Digital Commons Network^™

Strawberry Anthracnose: Histopathology Of Colletotrichum Acutatum And C. Fragariae, Kenneth J. Curry, Maritza Abril, Jana B. Avant, Barbara J. Smith

Faculty Publications

Ontogeny of the invasion process by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. fragariae was studied on petioles and stolons of the strawberry cultivar Chandler using light and electron microscopy. The invasion of host tissue by each fungal species was similar; however, each invasion event occurred more rapidly with C. fragariae than with C. acutatum. Following cuticular penetration via an appressorium, subsequent steps of invasion involved hyphal growth within the cuticle and within the cell walls of epidermal, subepidermal, and subtending cells. Both species of fungi began invasion with a brief biotrophic phase before entering an extended necrotrophic phase. Acervuli formed once …

Isolation And Characterization Of Atriplex Hortensis And Sweet Chenopodium Quinoa Starches, K. H. Wright, K. C. Huber, Daniel J. Fairbanks, C. S. Huber

Faculty Publications

Starches from garden orach (Atriplex hortensis) and sweet quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. "Surumi") seeds were isolated, examined for compositional characteristics, and compared with bitter quinoa (Cheno-podium quinoa Willd.) starch. Garden orach and sweet quinoa seeds were similar in fat and ash contents, while garden orach seeds contained 10% more protein. Starches were isolated from seeds following a 12-hr soak in dilute alkaline solution using a series of grinding, screening, centrifugation, and washing steps. Isolated starches viewed by scanning electron microscopy yielded angular, polygonal granules 2 m in diameter. Starches displayed typical A-type crystalline packing arrangements as determined by X-ray powder …

Element Ratios And Aquatic Food Webs, R. Eugene Turner

Faculty Publications

Organic matter is the result of concentrating a few non-metals that are relatively rare in the earth’s crust. Most of these essential elements are in a rough proportionality within phylogenetic groupings. Life is thus working against a concentration gradient to extract or accumulate these elements, and this metabolic work is accomplished in interrelated and often subtle ways for many other elements. The physiological requirement to sustain these elemental ratios (commonly discussed in terms of the N∶P ratios, but also C∶N, C∶P, and Si∶N ratios) constrains organization at the cellular, organism, and community level. Humans, as geochemical engineers, significantly influence the …

Aha Guidelines For Primary Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease And Stroke: 2002 Update - Consensus Panel Guide To Comprehensive Risk Reduction For Adult Patients Without Coronary Or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases, Thomas A. Pearson, Steven N. Blair, Stephen R. Daniels, Robert H. Eckel, Joan M. Fair, Stephen F. Fortmann, Barry A. Franklin, Larry B. Goldstein, Philip Greenland, Scott M. Grundy, Yuling Hong, Nancy Houston-Miller, Ronald M. Lauer, Ira S. Ockene, Ralph L. Sacco, James F. Sallis, Sidney C. Smith Jr., Neil J. Stone, Kathryn A. Taubert

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Income Tax Planning For Long-Term Care, David M. English

Faculty Publications

Planning for long-term involves more than the preparation of powers of attorney and counseling on possible asset transfers to qualify for Medicaid reimbursement. Steps should also be taken to make certain that the person receiving care continues to file an income tax return and does so at a minimum possible income tax cost. Practitioners should be familiar with the procedure for filing a return on behalf of an incapacitated individual. The medical expense deduction, while of little importance for most taxpayers, is critical for many elderly, particularly for those receiving long-term care. Long-term care insurance and life insurance may be …

Quality Attributes Of Dried Milk Products Packaged For Long-Term Storage, Michelle A. Lloyd, J. Zou, H. Farnsworth, Oscar A. Pike

Faculty Publications

There is a market for dehydrated foods, such as nonfat dry milk (NFDM), that are packaged for long-term storage in case of natural disasters or other emergencies. To maintain quality and optimize shelf-life, NFDM must be properly processed from good quality milk, well-packaged (minimizing moisture, light and oxygen), and stored appropriately. Research is needed to determine the variation in quality that exists in dried milk products intended for retail sale. The objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the quality of several types of dried milk products packaged for long-term storage. Ten brands of dried milk products (5 …

