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Dames, Doilies, & Divorce., Tenille Novinger
Dames, Doilies, & Divorce., Tenille Novinger
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
My work focuses on repurposing historic images and feminine objects to create a contemporary dialogue about the traditions of courtship, marriage and divorce. The use of textiles and feminine objects such as doilies, lace, slips and wallpaper serve as the visual foundation of my work. I am interested in how these objects, often combined with selected texts, create metaphors regarding relationships. Courtship, marriage and divorce are the three potential steps of a relationship. This thesis is arranged into three chapters: materials, themes, and influences found within my studio research and subsequent MA in Studio Arts Exhibition, Dames, Doilies, & Divorce …
Specific B Alleles Matter In Phytopathogenic Ustilago Maydis., Kavita Burman Aulakh
Specific B Alleles Matter In Phytopathogenic Ustilago Maydis., Kavita Burman Aulakh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The smut fungus, Usti/ago maydis is an obligate parasite on maize plants in order to complete its sexual life cycle. The haploid form is self-sterile but compatible mated cells undergo a dimorphic switch from yeast like to infectious dikaryotic filaments. Mating types are determined by two unlinked loci, the a locus and the b locus. The a locus is involved in self and non-self cell recognition through production and sensing of pheromone. The b locus of compatible mating types encodes a functional transcription factor that is involved in regulation of expression of genes responsible for filamentation, virulence and pathogenicity. Both …
Bayesian Regression Analysis., Sara Evans
Bayesian Regression Analysis., Sara Evans
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Regression analysis is a statistical method used to relate a variable of interest, typically y (the dependent variable), to a set of independent variables, usually, X1, X2,...,Xn . The goal is to build a model that assists statisticians in describing, controlling, and predicting the dependent variable based on the independent variable(s). There are many types of regression analysis: Simple and Multiple Linear Regression, Nonlinear Regression, and Bayesian Regression Analysis to name a few. Here we will explore simple and multiple linear regression and Bayesian linear regression. For years, the most widely used method of regression analysis has been the Frequentist …
Modeling Small Objects Under Uncertainties : Novel Algorithms And Applications., Amal A. Farag
Modeling Small Objects Under Uncertainties : Novel Algorithms And Applications., Amal A. Farag
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Active Shape Models (ASM), Active Appearance Models (AAM) and Active Tensor Models (ATM) are common approaches to model elastic (deformable) objects. These models require an ensemble of shapes and textures, annotated by human experts, in order identify the model order and parameters. A candidate object may be represented by a weighted sum of basis generated by an optimization process. These methods have been very effective for modeling deformable objects in biomedical imaging, biometrics, computer vision and graphics. They have been tried mainly on objects with known features that are amenable to manual (expert) annotation. They have not been examined on …
"The Best Interest Of The Child" : An Exploration Of The Sociocultural Agendas Associated With The Care Of Orphaned And Vulnerable Children In China., Dennis W. Feaster
"The Best Interest Of The Child" : An Exploration Of The Sociocultural Agendas Associated With The Care Of Orphaned And Vulnerable Children In China., Dennis W. Feaster
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to explore the set of sociocultural agendas that emerge around the care of orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) in China. While there is general agreement among stakeholders about the need to work for "the best interests" of OVC, there is significant variance in how these best interests are constructed and defined. An ethnographic scan of attitudes and awareness of OVC and OVC care in Henan Province, China, provide the initial context for exploration. This context is the basis for the subsequent nested case study of a multi-party, intergovernmental cooperative project designed to develop and …
Development Of Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene (Pttg) Transgenic Mice For The Treatment Of Ovarian Cancer., Miranda Y. Fong 1982-
Development Of Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene (Pttg) Transgenic Mice For The Treatment Of Ovarian Cancer., Miranda Y. Fong 1982-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation is a hypothesis-driven research oriented study to determine the role of the pituitary-tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in ovarian cancer, specifically if it is involved in neoplastic transformation leading to tumorigenesis through oncogene activation and the involvement of tumor-suppressor gene, p53. Furthermore, generation of a useful ovarian cancer mouse model provides a platform technology to screen for ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment options. This dissertation is divided into four chapters covering the etiology of ovarian cancer and a novel treatment strategy for ovarian cancer. The first chapter reviews the related literature encompassing the etiology of ovarian cancer, mouse models …
