Laura Smith, Lorraine Smith, Michelle Smith, Russell Smith, Stephanie Smith, James Smith, Hannah Sneath, Cari Soderlund, Victor Solovyez, Erik Sonnhammer, Elizabeth Sotheran, William Spooner, Lee Spraggon, Janet Squares, Suzanna Sqaures, Michael Stables, James Stalker, Steve Stamford, Melanie Stammers, Helen Steingruber, Yvonne Stephens, Charles Steward, Aengus Stewart, Michael Stewart, Ian Still, Mo Stock, Lisa Stoppard, Philip Storey, Roy Storey, Sarah Stowe, Carol Strachan, Greg Strachan, Claire Stribling, John Sturdy, John Sulston, Chris Swainson, Mark Swann, David Swarbreck, Neil Sycamore, Matthew Tagney, Steven Tan, Elizabeth Taring, Amy Taylor, Gillian Taylor, Kate Taylor, Ruth Taylor, Sam Taylor, Susan Taylor, Louise Tee, Julieanne Tester, Andrew Theaker, David Thexton, Craig Thomas, Daniel Thomas, Karen Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Roselin Thommai, Andrea Thorpe, Karen Thorpe, Glen Threadgold, Scott Thurston, Emma Tinsley, Alan Tracey, Johnathan Travers, Anthony Tromans, Ben Tubby, Cristina Tufarelli, Kathryn Turney, Darren Upson, Zoe Van Helmond, Mark Vaudin, Ramya Viknaraja, Wendy Vine, Paul Voak, David Vollenhoven, Sarah Walker, Melanie Wall, Justine Wallis, Michelle Wallis, Graham Warren, Georgina Warry, Andy Watson, Nicola Watt, Anthony Webb, Jeannette Webb, John Weir, Alan Wells, Sarah Wells, Robert Welton, Paul West, Tony West, Angela Wheatley, Carl Wheatley, Gideon Wheeler, Hayley Whitaker, Adam White, Amelia White, Brian White, Johnathon White, Simon White, Sally Whitehead, Matthew Whiteley, Pamela Whittaker, Adam Whittaker, Sara Widaa, Anna Wild, Jane Wilkinson, Paul Wilkinson, David Willey, Andy Williams, Bill Williams, Leanne Williams, Helen Williamson, Tamsin Wilmer, Laurens Wilming, Brian Wilson, Gareth Wilson, Margaret Wilson, Nyree Wilson, Siobhan Wilson, Wendy Wilson, Piers Wilson, Philip Window, Jenny Winster, Claire Winzar, James Witt, Fred Wobus, Emma Wood, Joe Wood, Sharon Woodeson, Kathryn Woodfine, Rebecca Woodmansey, Richard Wooster, Matthew Wray, Paul Wray, Charmain Wright, Kathrine Wright, Debbie Wright, Julia Wyatt, Jane Xie, Louise Young, Shelia Young, Ruth Younger, Shenru Zhao, Amanda Abbott-Ozersky, Amber Isak, Amy Berghoff, Amy D. Reily, Andrea Holmes, Andrew Levy, Andrew Van Brunt, Aniko Sabo, Anthony Harris, Anu Desai, Asif Chinwalla, Aye M. Tin-Wollam, Betty Lamar, Brian Mailey, C. Richard Harkins, Caryn Wagner-Mcpherson, Catherine Marquis-Homeyer, Catrina Fronick, Chad Tomlinson, Charlene Pearman, Christine Nguyen, Chunyan Wang, Colin Kremitzki, Craig Pohl, Cynthia Strong, Dan Layman, Dan Bentley, Darin Blasiar, David Dooling, Delali Buatsi, Douglas Johnson, Edward A. Belter Jr., Edward Paulson, Elaine R. Mardis, Elizabeth Boatright, Ernest Goyea, Feiyu Du, George Hu, Glendoria Elliot, Holly Bradshaw-Cordum, Hui Du, Hui Sun, James Randolph, Jason Carter, Jason E. Waligorski, Jason Maas, Jeffrey Woessner, Jennifer Edwards, Jennifer Murray, Jennifer Randall-Maher, Joanne Nelson, Joelle Kalicki-Veizer, Johar Ali, John Mcpherson, John Spieth, John Wallace, Jon Armstrong, Joshua Heyen, Kelly Carpenter, Kelie Kang, Kelly Mead, Kelsi Scott, Kimberley Delhaunty, Kyriena L. Schatzkamer, Kris Wylie, Krista Haglund, Kym Hallsworth-Pepin, Kyung Kim, Lachlan Oddy, Ladeana Hillier, Laura P. Courtney, Lauren Caruso, Lee Trani, Li Ding, Lucinda A. Fulton, Maria Cedroni, Marco Marra, Mark Johnson, Martin Yoakum, Matt Cordes, Maxim Radionenko, Michael Becker, Michael D. Mclellan, Mike Nhan, Mike Wendi, Mundeep Sekhon, Nancy Miller, Nennu Grewal, Neha Shah, Nicolas Berkowicz, Patrick J. Minx, Patty Wohldmann, Phil Latreille, Philip Ozersky, Prashant Sinha, Rachel Maupin, Rekha Meyer, Rick Meyer, Richard K. Wilson, Robert S. Fulton, Robert H. Waterston, Sandra W. Clifton, Sara Kohlberg, Sara Jaeger, Shiaw-Pyng Yang, Scott Abbott, Scott Martinka, Scott S. Kruchowski, Sharhonda Swearengen-Shahid, Shawn