Seasonal Niche Strategy Of The Bloom-Forming Dinoflagellate Heterocapsa Triquetra, R. W. Litaker, P. A. Tester, C. S. Duke, B. E. Kenney, James L. Pinckney, J. Ramus

Faculty Publications

Heterocapsa triquetra is one of the most common bloom-forming dinoflagellates found in estuaries and near shore regions around the world. This work examined the environmental factors associated with 3 separate wintertime H. triquetra blooms in the shallow tidally mixed Newport River estuary, North Carolina, USA. During 2 of the blooms in 1982 and 1983, the estuary was sampled from a fixed, single location every hour for 14 d. During the third study, the estuary was sampled at 9 fixed locations over its entire length each week from late December 1997 through March 1998. This time period included the formation and …

Dietary Exposures And Oral Precancerous Lesions In Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, James R. Hébert, Prakash C. Gupta, Ramesh B. Bhonsle, Hemali Mehta, Wei Zheng, Maureen Sanderson, Jane Teas

Faculty Publications

Objective: To test the effect of dietary nutrients on oral precancerous lesions in a reverse-smoking (i.e. smoking with the glowing end inside the mouth) population in South India. Design: Case–control. Cases with precancerous lesions were matched to an equal number of lesion-free controls matched on age (^5 years), sex and village. All subjects used tobacco in some form. Dietary data were obtained using an intervieweradministered food-frequency questionnaire, designed for use in this population. All interviews were conducted blinded to the disease status of the subject. Data were analysed using logistic regression. Setting: Nineteen rural villages in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh. …

Correlates Of Vigorous Physical Activity For Children In Grades 1 Through 12: Comparing Parent-Reported And Objectively Measured Physical Activity, James F. Sallis, Wendell C. Taylor, Marsha Dowda, Patty S. Freedson, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Correlates of physical activity were examined in young people in grades 1 through 12, and analyses were conducted separately for eight age/grade and sex subgroups. Twenty-one explanatory variables were assessed by parental report. Physical activity was assessed in 781 young people via parent report, and 200 wore an accelerometer for seven days. Between 11% and 36% of parent-reported child vigorous physical activity was explained. The most consistent correlates were peer support and use of afternoon time for active rather than sedentary recreation. Peer support was the only significant correlate of objectively monitored activity in multiple subgroups.

First-Year Survival And Growth Of Bareroot And Container Water Oak And Willow Oak Seedlings Grown At Different Levels Of Mineral Nutrition, Hans Michael Williams, Matthew Stroupe

Faculty Publications

Bareroot and container water oak (Quercus nigra) and willow oak (Quercus phellos) seedlings were treated with 3 different levels of nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizer applied during the growing season in the nursery. Comparisons were made between species, N treatments, and stock-types for seedling morphology, first-year survival and height growth, and seedling water relations. Water oak seedlings were shorter, heavier, and more first-order lateral roots than the willow oak seedlings. The N fertilizer treatments did not have a statistically significant effect on seedling morphology. Bareroot seedlings were taller, had greater root-collar diameters, and were heavier than the container seedlings. The seedlings …

Weed Control And Seedling Performance Using Oust, Velpar, And Velpar+Oust Impregnated Diammonium Phosphate, Jimmie L. Yeiser

Faculty Publications

Technology that combines herbicide and fertilizer into one treatment thereby reducing application costs while enhancing growth is needed. Four clean and well-prepared sites in TX, MS, and AL were tested. Study objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of diammonium phosphate (DAP) impregnated with Oust, Velpar, or Velpar+Oust for herbaceous weed control and newly planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling growth. In 1999, treatments were applied early post weed-emergence to 60percent bare ground in East TX. Impregnated DAP provided about 38percent less competitor control than separate liquid and fertilizer applications at similar rates. Best seedling survival and growth resulted from …

The Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest, Cary C. Russell, Ronald E. Thill, David Kulhavy

Faculty Publications

On December 14, 1944, the Seventy-Eighth United States Congress passed a bill that authorized the transfer of 2,560 acres in Nacogdoches County, Texas, to the research branch of the United States Forest Service (USFS). This land became the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest (SFAEF) on September 19. 1945. One of eighty-one federal experimental forests and ranges nationally, it is the only one of its kind in Texas. Located seven miles west of Nacogdoches, three quarters of the Forest consists of bottomland hardwood forests along the Angelina River and the remainder of mixed pine and hardwood uplands.

