Digital Commons Network^™

Learning Experience Design As An Orienting Guide For Practice: Insights From Designing For Expertise, Jason K. Mcdonald, Tyler J. Westerberg

Faculty Publications

In this paper we consider how learning experience design (LXD) improves designers’ capacities to influence learning. We do this by exploring what LXD offers the design of learning environments that help develop learners’ expertise. We discuss how LXD (a) attunes designers to different learning affordances than are emphasized in traditional ID; (b) challenges the universal applicability of common ID techniques; and (c) expands designers’ views of the outcomes for which they can design. These insights suggest that LXD is useful because it refocuses and reframes designers' work around flexible design approaches that are often deemphasized in traditional ID.

Improving Behavior In An Alternative High School Summer Program Using Class‑Wide Function‑Related Intervention Teams: A Pilot Study, Paul Caldarella, Erika J. Richards, Leslie Williams, Emily J. Warburton

Faculty Publications

Effective interventions are needed to help alternative high school teachers manage challenging student behaviors. One such intervention, class-wide function-related intervention teams (CWFIT), is a classroom management program based on positive behavior interventions and supports principles. CW-FIT involves teaching appropriate classroom behavioral expectations (social skills), using high behavior-specific praise-to-reprimand ratios, and an interdependent group contingency to provide differential reinforcement of appropriate classroom behavior and eliminate potential reinforcement of problem behavior. In this pilot study, four alternative high school teachers implemented CW-FIT during a summer school program. A series of single subject A-B designs were used over a 3-week period. Results supported …

A Probabilistic View Of Protein Stability, Conformational Specificity, And Design, Jacob A. Stern, Tyler J. Free, Kimberlee L. Stern, Spencer Gardiner, Nicholas A. Dalley, Bradley Charles Bundy, Joshua L. Price, David Wingate, Dnnis Della Corte

Faculty Publications

Various approaches have used neural networks as probabilistic models for the design of protein sequences. These "inverse folding" models employ different objective functions, which come with trade-offs that have not been assessed in detail before. This study introduces probabilistic definitions of protein stability and conformational specificity and demonstrates the relationship between these chemical properties and the p(stucture|seq) Boltzmann probability objective. This links the Boltzmann probability objective function to experimentally verifiable outcomes. We propose a novel sequence decoding algorithm, referred to as “BayesDesign”, that leverages Bayes’ Rule to maximize the p(stucture|seq) objective instead of the p(seq|structure) objective common in inverse folding …

Precision E- Beam Polarimetry At An E-E+ B Factory Using Tau-Pair Events, J. P. Lees, V. Poireau, V, Tisserand, E. Grauges, A. Palano, G. Eigen, D. N. Brown, Yu. G. Kolomensky, M. Fritsch, H. Koch, R. Cheaib, C. Hearty, T. S. Mattison, J. A. Mckenna, R. Y. So, V. E. Blinov, A. R. Buzykaev, V. P. Druzhinin, Milind Purohit, Et. Al.

Faculty Publications

We present a new technique, “tau polarimetry,” for measuring the longitudinal beam polarization present in an e⁺e⁻ collider through the analysis of e⁺e⁻ → τ⁺τ⁻ events. By exploiting the sensitivity of τ decay kinematics to the longitudinal polarization of the beams, we demonstrate that the longitudinal polarization can be measured with a 3 per mil systematic uncertainty at the interaction point using a technique that is independent of spin and beam transport modeling. Using 424.2 ± 1.8 fb⁻¹ of BABAR data at √ s = 10.58 GeV, the average longitudinal …

Synthesis, Crystal And Electronic Structure Of The Zintl Phase Ba16sb11. A Case Study Uncovering Greater Structural Complexity Via Monoclinic Distortion Of The Tetragonal Ca16sb11 Structure Type., Sviatoslav Baranets, Alexander Ovchinnikov, S. M.Gayomi K. Samarakoon, Svilen Bobev