Leonard, Shunfang Hou, Stacie Gattung, Stephanie Andrews, Stephanie Chissoe, Susan M. Rock, Tamberlyn Bieri, Theresa Rohlfing, Tina A. Graves, Tony Gaige, Tracie Miner, William Nash, Yoram Shotland, Eric S. Lander, Chad Nusbaum, Bruce Birren, Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Jill P. Mesirov, Robert Nicol, Michael C. Zody, Jean L. Chang, Christina A. Cuomo, Ken Dewar, Mike Fitzgerald, David B. Jaffe, Xiaoping Yang, Amr Abouelleil, Nicole R. Allen, Harindra Arachchi, Jennifer Baldwin, Toby Bloom, Mark Borowsky, Boris Boukhgalter, Jon Butler, Bruno Chazaro, Mieke Citroen, April Cook, Ben Corum, Kurt Dearellano, Kathy Dooley, Lester Dorris, Matthew Endrizzi, Jeffery Erickson, Gary Gearin, Sante Gnerre, Andreas Gnirke, Nabil Hafez, Daniel Hagopian, Jennifer Hall, Catherine Hosage-Norman, Charlien Jones, Michael Kamal, Asha Kamat, Chinnappa Kodira, Patrick Kuharic, Kurt Labutti, Teresa Lai, Jessica Lehoczky, Rosie Levine, Xiaohong Liu, Tashi Lokyitsang, Annie Lui, Richard Mabbitt, Pendexter Macdonald, John Major, Jonathan Manning, Lisa Marinelli, Charles D. Matthews, Evan Mauceli, Atanas Mihalev, Glen Munson, Jerome Naylor, Cindy Nguyen, Paula O'Donnell, Sinead O'Leary, Keith O'Neill, Stephen Parker, Bruno Piqani, Anthony Rachupka, Umadevi Ramasami, Christina Raymond, Joseph Rodriguez, Rebecca Schupbach, Christopher Seaman, Ted Sharpe, Andrew Sheridan, Cherylyn Smith, Carrie Sougnez, Sabrina Stone, Matthew Stubbs, Jessica Talamas, Pema Tenzin, Kerri Topham, Sarah Towey, Vijay Venkataranan, Charles Whittaker, Jane Wilkinson, Andrew Zimmer, Emmanuel Adekoya, Mostafa Ait-Zahra, Alla Ali, Thaddeus Allen, Mechele Anderson, Scott Anderson, Scott Anderson, Jeff Armbruster, Pasang Bachatsang, Tashi Bayul, Berta Blitshsteyn, Jason Blye, Leonid Boguslavskiy, Jody Camarata, Kevin Campo, Yama Cheshatsang, Al Collymore, Tony Considine, Patrick Cooke, Robert David, Tenzin Dawoe, Stewart Degray, Chemey Dhongsar, Passang Dorje, Kunsang Dorjee, Noah Duffy, Alan Dupes, Abderrahim Farina, Susan Faro, Pat Ferriera, Heather Fischer, Shelia Fisher, Karen Foley, Diane Gage, Steph Gardyna, Seth Gordon, Audra Goyette, Joe Graham, Edward Grandbois, Kunsang Gyaltsen, Birhane Hagos, Beath Hatcher, Andrew Heaford, Andrew Heller, Tracy Honan, Nathan Houde, Lee Hughes, Bill Hulme, Ilian Iliev, Cristyn Kells, Alix Kieu, Peter Kisner, Dawa Lama, Tom Landers, Jean Pierre Leger, Doreen Lewis, Tammy Lewis, Yeshi Lokyitsang, Christine Maclean, Dick Marabella, Kebede Maru, Megan Mccarthy, Tina Mcghee, James Meldrim, Louis Meneus, Tanya Mihova, Val Mlenga, Leon Mulrain, Christian Newes, Na Nguyen, Thu Nguyen, Chou Dolma Norbu, Nyima Norbu, Ose Okoawo, Jennifer O'Loughlin, Bamidele Omotosho, Sahal Osman, Tenzin Phulchung, Pema Phunkang, Nadia Pierre, Rayale Rameau, Vernada Ray, Cecil Rise, Peter Rogov, Steven Seaman, Ngawang Sherpa, Brian Spencer, John Stalker, Nicole Stange-Thomann, Sharon Stavropoulos, Kevin Stetson, Casey Stone, Pierre Tchuinga, Senait Tesfaye, Joumathe Theodore, Yama Thoulutsang, Tsamla Tsamla, Nawang Tsomo, Duane Valle, Helen Vassiliev, Rose Veil, Andy Vo, Tsering Wangchuck, Tsering Wangdi, Dudley Wyman, Shailendra Yadav, Shane Yeager, Rahel Retta Yeshitela, Geneva Young, Joanne Zainoun, Lisa Zembeck, Anne Abrajano, Catherine Adam, Aaron Adamson, Andrea Aerts, Arun Aggarwal, Dana Alcivare, Michelle Alegria, Michelle Allegria-Hartmann, Jennifer Alleman, Susan Allen, Michael R. Altherr, Chris Amemiya, Gina Amico-Keller, Janice Andora, Carol Andredesz, Tim Andriese, Sinoula Apostolou, Terisita Arcaina, Marlon Arcaina, Andre Arellano, Perry Arellano-Jones, Linda K. Ashworth, Cara Aslanidis, Lawreen Asuncion, Cristina Attix, Aaron Avila, Phil Bach, Hummy Badri, Eva Bajorek, M. Baker, Richard Baker, Dan Baker, Michele Bakis, Michael Banda, Suba Basu, Mark Batzer, Jason Baumohl, Keith Beall, Leslie Beaucham, George I. Bell, J Benke, William Benner, Douda