Cationic Aminooxy Lipids : Synthesis, Liposome Stabilization And Applications., Xuan Huang
Cationic Aminooxy Lipids : Synthesis, Liposome Stabilization And Applications., Xuan Huang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation describes research focused on the synthesis, polymerization and applications of cationic aminooxy lipids. An efficient and convenient method was developed to stabilize liposomes using 'click chemistry'. The 'click stabilized liposomes' are fortified via covalent crosslinks generated between aldehyde and aminooxy functionalities in the lipid bilayers. Compared to untreated liposomes (i.e., no lipid-lipid bonding), the 'click' stabilized liposomes are considerably more stable against surfactant-mediated liposome disruption or serum-mediated liposome aggregation. Stabilized liposomes also can react with 'clickable' targeted ligands on the liposome surface for specific organ (e.g. breast cancer cells or liver) targeting. In this thesis, I have explored …
Identifying Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans Periodontal Antigens By Immunoscreening., Gerald Bernard Pevow
Identifying Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans Periodontal Antigens By Immunoscreening., Gerald Bernard Pevow
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Periodontitis is a chronic, destructive inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth with a high prevalence among adults. While the complete pathogenesis of periodontitis remains unclear, it is initiated and sustained by dental plaque containing pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, and Prevotella intermedia. Our hypothesis is that multiple antigens are recognized by human antibodies, and antigens can be identified by use of a genomic expression library. We developed an unbiased global approach to define A. actinomycetemcomitans protein antigens that elicit humoral immune responses and developed a screening method to identify periodontal antigens. We identified …
Thermally Driven Knudsen Gas Pump Enhanced With A Thermoelectric Material., Kunal Pharas 1979-
Thermally Driven Knudsen Gas Pump Enhanced With A Thermoelectric Material., Kunal Pharas 1979-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The thesis focuses on improving the flowrate of the Knudsen gas pump. The Knudsen pump uses thermal transpiration as the driving mechanism to pump gas. It is a motionless gas pump as the pump does not require any moving actuators for pumping. The thermally driven gas flow is accomplished in the molecular or transitional gas flow regime. The advantage of this pump is that without any moving parts it avoids friction losses and stiction problems which devices in micro scale are prone to suffering due to scaling issues. Thus, this pump is highly robust and reliable. Knudsen pumps in the …
Emotional Labor In A Gendered Occupation : The Work Of A Female Funeral Director., Allison Scott Pruitt
Emotional Labor In A Gendered Occupation : The Work Of A Female Funeral Director., Allison Scott Pruitt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Hochschild (1983) stated that emotional labor has unique consequences for women. However, most studies of these consequences have been situated in feminized occupations which have wage penalties and little upward mobility (see Sweet and Meiksins, 2004). This poses a problem as it may be difficult to tease apart what stressors are the result of emotional labor and which are a part of the broader issues of feminized work. The present research suggests that the funeral industry is a unique context for the study of women's emotional labor, as it is a numerically male dominated profession (BLS, 2010). Using semi-structured, in-depth …
Women In Intercollegiate Athletics : An Exploration Of The Career Development Of Female Senior Administrators., Meg C. Hancock
Women In Intercollegiate Athletics : An Exploration Of The Career Development Of Female Senior Administrators., Meg C. Hancock
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The roles of assistant and associate athletic director have been identified as positions in the "pipeline" to achieving the position of Athletic Director (Grappendorf, Lough, & Griffin, 2004; Lapchick, 2010). Given the underrepresentation of female Athletic Directors in intercollegiate athletics and the concern that women may experience difficulty accessing such positions, there is a growing need to understand the career experiences and expectations of women in senior-level management positions in intercollegiate athletics. The purpose of this study was to explore the career development of female assistant and associate athletic directors at NCAA Division I institutions. This study investigated participants' (a) …
Exploration Of The Chemistry Of Alkynes And Selectfluor : Search For Cytotoxic Agents From The Amazonian Rainforest., Zhuang Jin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Vicinal dithioethers and alkenyl thioethers were synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions using alkyne and thiol in water. Alkynes were also used to develop a multibond-fonning reaction that fonned cyclic ketones or ketoesters through a goldcatalyzed intramolecular oxygen transfer isomerization of 2-alkynyl-l ,5-diketones or 2- alkyny 1-5 -ketoesters. The investigation of Selectfluor chemistry yielded a highly stereoselective synthesis of fluoroalky (E)-a,ß-unsaturated ketones from allenyl esters, through a gold-catalyzed rearrangement that produced an intennediate dienyl ester. When Selectfluor was combined with copper, it produced two oxidative systems, F-TEDA-BF4 and F-TEDAPF 6, both of which efficiently converted amides into imides at room temperature …