Effects Of Midrotation Intensive Silviculture On Forest Soils In East Texas: First-Year Results, S. A. Wilson, K. W. Farrish, B. P. Oswald, H. M. Williams, J. L. Yeiser

Faculty Publications

Intensive forest management is becoming increasingly common in east Texas. Included in intensive management are such practices as mid-rotation fertilization, prescribed fire, and herbicide application. There is insufficient information about the effects of these treatments on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties when applied at mid-rotation. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the effects of these treatments on soil physical properties including organic matter content and bulk density; chemical properties including soil nitrogen and phosphorus; and on populations of resident earthworms. Five replications were installed in each of two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations aged 15 …

Feeding A Growing Population On An Increasingly Fragile Environment, Andrew Sluyter, William E. Doolittle, Eric P. Perramond, Phil L. Crossley, Dean P. Lambert

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Predicting Incident Diabetes In Jamaica: The Role Of Anthropometry, Lincoln A. Sargeant, Franklyn I. Bennett, Terrence E. Forrester, Richard S. Cooper, Rainford J. Wilks

Faculty Publications

Objective: To evaluate the performance of the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) in predicting incident diabetes in Jamaica. Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of 728 non-diabetic adults (290 men and 438 women), ages 25 to 74 years and residents of Spanish Town, Jamaica, were followed for a mean of 4 years. Participants had fasting and 2-hour postchallenge glucose concentrations measured at baseline and follow-up. Results: There were 51 cases of incident diabetes (17 men and 34 women). All indices were independent predictors of diabetes, and none was clearly superior. The area …

Activity Energy Expenditure And Adiposity Among Black Adults In Nigeria And The United States, Amy Luke, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Charles N. Rotimi, Helen Iams, Dale A. Schoeller, Abedowale A. Adeyemo, Terrence E. Forrester, Rainford Wilks, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

Background: The prevalence of obesity is higher among populations in industrialized than in developing countries. Objective: We sought to compare the relations of activity energy expenditure (AEE) with adiposity and weight change in 2 black populations with different levels of obesity. Design: Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured and AEE was calculated in 58 Nigerian and 34 US black women and men. Weight was remeasured after ≥1 y in a subset of participants. AEE adjusted for body size and TDEE adjusted for REE were calculated with the use of the residual regression method. The …

Effect Of Sweeteners On The Microstructure Of Yogurt, Zahur Z. Haque, Kayanush J. Aryana

Faculty Publications

The objective was to determine the effect of a peptide sweetener, Aspartame, compared to a carbohydrate sweetener, sucrose, on the microstructure of yogurt. Microstructure was determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Without the sweeteners, casein micelles, that make up the yogurt matrix, were observed in single longitudinal polymers. When Aspartame was used, casein micelles formed double longitudinal polymers. In comparison sugar caused casein micelles to form clusters. Data show that type of sweetener impacts state of association of casein micelles and thus effects microstructure.

Microstructure And Some Functional Properties Of Spray Dried Cheddar Whey Concentrated By Ultrafiltration Or Combination Of Ultrafiltration And Vacuum Evaporation, Kayanush J. Aryana, Zahur Z. Haque

Faculty Publications

In order to study the influence of the vacuum evaporation (VE) process on the functionality of whey protein concentrates (WPC's), Cheddar WPC's were produced with and without VE, viz. by i) ultrafiltration (UF) and spray drying (SD) (UFSD), and by ii) UF, VE and SD (UFVESD). Geling properties and interfacial microstructure around residual fat were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Both WPC's were hydrated with 0.1 M NaCl at pH 7.0 (10% protein w/v) and gels were made in glass tubes by heating for 15 min at 90°C. Electron dense membrane like structures were seen at the oil-water interface of …