Bensasson, John Bercovitz, Anne Bergmann, Tony J. Beugelsdijk, Rita Bhakta, Aleksandr Bituin, Stacey Black, Robert Blazej, Heather Blumer, John Boehm, Juanan Boen, Marnel Bondoc, Eric Bowen, Brigitte F. Brandriff, Wade Brannon, Elbert Branscomb, Thomas Brettin, Michael Bridgers, Peter Brokstein, Nancy C. Brown, Robert Bruce, David D. Bruce, William J. Bruno, Jennifer E. Bryant, Judith M. Buckingham, Kerem Bulbul, Nathan Bunker, Matt Burgin, Karolyn Burkhart-Schultz, Paul Butler, Sean Caenepeel, David F. Callen, Connie S. Campbell, Evelyn W. Campbell, Mary I. Campbell, Mary L. Campbell, Chenier Caoile, Lolo Cardenas, Faviola Cardenas, Anthony V. Carrano, Jason Carriere, Mario Cepeda, Patrick Chain, Jean F. Challacombe, Yee Man Chan, Jarrod Chapman, Jeffrey Chapple, Leslie A. Chasteen, Simeon Chavarria, Jin Chen, Ray Chen, Chira Chen, Jan-Fang Cheng, Olga Chertkov, Han C. Chi, Sylvia Chin, Corey Chinn, Sally Chiu, Mari Christensen, A Chung, Michael J. Cinkowsky, Lynn Clark, Lynn M. Clark, David Cleveland, Jackie Cofield, Judith D. Cohn, Rick Colayco, Jessie Combs, Robin Comstock, Karen Connolly, Alex Copeland, Rebecca Cordray, Earl Cornell, Sara Cotton, Olivier Couronne, Terrance Critchlow, Paul Critz, Stephanie Cummings, Eillen Dalin, Linda Danganan, Christopher Daum, Stuart Davidson, Cheryl Davis, Larry I. Deaven, Larry L. Deaven, Kerry Deere, David Degusta, Maria Deguzman, Paramvir Dehal, Pieter De Jong, Mirian Denys, John C. Detter, Laurie Devlin, Jennifer Dias, Victoria Dias, Genevieve Dibartolo, Mark Dickson, Jeanne Dietz-Band, Richard Digennaro, Karen Dilts, Mira Dimitrijevic-Bussod, Kami Dixon, Long Do, Norman A. Doggett, Kimberly Dong, Victor Dorsett, Suzanne Duarte, Inna Dubchak, Erin Dunwell, Evan Eichler, Chris Elkin, Jeffrey Elliot, Ger Van Den Engh, David Engle, Anne Marie Erler, Julio Escobar, Gerald Eveleth, Joseph J. Fawcett, Alicia Ferguson, Anne Fertitta, Jim Fey, Patrick Fidel, Elizabeth Fields, Marie Fink, Laurice Fischer, Pat Fitch, J. Flanagan, Dave Flowers, Peg Folta, Jonathan Fong, Amanda F. Ford, Dea Fotopulos, Matthew Fourcade, Jessica Fox, Ken Frankel, Marvin Frazier, Jane Fridlyand, Sharin Fuller, Celsa Gallegos, Michael Galvez, Stuart Gammon, Emilio Garcia, Carmen Garcia, Antonio Garcia-Martinez, Alison Gardner, Consuelo Garduno, Jeffrey A. Garnes, Joseph M. Gatewood, Binyam Gebreyesus, Cynthia Gelein, Maartin Gelpke, Anca Georgescu, Amy Geotina, Mary Gifford, Isaias Gil, Paul Gilna, Jeff Gingrich, Kira Giovanelli, Tijana Glavina, Darren Gold, Kristen Golinveaux, Maria Gomez, Eidelyn Gonzales, David Goodstein, Lynne A. Goodwin, Laurie A. Gordon, Catherine Gordon, Ann Gorvad, Christine Gould, Deborah I. Grady, Jennifer Grant, Bruce Gray, Jeffrey K. Griffith, Igor Grigoriev, Jane Grimwood, Matthew Groza, Hannibal Guarin, Metzalli Guel, Kate Gunning, Jane Guo, Chi Ha, Allen Haim, Patrick Hajek, Matt Hamilton, Nancy Hammon, Sha Hammond, Khalid Hamza, Shunsheng Han, Trevor Hawkins, Lauren Haydu, Keven Helfenbein, Uffe Hellsten, Nina Henderson, David Hendrix, Karla Henning, Victor Hepa, Charles Herman, Carl E. Hildebrand, Issac Ho, Susan M.G. Hoffman, Ann Holtz, Caleb Holtzer, Roya Hosseini, Katherine Huang, Wayne Huang, Zhengping Huang, Heather Hue, Hillary Hughes-Hull, David Humphries, Rov Hunter Ii, Matt Hupman, Sandy Huynh, Paula Imbro, Nicole Inacio, Drew Ingram, Sanjay Israni, Mark Jacintho, Terri Jackson, Joseph Jaklevic, Michael Jaklevic, Jamie Jett, Phillip E. Jewett, Jian Jin, Lori Johnson, Stephanie Johnson, Genevieve Johnson, Myrna D. Jones, Micheil Jones, Yun Jordan, Eugine Jung, Kristen Kadner, Orsalem Kahsai, Pat Kale, Hitesh Kapur, Gifford Keen, Laura Kegelmeyer, Lisa Kegg, David Keys, Arsi Khan, Susu Khine, Jennifer Kim, Joomyeong Kim, Heather Kimball, William Kolbe, Marie-Claude Krawczyk, Gabriel Kremmidiotis, Brent Kronmiller, Duane Kubischta, Jennifer Kuehl, Carol Kuhn, Chinnie Kwan, Amy Kyle, Anne