Theory, Praxis And Transformation : The Dramatic Writing Of Suzan-Lori Parks As Liberatory Critical Pedagogy., Tamika Keene
Theory, Praxis And Transformation : The Dramatic Writing Of Suzan-Lori Parks As Liberatory Critical Pedagogy., Tamika Keene
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research examined how the dramatic writing of Suzan-Lori Parks functioned as a form of critical pedagogy which may serve to elevate the critical consciousness of African American women. It sought to consider the implications of her dramatic writing in relation to the African American female experience. Specifically, this research explored Parks's dramatic work In The Blood by way of a constructed pedagogical model which utilized Henry A. Giroux's perspective on critical pedagogy and Lisa M. Anderson's perspective of a "black feminist aesthetic" (of theatre). This framework also incorporated methods of a literary deconstructive strategy, a black feminist approach and …
Size- And Shape-Dependent Electrochemistry Of Gold Nanoparticles., Irina V. Khachian
Size- And Shape-Dependent Electrochemistry Of Gold Nanoparticles., Irina V. Khachian
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation describes 1) size-dependent electrochemical oxidation/stripping of chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), 2) copper underpotential deposition (Cu-VPD) on different sized chemically-synthesized and electrochemically-deposited Au NPs attached to glass/indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes, and 3) electrochemical synthesis of Au nanoplates directly on glass/ITO electrodes. The motivation of this work was to better understand the characteristics and electrochemical properties of metal nanostructures with different sizes and shapes. We synthesized Au nanoparticles with average diameters ranging from 5 to 45 nm by a chemical seed-mediated growth method and electrostatically attached them to amino-functionalized glass/ITO electrodes. Linear sweep voltammograms (LSVs) obtained on electrodes coated …
Using A Statistical Model To Locate Orthodontic Underserved Areas Capable Of Supporting Practices In Kentucky., Wes Cardall
Using A Statistical Model To Locate Orthodontic Underserved Areas Capable Of Supporting Practices In Kentucky., Wes Cardall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: Malocclusion can affect an individual's quality of life. Unfortunately, access to orthodontic treatment is limited for many children. Access is improved when orthodontists select practice locations where their services are most needed. Methods: A statistical model was applied to demographic and dental practice data in Kentucky to determine underserved areas that have the capacity to support additional orthodontic practices. All zip codes and practices were mapped using a geographic information system (GIS). Results: The model identified 30 underserved zip codes with practice-supporting capability, but this number fell to zero after additional verification. Sixteen counties (13.3%) contain areas located more …
Depression In Reproductive-Age Women : Assessment Of Infectious, Endocrinological, And Immunological Correlates From An Evolutionary Perspective., Amber N. Carrier
Depression In Reproductive-Age Women : Assessment Of Infectious, Endocrinological, And Immunological Correlates From An Evolutionary Perspective., Amber N. Carrier
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Depression is one of the most frequent causes of disability worldwide. It can affect the psychological, social, and physical wellbeing of those that suffer from it, the majority of which are women. Depression has been linked to immune activation as well as serotonin depletion through a reduction in its precursor, tryptophan. Chlamydia trachomatis infection and estrogen can influence both the immune system and tryptophan levels, thereby biochemically inducing a depressive state. If this is the case, the use of exogenous estrogen through oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) could increase depressive symptoms, while the use of antibiotics to treat C. trachomatis infection …
Sulfur Oxygenation Of Ruthenium-Dithiolate Nitrile Hydratase Mimic Enhances Ligand Lability And Hydrolysis Activity., Cesar Antonio Masitas Castillo
Sulfur Oxygenation Of Ruthenium-Dithiolate Nitrile Hydratase Mimic Enhances Ligand Lability And Hydrolysis Activity., Cesar Antonio Masitas Castillo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is a metalloenzyme that contains a non-heme iron (III) or non-corin cobalt (III) in a non-redox active role. NHase is used as biocatalyst in the industry for the hydrolysis of nitriles to arnides. The trivalent metal ions are six coordinate with the ligand sphere made up of three cysteines, two amide nitro gens, and a waterlhydroxide or nitrile substrate. Interestingly, the N2S3 active site contains two post-translationally modified cysteine residues, resulting in an unusual thiolato (RS-), sulfenate (RS(O)-), sulfinate (RS(Oh-) donor set. Synthetic work to mimic the unusual donor set by direct oxygenation of a metallodithiolate precursor …