Haemonchus Spp. In Sheep Farmed Under Resource-Poor Conditions In South-Africa - Effect On Haematocrit, Conjunctival Mucous Membrane Colour And Body Condition, A. F. Vatta, R. C. Krecek, M. J. Van Der Linde, P. W. Motswatswe, R. J. Grimbeek, E. F. Van Wijk, J. W. Hansen

Faculty Publications

A longitudinal study was conducted on the differential faecal egg counts, haematocrits and body condition scores of sheep belonging to resource-poor farmers at Rust de Winter, Gauteng province, and Kraaipan, North West Province, South Africa. The animals were scored for level of anaemia using the FAMACHA© method, an assay for the clinical evaluation of anaemia caused by Haemonchus spp. Periods of higher Haemonchus egg counts occurred from October to March for sheep at Rust de Winter and from September/October to February or April for sheep at Kraaipan. Lower haematocrit values were registered during these periods as was a higher incidence …

Descriptive Epidemiology Of Body Mass Index Of An Urban Adult Population In Western India, H. C. Shukla, P. C. Gupta, H. C. Mehta, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

Study objective: To describe height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of the adult urban population in Mumbai, western India and to estimate the prevalence and severity of thinness and overweight in this population. To describe the association of BMI with education, age, and tobacco habits in an urban Indian population. Design: Cross sectional representative survey of 99 598 adults (40 071 men and 59 527 women). Setting: The survey was carried out in the city of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) in western India. Participants: Men and women aged >35 years who were residents of the main city of …

Is The Republic Circling The Drain?, W. Taylor Reveley Iii

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Social Welfare Of Advertising To Children, Dennis D. Crouch

Faculty Publications

The aim of this Comment is to approach the issue of advertising to children through an examination of economic incentives and efficiency. The Comment ultimately makes the claim that televised advertisement of products, such as junk food, directed toward children may be inefficient and tend to decrease social welfare. Although they may be compelling, this paper does not rely on the secondary negative externalities often associated with television, such as the cost of treating diabetes and heart disease. Rather, the inefficiency discussed in the Comment involves the informational qualities of advertising. Advertising directed towards young children can be thought of …

Visual Spatial Memory Is Enhanced In Female Rats (But Inhibited In Males) By Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens, Edwin D. Lephart, Trent D. Lund, Timothy W. West, Lilyan Y. Tian, Lihong H. Bu, Daniel L. Simmons, Kenneth Setchell, Herman Adlercreutz

Faculty Publications

In learning and memory tasks, requiring visual spatial memory (VSM), males exhibit superior performance to females (a difference attributed to the hormonal influence of estrogen). This study examined the influence of phytoestrogens (estrogen-like plant compounds) on VSM, utilizing radial arm-maze methods to examine varying aspects of memory. Additionally, brain phytoestrogen, calbindin (CALB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels were determined. Results: Female rats receiving lifelong exposure to a high-phytoestrogen containing diet (Phyto-600) acquired the maze faster than females fed a phytoestrogen-free diet (Phyto-free); in males the opposite diet effect was identified. In a separate experiment, at 80 days-of-age, animals fed the Phyto-600 …

In One Place, But Not Another: When The Law Encourages Breastfeeding In Public While Simultaneously Discouraging It At Work, Emily Suski

Faculty Publications

In this Essay, the author takes a novel approach to the topic of breastfeeding and work by exploring the trend among states to exempt breastfeeding from criminal indecent exposure laws and comparing this trend to the support, or lack thereof, in laws and policy for breastfeeding at work. The author's comparison reveals that while there is a trend to support breastfeeding in public, there is no such trend in the law to support breastfeeding in the relatively more private work environment.