Lacombe, Melanie Lafrades, Marissa Lam, Edward Lam, Jane E. Lamerdin, Christine Lansang, Victoria Lao, Alla Lapidus, Bernadette Lato, Lisa Lee, Peter Lee, Joon Ho Lee, Denise Lee, Byung-In Lee, Karl Lehman, Gregory Lennon, Kendra Lesar, Keith Lewis, Tina Leyba, Kim Lieuallen, Ken Lindo, K. Lindquist, Kirsten Lindstrom, Albert Linkowski, Jing Mei Liu, Stephanie Liu, Crystal Llewellyn-Silva, Rebecca Lobb, Johnathan L. Longmire, Frederick Lopez, Jose Lopez, Yunian Lou, Michael G. Lowenstein, Stephen Lowry, Robert Lucas, Susan Lucas, Thom Ludeman, Lyndsey Lundgren, Daniel Lynch, Gary Ma, Migdad Machrus, Madison Macht, Catherine A. Macken, Ramki Madabhushi, Magner ., Venus Mahmoodi, Ryan Mahnke, Stephanie Malfatti, Mary I. Maltbie, Chitra Manohar, Marisa Mariano, Graham A. Mark, Thomas G. Marr, Christian Marroquin, Christopher Martin, Joel Martin, Michele Martinez, Diego Martinez, Hadi Masood, Cynthia Maunes, Mary Kay Mccormick, Paula Mccready, Phil Mcgurn, Kimberly Mcmurray, Kimberly L. Mcmurray, Jenny Mcninch, Catherine Medina, Linda J. Meincke, George Mercado, Carl Mieczkowski, Maggie Mier, Trini Miguel, Danielle Mihalkanin, Christie Miller, Donald Miller, Sheri Miner, Monica Misra, Sophia Mitina, Harvey Mohrenweiser, Joseph Monforte, Mishelle Montgomery, Jenna Morgan, Jerry Morton, Robert K. Moyzis, Shibani Mukherjee, Mark O. Mundt, A. Christine Munk, Christie A. Munk, Michael Murphy, Christine Murray, Richard Myers, Richard Nandkeshwar, Cleo M. Naranjo, Deborah A. Nelson, Catherine Nelson, Ward Nelson, David O. Nelson, Kathryn Nelson, Jennifer Neunkirch, April Newman, Terrance Ng, Le-Thu Dinh Nguyen, Hoa Nguyen, Lisa Nguyen, Amber Nivens, Matt Nolan, Larry Nowlin, Pierre Oddone, Jason Olivas, Anne S. Olsen, Ivan Ovcharenko, David Ow, Paola Oddone, Elizabeth Pack, Anuradha Padki, Krishnaveni Palaniappan, Michael Palazzolo, Beverly Parson-Quintana, Shripa Patel, Robert M. Pecherer, Vivian Peng, Yi Peng, Ze Peng, Len A. Pennacchio, Rene Perrier, Vivian Peng, Yi Peng, Ze Peng, Len A. Pennacchio, Rene Perrier, Brad Pesavento, Karl Peterson, Joyce Pfeiffer, Hoan Phan, C. Piscia, Maurice Pitesky, Sam Pitluck, Ingrid Plajzer-Frick, Alex Poliakov, Martin Pollard, Jos Polman, Aaron Porter, Martha Posada, Pat Poundstone, Jason Powell, Daisy Prado, Christa Prange, Paul Predki, Jennifer Primus, Lyle Probst, Nicholas Putnam, Osama Qasem, Glenda Quan, Mohan Rajagopal, Melissa Ramirez, Lucia Ramirez, Nicole Ramos, David Randolph, Irma Rapier, Barry Rappaport, Sam Rash, Robert I. Ratliff, Aditya Ray, Warren Regala, Charlie Reiter, James Retterer, Paul Richardson, Kristi Richardson, Paul Richardson, Darryl O. Ricke, B.E Riley, Angel Rivera, Simon Roberts, Donna I. Robinson, Dezere Robinson, Chris Robinson, Donna L. Robinson, Juan Rodriguez, Alex Rodriguez, Stephanine Rogers, Daniel Rokhsar, Stephanie Ross, Edward M. Rubin, Jeffrey Rule, Andrea Ryan, George Sakaldasis, Azaf Salamov, Angelica Salazar, Brent Sanders, Christina Sanders, R. Sarmiento, Suraj Satpathy, Elizabeth H. Saunders, William W. Sawhill, Eric Saxman, Jeremy Schmutz, Duncan Scott, Paul Scott, Damian Scott, Burt Seymour, Saima Shams, Harris Shapiro, Maria Shin, Timothy Shought, Jeff Shreve, Linda Sindelar, Evan Skowronski, Nathaniel Slater, Tom Slezak, Karen Smith, Doug Smith, Joel Smith, Troy Smith, Cari Soderlund, Corey Spainhower, Raymond I. Stallings, Malinda Stalvey, Justin T. Stege, Shaela Stephens-Bolds, Victor Stevko, Evan Stone, Jonathan Strasser, Lisa Stubbs, Janet Stultz, Sandhya Subramanian, Leslie J. Summers, Robert D. Sutherland, Grant R. Sutherland, Kristina Tacey, Beckie Tagett, Tori Takaoka, Tracy Takenaka, Serena Tam, Olivia Tan, Roxanne Tapia, Owatha I. Tatum, Astrid Terry, Judith G. Tesmer, Nina Thayer, James Theil, Paulette Thomas, Linda S. Thompson, Hope Tice, Damon Tighe, David C. Torney, Mary Tran-Gyamfi, Margie Trankiem, Barbara J. Trask, Marianne Treuhaft, Stephan Trong, Ming