Faculty Publications

The binary Zintl phase Ba16Sb11 has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Detailed studies via single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods indicate that although Ba16Sb11 appears to crystallize in the tetragonal Ca16Sb11 structure type (space group P (Figure presented.) 21m with a=13.5647(9) Å, c=12.4124(12) Å, Z=2, R1=3.14 %; wR2=4.77 %), there exists an extensive structural disorder. Some Ba16Sb11 crystals were found to be monoclinic and the structure was solved and refined in space group P21 (a=18.3929(12) Å, b=13.5233(8) Å, c=18.3978(12) Å, β=94.6600(10)°; Z=4, R1=5.84 %; wR2=9.58 %). The latter corresponds to a 2-fold superstructure of the tetragonal one, which provides a disorder-free structural …

Appendage Abnormalities In Spiders Induced By An Alternating Temperature Protocol In The Context Of Recent Advances In Molecular Spider Embryology, Teresa Napiorkowska, Julita Templin, Pawel Napiorkowski, Mark A. Townley

Faculty Publications

In the literature there are numerous reports of developmental deformities in arthropods collected in their natural habitat. Since such teratogenically affected individuals are found purely by chance, the causes of their defects are unknown. Numerous potential physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological teratogens have been considered and tested in the laboratory. Thermal shocks, frequently used in teratological research on the spider Eratigena atrica, have led to deformities on both the prosoma and the opisthosoma. In the 2020/2021 breeding season, by applying alternating temperatures (14 °C and 32 °C, changed every 12 h) for the first 10 days of embryonic development, …

Emission Factors For Crop Residue And Prescribed Fires In The Eastern Us During Firex-Aq, Katherine R. Travis, James H. Crawford, Amber J. Soja, Emily M. Gargulinski, Richard H. Moore, Elizabeth B. Wiggins, Glenn S. Diskin, Joshua P. Digangi, John B. Nowak, Hannah Halliday, Robert J. Yokelson, Jessica L. Mccarty, Isobel J. Simpson, Donald R. Blake, Simone Meinardi, Rebecca S. Hornbrook, Eric C. Apel, Alan J. Hills, Carsten Warneke, Matthew M. Coggon, Andrew W. Rollins, Jessica B. Gilman, Caroline C. Womack, Michael A. Robinson, Joseph M. Katich, Jeff Peischl, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Ilann Bourgeois, Pamela S. Rickly, Aaron Lamplugh, Jack E. Dibb, Jose L. Jimenez, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Douglas A. Day, Hongyu Guo, Demetrios Pagonis, Paul O. Wennberg, John D. Crounse, Lu Xu, Thomas F. Hanisco, Glenn M. Wolfe, Jin Liao, Jason M. St. Clair, Benjamin A. Nault, Alan Fried, Anne E. Perring

Faculty Publications

Agricultural and prescribed burning activities emit large amounts of trace gases and aerosols on regional to global scales. We present a compilation of emission factors (EFs) and emission ratios from the eastern portion of the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) campaign in 2019 in the United States, which sampled burning of crop residues and other prescribed fire fuels. FIREX-AQ provided comprehensive chemical characterization of 53 crop residue and 22 prescribed fires. Crop residues burned at different modified combustion efficiencies (MCE), with corn residue burning at higher MCE than other fuel types. Prescribed fires burned …

Lipid Correction For Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis Of Yellowfin Tuna, Michael A. Dance, Mitchell S. Lovell

Faculty Publications

Carbon stable isotopes (δ¹³C) are widely used in ecological studies to understand diet, food web dynamics, and movements of marine fishes. Still, δ¹³C is influenced by lipid content and often requires chemical extraction or mathematical correction. Here, we developed a species-specific mathematical lipid correction for white muscle tissue of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), a highly migratory finfish of considerable economic and ecological value. Lipid extraction was conducted on yellowfin tuna white muscle tissue (C:N range: 2.96–6.49), and both linear and non-linear lipid correction models for δ¹³C were fitted and assessed. Lipid extraction increased δ …

The World's 100 Worst Invasive Alien Insect Species Differ In Their Characteristics From Related Non-Invasive Species, Zihua Zhao, Cang Hui, Shuo Peng, Shanqing Yi, Zhihong Li, Gadi V.P. Reddy, Mark Van Kleunen