The author argues that this disparity is both counterintuitive and serves to limit women's choices regarding breastfeeding and work. …

Commentary: Considerations For Use Of Racial/Ethnic Classification In Etiologic Research, Jay S. Kaufman, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

Numerous authors have critiqued the use of race as an etiologic quantity in medical research. Despite this criticism, the use of variables encoding racial/ethnic categorization has increased in epidemiology, and most researchers agree that important variation in disease risk is captured by this classification system. Previous discussions have generally neglected to articulate guidelines for appropriate use of racial/ethnic information in etiologic research. The authors summarize the logical, conceptual, and practical problems associated with the "ethnic paradigm" as currently applied in biomedical sciences and offer a set of methodological recommendations toward more valid use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic studies. These …

The Decision To Breastfeed In The United States: Does Race Matter?, Renata Forste Phd, Jessica Weiss Bs, Emily Lippincott Bs

Faculty Publications

Objectives. To estimate the effects of maternal and birth characteristics on the decision to breastfeed and to relate breastfeeding practices to racial differences in infant mortality.

Methods. Using a sample of women with young children from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle V, 1995, the likelihood of breastfeeding was modeled using logistic regression techniques. In addition, single, live births from the NSFG 1988 and 1995 surveys were analyzed to model the effects of race and breastfeeding on infant mortality using Cox regression methods.

Results. After controlling for socioeconomic background and birth characteristics, race remained a strong predictor of …

The Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act And Its Progress In The States, David M. English

Faculty Publications

Over the past decade, planning for health care decision making through the making of an advance directive has become a routine part of personal counseling. Public interest in the subject has been fueled by well-publicized cases such as Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990). In response to this interest, most states authorize their citizens to make at least one form of advance directive: all states statutorily authorize powers of attorney for health care, and all but Massachusetts, Michigan and New York authorize living wills. State legislation has been a mixed blessing. Although intended to facilitate …

Impact Of The Texas Leaf-Cutting Ant (Atta Texana (Buckley) (Order Hymenoptera, Family Formicidae) On A Forested Landscape, David Kulhavy, L. A. Smith, W. G. Ross

Faculty Publications

Atta texana (Buckley), the Texas leaf-cutting ant, rapidly expanded in a harvested forested landscape on sandhills characterized by droughty soils, causing mortality of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda (L.)). The site, composed primarily of Quartzipsamments soils classified as thermic coated Typic Quartzipsamments in the Tonkawa soil series, accounts for approximately 5,000 ha in Nacogdoches, Rusk, Panola, and San Augustine Counties in eastern Texas, USA (Dolezel 1980). These soils are characterized by low fertility, rapid permeability, and extreme acid reaction. These sandhills are resistant to erosion and are considered important ground water recharge areas. The distribution of A. texana central …

A Phylogenetic Analysis Of Variation In Reproductive Mode Within An Australian Lizard (Saiphos Equalis, Scincidae), Sarah A. Smith, Christopher C. Austin, Richard Shine

Faculty Publications

Saiphos equalis, a semi-fossorial scincid lizard from south-eastern Australia, is one of only three reptile species world-wide that are known to display geographic variation in reproductive mode. Uniquely, Saiphos equalis includes populations with three reproductive modes: oviparous with long (15-day) incubation periods; oviparous with short (5-day) incubation periods; and viviparous (0-day incubation periods). No Saipho populations show 'normal' scincid oviparity (>30-day incubation period). We used mitochondrial nucleotide sequences (ND2 and cytochrome b) to reconstruct relationships among populations from throughout the species' distribution in New South Wales, Australia. Under the phylogenetic species concept, phylogenetic analyses are consistent with the oviparous …

Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Survival On 'Bollgard' And 'Bollgard Ii' Cotton Flower Bud And Flower Components, J. Gore, B. R. Leonard, J. J. Adamczyk

Faculty Publications

Genetically modified cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivars ('Bollgard') that produce crystalline proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) are valuable tools for managing lepidopteran insect pests in the United States. However, high numbers of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae have been observed feeding in white flowers of these cultivars. Fresh tissue bioassays were conducted to investigate bollworm survival on Bollgard and 'Bollgard II' cottons. Bollworm survival was higher on square and flower anthers than on other floral structures on 'Deltapine 5415' (conventional cotton) and 'NuCOTN 33B' (Bollgard). Bollworm survival at 72 h was higher on all floral structures from Deltapine 5415 than …