Tsai, Susan Tsujimoto, Heidi Turner, Katherine Tynan, Stephanie Ueland, Samantha Ueng, Levy E. Ulanovsky, Chun Un, Quyen Ung, Anna Ustaszewska, Michelle Valdez, Yvonne Valles, Marvin Van Dilla, Ryan Van Luchene, Zachary Vardanian, Michelle Vargas, Steffan Vartanian, Eugene Veklerov, Nelson Velasco, Lisa Velasquez, Lisa Vergez, Vijay Viswanathan, Nu Vo, Mark Wagner, Keya Walker, Mei Wang, Joann Wang, Edward Wehri, Richard Weidenbach, Li Weng, Sarah Wenning, Sara Wentz, Jeremy Wheeler, P. Scott White, Catherine White, Jennifer White, Scott P. White, Scott Whitmore, Sarah Wiegel, Albert L. Williams, Patricia L. Wills, Richard Wills, Steve Wilson, Jessica Wollard, Andrew W. Womack, Benjamin Wong, Diane Wood, Eric Woods, Tanja Woyke, Kristin Wright, Jung-Rung Wu, Kevin Wu, Melissa Wycoff-Montenegro, Stacia Wyman, Gary Xie, Alex Xu, Lynn Yamamoto, Joan Yang, Candance Yano, Mimi Yeh, Kathy Yokobata, Jennifer Yokoyama, Charles Yu, Brian Yumae, Rui Yun, Qing Zhang, Carol Zhou, Deborah Zierten, Charles Q. Adams, Babajide Adio-Oduola, Carlana C. Allen, Heather Allen, Stephen L. Alsbrooks, Harshinie C. Amaratunge, Amita G. Amin, Vivian Anyalebechi, Heather Hope Arredondo, Chinwe O. Asomugha, Shannon Michelle Austin, Mulu Ayele, Dilrukshi P. Arredondo, Pertrice Baptiste, Joseph A. Barbaria, Arthur Beaudet, Terell M. Bellard, Michael Anthony Benard, Venita Bhuchar, Kesha E. Bimage, Kaneza Biswalo, Jessica Anne Blair, Tia Blanks, David B. Blomstrom, Peter R. Blyth, David Bonnin, Angela K. Brimhall, Mary J. Brown, Michael Brown, Nathaniel P. Bryant, Christian J. Buhay, Paula Ellen Burch, Carrie E. Burkett, Kevin L. 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Khan, Ziad Mohid Khan, Divya Khurama, Laquisha Monique King, Haika Kisamo, Christie L. Kovar, Larissa Kulish, Belita Leal, Heather Lebow, Cherie Jenae Lee, Kenneth Lee, Fitzherbert Henderson Legall Iii, Jaclyn M. Levan, Ernest K. Lewis, Lakeshia C. Lewis, Lora R. Lewis, Jane Li, Zhangwan Li, Jing Liu, Wen Liu, Yih-Shin Liu, Dhammika Liyanage, Pamela London, John Lopez, Lora Lopez, Lorna M. Lorensuhewa, Hermela Loulseged, Demetria A. Lovett, Ryan J. Lozado, Xiuhua Lu, Yue Lu, Alice Lucier, Raymond L. Lucier, Jie Ma, Xiaohui Ma, Renita C. Madu, Manjula Maheshwari, Mathew Mahindartne, Kevin Malloy, Brian Mangum, Patricia Mapua, David Mareth, Kirt Martin, Ashley D. Martindale, Evangelina Martinez, Elizabeth Massey, Sterling D. Matthews, Samantha Mawhiney, Michael P. Mcleod, John D. Mcpherson, Michael G. Meador, Sylvia Mendez, Christian Mercado, Iracema C. Mercado, Christina E. Merritt, Michael Lee Metzker, Mason W. Mileur, George R. 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Pourrajabi, Eltrick L. Primus, Ling-Ling Pu, Maria Puazo, Xiang Qin, Miyo M. Quiles, Juana B. Quiroz, Dina Rabata, Eric K. Rachlin, Kacy Reeves, Richard A. Reigh, Yanru Ren, Stephen Richards, Catharine M. Rives, Travis L. Rodkey, Alberto Rojas, Erica M. Ruiz, San Juana Ruiz, Moazzam Mohammad Sana, Wendi Sanders, Jireh Santibanez, Glenford G. Savery, Steven Edward Scherer, Matthew Schnabl, Graham Scott, Hua Shen, Ida Sisson, Erica Sodergren, Titilola Sonaike, Xing-Zhi Song, Richard P. Sorelle, Anastasia L. Sparks, David Steffen, Angelica E. Sutton, Amanda F. Svatek, Jessica Svetz, Leah Anne Svetz, Paul E. Tabor, Kavitha S. Tamerisa, Aparna Tamirisa, Hongli Tang, Jennifer Tansey, Christina C. Taylor, Tineace R. Taylor, Ethan Brett Telford, Nicole Thomas, Shereen Thomas, Rachel Diane Thorne, Ly Thanh Tran, Zulma Y. Trejos, Brenda Kaye Trevino, Ogechi Nkemdirim Ukegbu, Jeremy B. Urban, Kamran Usmani, Ruben E. Valas, Charles E. Vargo, Lydia I. Vasquez, Virginia A. 