Faculty Publications

While there has been great interest in species characteristics that promote invasiveness, still little is known about the characteristics that distinguish invasive from non-invasive insects. Using a database on the naturalised distributions of alien insects and expert opinions about their impacts, we identified the world's 100 worst invasive insect species. By comparing species characteristics reported in the literature using a meta-analysis, between the 100 worst invasive species and related non-invasive species, we found that invasive insects overall have more pathways of introduction, occur in more habitats, have higher fecundities, higher voltinism, more genes, shorted lifespans and faster development from egg …

A Smartphone-Enabled Imaging Device For Chromotropic Acid-Based Measurement Of Nitrate In Soil Samples, Veerabhadrappa Lavanya, Anshuman Nayak, Partha Deb Roy, Shubhadip Dasgupta, Subhadip Dey, Bin Li, David C. Weindorf, Somsubhra Chakraborty

Faculty Publications

In this study, a novel chromotropic acid-based color development method was proposed for quick estimation of soil nitrate (NO3−). The method utilized a 3D printed device integrated with the rear-end camera of a smartphone and a stand-alone application called SMART NP. By analyzing the mean Value (V) component of the sample’s image, the SMART NP provides instant predictions of soil NO3− levels. The limit of detection was calculated as 0.1 mg L−1 with a sensitivity of 0.26 mg L−1. The device showed a % bias of 0.9% and a precision of 1.95%, indicating its reliability. Additionally, the device-predicted soil NO3− …

Assessing Water Relations And Carbon Dynamics Of Pinus Taeda Branches Undergoing Shade-Induced Mortality, Adelodun R. Majekobaje, Thomas J. Dean

Faculty Publications

Light acts as a complex signal, influencing various plant physiological, phenological and morphogenetic traits. Although previous studies have explored the effects of varying light levels on branch growth and survival, the underlying mechanisms of branch mortality under shade conditions remain poorly understood, hindering our understanding of canopy dynamics. In this study, contrasting shade conditions were imposed on Pinus taeda branches, and the changes in their water relations and carbon dynamics were evaluated. Monthly measurements of the photosynthetic light–response curve (LRC), sap flow and water potential of the branches were conducted. Furthermore, the conditions that led to the deaths of lower …

Upper Ocean Biogeochemistry Of The Oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: From Nutrient Sources To Carbon Export, Minhan Dai, Ya Wei Luo, Eric P. Achterberg, Thomas J. Browning, Yihua Cai, Zhimian Cao, Fei Chai, Bingzhang Chen, Matthew J. Church, Dongjian Ci, Chuanjun Du, Kunshan Gao, Xianghui Guo, Zhendong Hu, Shuh Ji Kao, Edward A. Laws, Zhongping Lee, Hongyang Lin, Qian Liu, Xin Liu, Weicheng Luo, Feifei Meng, Shaoling Shang, Dalin Shi, Hiroaki Saito, Luping Song, Xianhui Sean Wan, Yuntao Wang, Wei Lei Wang, Zuozhu Wen, Peng Xiu, Jing Zhang, Ruifeng Zhang

Faculty Publications

Subtropical gyres cover 26%–29% of the world's surface ocean and are conventionally regarded as ocean deserts due to their permanent stratification, depleted surface nutrients, and low biological productivity. Despite tremendous advances over the past three decades, particularly through the Hawaii Ocean Time-series and the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study, which have revolutionized our understanding of the biogeochemistry in oligotrophic marine ecosystems, the gyres remain understudied. We review current understanding of upper ocean biogeochemistry in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, considering other subtropical gyres for comparison. We focus our synthesis on spatial variability, which shows larger than expected dynamic ranges of properties …

Leveraging Cultural Wealth, Identities And Motivation: How Diverse Intersectional Groups Of Low-Income Undergraduate Stem Students Persist In Collegiate Stem Environments, Raeshan D. Davis, Zakiya Wilson-Kennedy

Faculty Publications

Grounded in a conceptual framework incorporating intersectionality, motivation, self-determination, and self-efficacy, this empirical study investigated how individuals’ identities, mindsets, and resources in educational environments intentionally cultivated to support their decision-making, development, and connections in the science community, can significantly increase the recruitment, persistence, and success of low-income, academically talented science students from diverse backgrounds. Several factors—academic performance in coursework, self-image, self-agency, financial support, and social integration in the science culture—continue to significantly impact student retention and persistence in STEM disciplines. Many of these factors are negatively affected based on a students’ intersecting identities, which can be detrimental to their academic …