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Olson, Will Gillet, Eric Haugen, Chris Raymond, Yang Zhou, Anthony Palmeiri, Channakhone Saenphimmachak, Sandhya Subramanian, Zaining Wu, Karen Phelps, Roland Heilig, Ralph Eckenberg, Jean-Louis Petit, Núrua Fonknechten, Corinne Da Silva, Laurence Cattolico, Michaël Levy, Valérie Barbe, Véronique De Berardinis, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Eric Pelletier, Virginie Vico, Véronique Anthouard, François Artiguenave, Catherine Robert, Corinne Cruaud, Thomas Brüls, Philippe Brottier, Béatrice Ségurens, Sylvie Samain, Hervé Crespeau, Claude Scarpelli, Gábor Gyapay, Patrick Wincker, William Saurin, Jean Weissenbach, Fumihiko Matsuda, Nobuyoshi Shimizu, Shinsei Minoshima, Jun Kudoh, Shuichi Asakawa, Kazuhiko Kawasaki, Kazunori Shibuya, Takashi Sasaki, Atsushi Takayanagi, Atsushi Shimizu, Ai Shintani, Eriko Nakato, Susumu Mitsuyama, Satoru Yamazaki, Izumi Obayashi, James Schmeits, Masafumi Ohtsubo, Michiyo Okui, Yuji Murayama, Meng K. Lim, Saho Ohno, Kentaro Nagamine, Yimin Wang, Jun Wang, Aiko Shiohama, Norie Aoki, Nobuaki Shindoh, Hideto Maeda, Katsuhiro Hosono, Hao Yang, Tomohiro Izumiyama, Miho Tatsuyama, Nori Sawada, Yoshitaka Matsushita, Sabine K. Ishikawa, Mio Mejima, Tamami Adachi, Teruyo Asakawa, Mie Furuhashi, Misuzu Osada, Kyoko Ohmori, Etsuko Nakamura, Naoko Sanuki, Masayo Nakagawa, Naoko Togashi, Junko Hamada, Meishan Shen, Mai Kobayashi, Junko Onoda, Aki Mitsui, Saki Watanabe, Akemi Miyazawa, Shinobu Iwakawa, Akiko Ishibashi, Kei Hosoda, Shuko Matsumoto, Kazuyasu Kojima, Hiromi Tsuruoka, Yali Xuan, Fumiaki Ito, Yoshiko Shimizu, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, John Battles, Patrick Cahill, David Camire, Lynn Doucette-Stamm, Kim Fechtel, Erik Gustafson, Jennifer Horne, Christopher Hynds, Arnold Kana, Hong-Mei Lee, Minh Nguyen, Andrea Rogosin, Marc Rubenfield, Douglas R. Smith, Lisa Standring, Bill Torcaso, Jason Tsolas, Jennifer Walsh, Ying Wang, Keith Weinstock, Brian Birditt, Scott Bloom, Leroy Hood, Amardeep Kaur, Ryan Nesbitt, Lee Rowen, Matthias Platzer, Cornelia Baumgart, Silke Förste, Petra Galgoczy, Gernot Glöckner, Yvonne Görlich, Ivonne Heinze, Niels Jahn, Dorothee Lagemann, Rüdiger Lehmann, Elke Meier, Evelyn Michaelis, Uta Petz, Kathrin Reichwald, Markus Schilhabel, Kathleen Seitz, Roman Siddiqui, Stefan Taudien, Gaiping Wen, Daniela Werler, Jingyue Bao, Qiyu Bao, Weidong Bao, Shihua Bi, Xuemeng Bian, Lars Bolund, Tianjing Cai, Zhen Cai, Ting Cao, Yuzhu Cao, Baoxian Chen, Chong Chen, Cong Chen, Jianlong Chen, Jie Chen, Junbao Chen, Lixia Chen, Shu Chen, Tong Chen, Xiaoyun Chen, Xinyi Chen, Yanjiong Chen, Yiyu Chen, Zhu Chen, Zhihua Cheng, Cheng Chi, Hongjuan Cui, Jinhui Cui, Peng Cui, Bin Cong, Li Dai, Yajun Deng, Hao Ding, Hui Dong, Wei Dong, Xiaojia Dong, Yutao Du, Hongyuan Fan, Keke Fan, Jianqiu Fang, Guodong Feng, Haiyan Feng, Jie Feng, Xiaoli Feng, Gang Fu, Qiushi Fu, Anwu Gao, Jimei Gao, Quan Gao, Yang Gao, Yimei Gao, Jianing Geng, Guanghui Gong, Jinying Gong, Jingli Gu, Jun Gu, Wenyi Gu, Xiaochang Gu, Qiaoning Guan, Qi Gui, Daorong Guo, Lili Guo, Guiqing Han, Xurong Han, Wei Huang, Fengying He, Jiaying He, Lin He, Jie Hu, Songnian Hu, Fang Huang, Guyang Huang, Xiaodi Hou, Jia Jia, Nan Jia, Xingchang Jia, Lu Jiang, Yanrui Jiang, Ziyou Jiang, Yetao Jin, Yongsan Jin, Hui Kang, Ning Kang, Mary-Clare King, Yi Kong, Zhaohui Kou, Jianghua Lai, Meng Lei, Changfeng Li, Chenji Li, Eryao Li, Feifei Li, Gang Li, Jiayang Li, Jihong Li, Jing Li, Jingfei Li, Jingxiang Li, Li Li, Lili Li, Lin Li, Ming Li, Nan Li, Ran Li, Shengbin Li, Shuping Li, Shuxia Li, Shuangding Li, Shuangli Li, Songgang Li, Tao Li, Wei Ling, Boyong Liu, Cong Liu, Dianwu Liu, Haili Liu, Jing Liu, Jun Liu, Kai Liu, Ning Liu, Siqi Liu, Wei Liu, Xinshe Liu, Yanhua Liu, Yannan Liu, Yilin Liu, Ying Liu, Yu Liu, Yu Liu, Zhanwei Liu, Lingfeng Lu, Tao Lu, Yongxiang Lu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Cheng Ma, Jiao Ma, Qingmei Ma, Shanshan Meng, Feng Mu, Lin Ni, Yuxin Niu, Jiaofeng Pan, Sisu Pan, Qiuhui Qi, Xiaohua Qi, Xufang Qian, Zengmin Qian, Boqin Qiang, Zhenyong Qiao, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Chunyan Shao, Yufen Shao, Fengye Shen, Yan Shen, Guibin Shi, Hongfang Shi, Michael Smith, Liping Song, Shuping Song, Xiaohu Su, Jiajia Sun, Jiandong Sun, Min Sun, Tao Sun, Wei Sun, Yongqiao Sun, Yu Sun, Yue Sun, Xinyu Tan, Xiangjun Tang, Ran Tao, Chaoguang Tian, Wei Tian, Yan Tian, Yong Tian, Yuqing Tian, Jingli Tong, Yuefeng Tu, Ma Wan, Dong Wang, Feng Wang, Guangxin Wang, Guihai Wang, Hongjuan Wang, Hongwei Wang, Huanjie Wang, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Juan Wang, Jun Wang, Li Wang, Lijie Wang, Lijuan Wang, Lijun Wang, Liqun Wang, Shifen Wang, Shu Wang, Wenjun Wang, Xiaoling Wang, Xiaoning Wang, Xuefei Wang, Xuegang Wang, Yan Wang, Ying Wang, Yuanyuan Wang, Shulin Wei, Gane K-S Wong, Chungen Wu, Dongying Wu, Qingfa Wu, Ruiming Wu, Xiao Wu, Xiaojing Wu, Yan Xi, Yingying Xi, Fei Xie, Yuqing Xiong, Jing Xu, Ruqin Xu, Shuhua Xu, Wei Xu, Yan Xu, Yuning Xu, Zuyuan Xu, Zhenyu Xuan, Rui Xue, Shudong Yang, Xiaonan Yang, Yongkui Yang, Zhijian Yao, Chen Ye, Haifeng ., Yin ., Bo You, Bing Yu, Jun Yu, Kaiwen Yuan, Yida Yuan, Shujie Yue, Yixin Zeng, Dong Zhai, Bo Zhang, Caimin Zhang, Fengmei Zhang, Guangyu Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Guohua Zhang, Haiqing Zhang, Hongbo Zhang, Jingjing Zhang, Jiuchun Zhang, Lanzhi Zhang, Li Zhang, Meihua Zhang, Meng Zhang, Ming Zhang, Ruhua Zhang, Tiezhen Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Xiaoliang Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Yuansen Zhang, Yuzhi Zhang, Hongmei Zhao, Lijian Zhao, Zhijing Zhao, Zhicheng Zhen, Haibo Zheng, Ming Zhong, Haixia Zhou, Nannan Zhou, Xinfeng Zhou, Yan Zhou, Yi Zhou, Bingying Zhu, Bofeng Zhu, Fenghua Zhu, Genfeng Zhu, Miao Zhu, Ning Zhu, Yongge Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Shitao Zhuang, Weidong Bao, Bin Chen, Chong Chen, Lihong Chen, Zhu Chen, Peng Cui, Keyue Ding, Wei Dong, Gang Fu, Wenyi Gu, Wei Huang, Jia Jia, Wei Li, Boyong Liu, Chunqing Luo, Gang Lv, Yuxin Niu, Xiaohua Qi, Shuangxi Ren, Li Rong, Yan Shen, Haihui Sheng, Liping Song, Xinyu Tan, Chaoguang Tian, Yuefeng Tu, Huifeng Wang, Jian Wang, Jing Wang, Jingqiang Wang, Jinhua Wang, Jun Wang, Qingfa Wu, Hui Xiong, Jing Xu, Huanming Yang, Zhijian Yao, Xiaonan Yang, Jun Yu, Haiqing Zhang, Li Zhang, Xianglin Zhang, Yilin Zhang, Genfeng Zhu, Zhu Chen, Gang Fu, Jun Gu, Wei Huang, Jiayang Li, Zaiping Li, Qian Liu, Boqin Qiang, Yan Shen, Guihai Wang, Jian Wang, Xinlai Xu, Zhihong Xu, Huanming Yang, Jun Yu, Guoping Zhan, Ralf Sudbrak, Alfred Beck, Alia Benkahla, Katja Borzym, Donald Buczek, Verena Gimmel, Katja Heitmann, Steffen Hennig, Sven Klages, Anna Kosiura, Michael Kube, Ines Müller, Hans Lehrach, Siliva Schmoger, Marie-Laure Yaspo, Richard Reinhardt, Helmut Blöcker, Ansgar Conrad, Martin Czubayko, Klaus Hornischer, Doris Järke, Michael Jarek, Gerhard Kauer, Tschong-Hun Löhnert, Gabriele Nordsiek, Maren Scharfe, Oliver Schön, Stephanie Thies, Ellson Chen, Jungshing Road, Primo Babayan, Chun-Nan Chen, Cheryl Heiner, Peter Ma, Massimo Zollo, Lin Zuo, R. Nagaraja, David Schlessinger, Robert Baertsch, Ewan Birney, Hsiu-Chuan Chen, Hiram Clawson, Mark Diekhans, Evan Eichler, Xose Fernandez-Suarez, Terrence S. Furey, Leo Goodstadt, Martin Hammond, David Haussler, Angela S. Hinrichs, Fan Hsu, Philip Johnson, Donna Karolchik, Arek Kasprzyk, Damian Keefe, W. James Kent, Paul Kitts, Darin London, Yontao T. Lu, Donna Maglott, Graham Mcvicker, Craig Melsopp, Shelia Paul, Chris P. Ponting, Glenn Procter, Kim Pruitt, Stephen Rice, Harold Riethman, Kate R. Rosenbloom, Krishna M. Roskin, Barbara Ruef, Esther Schmidt, Gregory Schuler, Michael Schuster, Jessica Severin, Xinwei She, Adam C. Siepel, Damian Smedley, Arne Stabenau, Charles W. Sugnet, Daryl J. Thomas, Heather Trumbower, Abel Ureta-Vidal, Imre Vastrik, Caleb Webber, Ryan J. Weber, Cara Woodwark, Francis S. Collins, Mark Guyer, Jane Peterson, Adam Felsenfeld, Kris Wetterstrand, Sandra Kamholz