Computation Of High-Order Sensitivities Of Model Responses To Model Parameters—I: Underlying Motivation And Current Methods, Dan Gabriel Cacuci

Faculty Publications

The mathematical/computational model of a physical system comprises parameters and independent and dependent variables. Since the physical system is seldom known precisely and since the model’s parameters stem from experimental procedures that are also subject to uncertainties, the results predicted by a computational model are imperfect. Quantifying the reliability and accuracy of results produced by a model (called “model responses”) requires the availability of sensitivities (i.e., functional partial derivatives) of model responses with respect to model parameters. This work reviews the basic motivations for computing high-order sensitivities and illustrates their importance by means of an OECD/NEA reactor physics benchmark, which …

Yolov4_Cspbi: Enhanced Land Target Detection Model, Lirong Yin, Lei Wang, Jianqiang Li, Siyu Lu, Jiawei Tian, Zhengtong Yin, Shan Liu, Wenfeng Zheng

Faculty Publications

The identification of small land targets in remote sensing imagery has emerged as a significant research objective. Despite significant advancements in object detection strategies based on deep learning for visible remote sensing images, the performance of detecting a small and densely distributed number of small targets remains suboptimal. To address this issue, this study introduces an improved model named YOLOV4_CPSBi, based on the YOLOV4 architecture, specifically designed to enhance the detection capability of small land targets in remote sensing imagery. The proposed model enhances the traditional CSPNet by redefining its channel partitioning and integrating this enhanced structure into the neck …

Cybercompetitions: A Survey Of Competitions, Tools, And Systems To Support Cybersecurity Education, Tyler Balon, Ibrahim (Abe) Baggili

Faculty Publications

Over the last decade, industry and academia have worked towards raising students’ interests in cybersecurity through game-like competitions to fill a shortfall of cybersecurity professionals. Rising interest in video games in combination with gamification techniques make learning fun, easy, and addictive. It is crucial that cybersecurity curricula enhance and expose cybersecurity education to a diversified student body to meet workforce demands. Gamification through cybercompetitions is one method to achieve that. With a vast list of options for competition type, focus areas, learning outcomes, and participant experience levels we need to systematize knowledge of attributes that ameliorate cybercompetitions. In the wake …

Assessing The Threat Of Rosetta 2 On Apple Silicon Devices, Raphaela Mettig, Charles Glass, Andrew Case, Golden G. Richard

Faculty Publications

In November 2020, Apple introduced a new architecture, Apple Silicon, that would power all new laptops and desktops. Based on ARM64 and with many custom features added by Apple, this marked a complete switch from the Intel-based systems that have powered Apple laptops and desktops for many years. With such a radical change, it was obvious that many existing digital forensics and incident response techniques would need to be re-evaluated on the platform. Similarly, several new additions to the operating system are interesting as potential abuse vectors for malware and malicious actors. In this paper, we document our effort to …

Dose–Response Of Creatine Supplementation On Cognitive Function In Healthy Young Adults, Terence Moriarty, Kelsey Bourbeau, Katie Dorman, Lance Runyon, Noah Glaser, Jenna Brandt, Mallory Hoodjer, Scott C. Forbes, Darren G. Candow

Faculty Publications

To determine if creatine (Cr) supplementation could influence cognitive performance and whether any changes were related to changes in prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during such cognitive tasks, thirty (M = 11, F = 19) participants were evenly randomized to receive supplementation with Cr (CR10:10 g/day or CR20:20 g/day) or a placebo (PLA:10 g/day) for 6 weeks. Participants completed a cognitive test battery (processing speed, episodic memory, and attention) on two separate occasions prior to and following supplementation. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure PFC oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) during the cognitive evaluation. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to …

Increasing Equity In The Transnational Allocation Of Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens: A Multi-Modal Approach, Ana Santos Rutschman

Faculty Publications

This article proposes the adoption of a multi-modal system for allocating vaccine doses during large transnational outbreaks of infectious diseases. The chosen allocative criteria (public health need; country-income level; qualification through funding; and, subsidiarily, a modified lottery system) are adapted from a current embodiment of allocative multi-modality outside the context of public health: the New York City Marathon