Faculty Publications

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error …

Spring Phytoplankton Photosynthesis, Growth, And Primary Production And Relationships To A Recurrent Coastal Sediment Plume And River Inputs In Southeastern Lake Michigan, Steven E. Lohrenz, Gary L. Fahnenstiel, David F. Millie, Oscar M.E. Schofield, Tom Johengon

Faculty Publications

[1] A recurrent coastal sediment plume (RCP) is an episodic event in the southern basin of Lake Michigan that typically coincides with the spring diatom bloom. Strong winter storm activity during El Nino conditions in 1998 resulted in a large and intense RCP event. Consistently higher values of the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis, P-max(B), were observed in spring 1998 compared to 1999 and 2000. Higher values of P-max(B) in 1998 appeared to be related to increased availability of phosphorus, as evidenced by significant correlations of P-max(B) with soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Light-saturated growth rates were also significantly correlated with SRP …

Integrated Optical Waveguides With Liquid Cores, Aaron R. Hawkins, John P. Barber, Dongliang Yin, D. W. Deamer, Holger Schmidt

Faculty Publications

We report the design, fabrication, and demonstration of single-mode integrated optical waveguides with liquid cores. The principle of the device is based on antiresonant reflecting optical (ARROW) waveguides with hollow cores. We describe design principles for waveguide loss optimization down to 0.1/cm. Using a fabrication process based on conventional silicon microfabrication and sacrificial core layers, waveguides of varying widths and lengths with volumes covering the pico- to nanoliter range were fabricated. We observe confined mode propagation, measure waveguide losses of 2.4/cm, and demonstrate that the waveguides possess tailorable wavelength selectivity. The potential for highly integrated, sensitive devices based on these …

Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis In Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii: Ethanolaminephosphotransferase Is Capable Of Synthesizing Both Phosphatidylcholine And Phosphatidylethanolamine, Wenyu Yang, James V. Moroney, Thomas S. Moore

Faculty Publications

Phosphatidylethanolamine, but not phosphatidylcholine, is found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A cDNA coding for diacylglycerol: CDP-ethanolamine ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT) was cloned from C. reinhardtii. The C. reinhardtii EPT appears phylogenetically more similar to mammalian aminoalcoholphosphotransferases than to those of yeast and the least close to those of plants. Similar membrane topography was found between the C. reinhardtii EPT and the aminoalcoholphosphotransferases from mammals, yeast, and plants. A yeast mutant deficient in both cholinephosphotransferase and ethanolaminephosphotransferase was complemented by the C. reinhardtii EPT gene. Enzymatic assays of C. reinhardtii EPT from the complemented yeast microsomes demonstrated that the C. reinhardtii EPT synthesized both …

Substrate Specificity Of Helicobacter Pylori Histone-Like Hu Protein Is Determined By Insufficient Stabilization Of Dna Flexure Points, Christina Chen, Sharmistha Ghosh, Anne Grove

Faculty Publications

The histone-like HU protein is ubiquitous in the eubacteria. A role for Escherichia coli HU in compaction of the bacterial genome has been reported, along with regulatory roles in DNA replication, transposition, repair and transcription. We show here that HU from the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which has been implicated in the development of ulcers and gastric cancer, exhibits enhanced thermal stability and distinct DNA substrate specificity. Thermal denaturation of HpyHU (H. pylori HU) measured by CD spectroscopy yields a melting temperature (Tm) of 56.4 ± 0.1 °C. HpyHU binds linear duplex DNA with a site size of ∼19 bp …

Optical Properties And Application Of Uranium-Based Thin Films For The Extreme Ultraviolet And Soft X-Ray Region, Richard L. Sandberg, David D. Allred, Shannon Lunt, Marie K. Urry, R. Steven Turley

Faculty Publications

Uranium oxide and uranium nitride thin films reflect significantly more than all previously known/standard reflectors (e.g., nickel, gold, and iridium) for most of the 4-10 nm range at low angles of incidence. This work includes measurements of the EUV/soft x-ray (2-20 nm) reflectance of uranium-based thin films (~20 nm thick) and extraction of their optical constants (d and ?). We report the reflectances at 5, 10, and 15 degrees grazing incidence of air-oxidized sputtered uranium, reactively sputtered (O2) uranium oxide, and reactively sputtered (N2) uranium nitride thin films measured at Beamline 6.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence …

Studies Of Fluxes Of Dissolved Iron And Manganese In The Gulf Of Finland, S. V. Pakhomova, M. Yu Kononets, A. Tengberg, P. O.J. Hall, A. V. Vershinin

Faculty Publications

© 2004 IEEE. Metal fluxes (total dissolved iron and manganese) across the water-sediment interface were studied in situ in the Gulf of Finland in June 2002 and 2003 using an autonomous benthic lander. Distribution of these metals in the sediment and the porewater was also investigated. Focus was given to understand the behavior of the studied metals at various redox conditions and the influence when sediment resuspension is occurring. Our data indicate the importance of the redox conditions for the iron fluxes with no fluxes at oxic, intermediate at anoxic and high fluxes at suboxic conditions. The fluxes of manganese …

A Disorder To Order Transition Accompanies Catalysis In Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Type Ii, Tee Bordelon, Sarah K. Montegudo, Svetlana Pakhomova, Michael L. Oldham, Marcia E. Newcomer

Faculty Publications

Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase II (RalDH2) converts retinal to the transcriptional regulator retinoic acid in the developing embryo. The x-ray structure of the enzyme revealed an important structural difference between this protein and other aldehyde dehydrogenases of the same enzyme superfamily; a 20-amino acid span in the substrate access channel in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase II is disordered, whereas in other aldehyde dehydrogenases this region forms a well defined wall of the substrate access channel. We asked whether this disordered loop might order during the course of catalysis and provide a means for an enzyme that requires a large substrate access channel to restrict …