Reinvigorating Engineered Noise Controls: A Systems Approach, Jeremy Slagley, Adam Dudarewicz, Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska Małgorzata, Francis Slagley

Faculty Publications

Excerpt: Hearing loss is a major worldwide health issue affecting an estimated 1.5 billion people. Causes of hearing loss include genetics, chemicals, medications, lifestyle habits such as smoking, and noise. Noise is probably the largest contributing factor for hearing loss. Noise arises from the workplace, ambient environment, and leisure activities. The easiest noise sources to control are workplace and environmental. Workplace noise is unique in that the employer is responsible for the noise and the worker. Also, workers may be exposed to much higher levels of noise than they would accept elsewhere. Employers follow the traditional hierarchy of controls (substitution/engineering, …

Low-Rate Tens As An Effective Treatment For Pelvic Pain - A Retrospective Case Report, Michelle Allyn, Ryan Kamienseski

Faculty Publications

Purpose: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) affects 27% of the world’s female population. The purpose of this case report was to investigate the use of low-rate transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in a woman with CPP. Few studies have investigated the effects of low-rate TENS on gynecological related pelvic pain. Methods: A 21-year-old woman presented with a six-month history of pelvic pain and decreased quality of life. Persistent pain led the patient to seek physical therapy treatment. Single-channel low-rate TENS (five hertz frequency, 250 microseconds phase duration) was provided for 30 minutes daily at the maximum tolerated intensity, …

Ironnetinjector: Weaponizing .Net Dynamic Language Runtime Engines, Anthony J. Rose, Scott R. Graham, Jacob Krasnov

Faculty Publications

As adversaries evolve their Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) to stay ahead of defenders, Microsoft’s .NET Framework emerges as a common component found in the tradecraft of many contemporary Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), whether through PowerShell or C#. Because of .NET’s ease of use and availability on every recent Windows system, it is at the forefront of modern TTPs and is a primary means of exploitation. This article considers the .NET Dynamic Language Runtime as an attack vector, and how APTs have utilized it for offensive purposes. The technique under scrutiny is Bring Your Own Interpreter (BYOI), which is the …

Key Elements Of A File Format Strategy, Tyler Thorsted

Faculty Publications

Within the Digital Preservation Community there are many references to policies on file formats, acceptable file formats, preservation policies and strategies, risk matrices, and action plans. All have the intention of defining and describing file formats and guiding decisions on which formats to preserve how, and when. My team and I originally created a File Format Action Plan, which was later migrated from OneNote to Confluence and then included more strategic plans for hundreds of file formats. This paper explores which key elements should be included in an effective file format strategy and the different ways such data can be …

Reply To: Contribution Of Carbon Inputs To Soil Carbon Accumulation Cannot Be Neglected, Feng Tao, Benjamin Z. Houlton, Serita D. Frey, Johannes Lehmann, Stefano Manzoni, Yuanyuan Huang, Lifen Jiang, Umakant Mishra, Bruce A. Hungate, Michael W. I. Schmidt, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Philippe Ciais, Ying-Ping Wang, Bernhard Ahrens, Gustaf Hugelius, Toby D. Hocking, Xingjie Lu, Zheng Shi, Kostiantyn Viatkin, Ronald Vargas, Yusuf Yigini, Christian Omuto, Ashish A. Malik, Guillermo Peralta, Rosa Cuevas-Corona, Luciano E. Di Paolo, Isabel Luotto, Cuijuan Liao, Yi-Shuang Liang, Vinisa S. Saynes, Xiaomeng Huang, Yiqi Luo

Faculty Publications

In the accompanying Comment1, He et al. argue that the determinant role of microbial carbon use efficiency in global soil organic carbon (SOC) storage shown in Tao et al. (2023)2 was overestimated because carbon inputs were neglected in our data analysis while they suggest that our model-based analysis could be biased and model-dependent. Their argument is based on a different choice of independent variables in the data analysis and a sensitivity analysis of two process-based models other than that used in our study. We agree that both carbon inputs and outputs (as mediated by microbial processes) matter when predicting SOC …

Machine Learning For Low Signal-To-Noise Ratio Detection, Fred Lacy, Angel Ruiz-Reyes, Anthony Brescia

Faculty Publications

Sensor networks collect data that is often contaminated by noise. Therefore, it is often necessary to analyze sensor data to determine if a signal is present. This research project utilizes a machine learning algorithm that is able to detect a signal in the presence of noise. The algorithm incorporates the long short-term memory (LSTM) method to determine the presence or absence of a signal in the midst of white Gaussian noise. This machine learning approach was tested with computer generated data and has an accuracy of at least 98% for signal-to-noise levels greater than -12 dB. Furthermore, this algorithm can …

The Impact Of Physical Exercise On Health-Related Quality Of Life In Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ayokunle T. Abegunde, Daniela Goyes, Umer Farooq, Amy H. Luke, Elizabeth Huggins, Richard S. Cooper, Lara R. Dugas

Faculty Publications

Objectives: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows:. Primary objective: to determine the effect of structured physical activity and exercise therapy compared to placebo or normal physical activity on HRQOL of people with IBD (UC, CD, IBDU). Secondary objective: to evaluate the impact of these physical activity interventions on maintenance of remission and fatigue.

Doctors’ Duty To Provide Abortion Information, Michelle Oberman, Lisa Soleymani Lehmann

Faculty Publications

With abortion remaining legal in over half of the country and a proliferation of websites offering information on how to access abortion medications, ending an unwanted early-stage pregnancy remains surprisingly easy. That is, easy for those who know where to look. But not all patients have equal access to reliable information. This Article addresses the urgent downstream harms caused by the lack of access to abortion information, particularly among the most vulnerable Americans, and argues that, in view of these consequences, regardless of abortion’s legal status, clinicians have a duty to provide their patients with abortion information.

We begin with …

Don't Fear The Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review Of Machine Learning For Prostate Cancer Detection In Pathology, Aaryn Frewing, Alexander B. Gibson, Richard Robertson, Paul Urie, Dennis Della Corte

Faculty Publications

The adoption of whole slide image (WSI) scanners in clinical practice was accelerated by US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2017, which allowed primary pathologic diagnoses to be made on scanned images. Images in the digital domain allow the application of pathology artificial intelligence (AI), including clinical decision support with algorithms performing specific diagnoses.1,2 These algorithms, if trained properly, could go beyond the ability of human observation to detect and quantify features that are not recognizable by human perception.1,3,4

Season, Not Long-Term Warming, Affects The Relationship Between Ecosystem Function And Microbial Diversity, Melissa S. Shinfuku, Luiz A. Domeignoz-Horta, Mallory J. Choudoir, Serita D. Frey, Kristen M. Deangelis

Faculty Publications

Across biomes, soil biodiversity promotes ecosystem functions. However, whether this relationship will be maintained under climate change is uncertain. Here, using two long-term warming experiments, we investigated how warming affects the relationship between ecosystem functions and microbial diversity across seasons, soil horizons, and warming duration. The soils in these warming experiments were heated +5 °C above ambient for 13 or 28 years. We measured seven different ecosystem functions representative of soil carbon cycling, soil nitrogen cycling, or nutrient pools. We also surveyed bacterial and fungal community diversity. We found that the relationship between ecosystem function and bacterial diversity and the …

Ph-Dependent Solution Micellar Structure Of Amphoteric Polypeptoid Block Copolymers With Positionally Controlled Ionizable Sites, Meng Zhang, Yun Liu, Xiaobing Zuo, Shuo Qian, Sai Venkatesh Pingali, Richard E. Gillilan, Qingqiu Huang, Donghui Zhang

Faculty Publications

While solution micellization of ionic block copolymers (BCP) with randomly distributed ionization sites along the hydrophilic segments has been extensively studied, the roles of positionally controlled ionization sites along the BCP chains in their micellization and resulting micellar structure remain comparatively less understood. Herein, three amphoteric polypeptoid block copolymers carrying two oppositely charged ionizable sites, with one fixed at the hydrophobic terminus and the other varyingly positioned along the hydrophilic segment, have been synthesized by sequential ring-opening polymerization method. The presence of the ionizable site at the hydrophobic segment terminus is expected to promote polymer association toward equilibrium micellar structures …