Building A Dynamic Model Linking Potential Mercury Regulations To Risk To Susceptible Populations., Caroline Biagi Chan
Building A Dynamic Model Linking Potential Mercury Regulations To Risk To Susceptible Populations., Caroline Biagi Chan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Human exposure to mercury has been shown to cause a number of adverse health outcomes, predominantly neurological effects. The developing fetus is most susceptible, and even low levels of exposure have been shown to produce nervous system deficits. A systems approach was used to address the problem of human exposure to mercury from the consumption of contaminated fish from local waterways. Two models were developed in order to link environmental levels of mercury with human exposure. The human exposure model characterizes the disposition of mercury in the human body and fetus. The bioaccumulation model tracks the movement of mercury from …
3d Visualization Of In-Flight Recorded Data., Gyuchoon Cho 1975-
3d Visualization Of In-Flight Recorded Data., Gyuchoon Cho 1975-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Human being can easily acquire information by showing the object than reading the description of it. Our brain stores images that the eyes are seeing and by the brain mapping, people can analyze information by imagination in the brain. This is the reason why visualization is important and powerful. It helps people remember the scene later. Visualization transforms the symbolic into the geometric, enabling researchers to observe their simulations and computations (Flurchick, 2001). As a consequence, many computer scientists and programmers take their time to build better visualization of the data for users. For the flight data from an aircraft, …
Mad At Miles : A Black Woman's Guide To Truth : Theatre Building Using Myths, Motifs, And Archetypes., Triza Triza Cox
Mad At Miles : A Black Woman's Guide To Truth : Theatre Building Using Myths, Motifs, And Archetypes., Triza Triza Cox
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis chronicles my journey within the framework of a hero's journey, as a theatre artist in the Master of Fine Arts program at the University of Louisville's Theatre Arts Department. This thesis is divided into six chapters that explore the importance of using and understanding myths, motifs, and archetypes for character development in general and specifically for building the ensemble production from Pearl Cleage's collection of essays: Mad at Miles: A Black Woman's Guide to Truth. The Introduction explores the origins of the drive for humans to create art. Chapter One investigates my attraction to theatre through my personal …
Computational Modelling Of Cobalamin-Dependent Enzymatic Reactions : Activation Of Co-C Bond In Adenosylcobalamin-Dependent Mutases And Cob(Ii)Alamin/Cob(I)Alamin Redox Process In Methyltransferases., Manoj Kumar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The role of the active site tyrosine residue in the Co-C5' bond activation in the context of adenosylcobalamin-dependent mutases has been computationally investigated. The density functional, complete active space self-consistent field and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations have predicted that the deprotonated tyrosine can serve as a redox center potentially causing the one-electron reduction of B12 cofactor. As a result, the reduced form of adenosylcobalamin has been suggested to participate in B12 catalysis and an alternate mechanism for explaining the origin of catalysis in adenosylcobalamin-dependent mutases has been proposed. The implications of the involvement of the reduced B12 cofactor in the …
Cloning, Heterologous Expression In Yeast, And Biochemical Characterization Of Recombinant Putative Glucosyltransferase Clones 9 And 11 From Grapefruit (Citrus Paradisi), Anye Wamucho
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that play diverse roles in plants and human health. These compounds in most part exist in the glucosylated form. Grapefruit accumulates high levels of glucosylated flavonoids. Plant secondary product glucosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the glucosylation reaction, but due to low homology at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of different GTs, it is not possible to ascribe function based on sequence only. The hypotheses that PGT clones 9 and 11 are plant secondary product GTs and are biochemically regulated were tested. PGT 9 has been cloned into Pichia pastoris using the pPICZA and pPICZAα …
Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation/Cleavage Reactions Of Metal-Stabilized Thiyl Radicals By Electrochemical And Chemical Methods., Kagna Ouch Sampson 1983-
Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation/Cleavage Reactions Of Metal-Stabilized Thiyl Radicals By Electrochemical And Chemical Methods., Kagna Ouch Sampson 1983-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The oxidation of metallothiolates is complicated by "non-innocence" or potential redox activity of sulfur to yield thiyl (RS•) radicals. In some instances, the one-electron oxidation of metal thiolates yields a product with the unpaired electron nearly equally delocalized between metal and sulfur such that, a specific site of oxidation cannot be defined. We refer to these complexes as metal-stabilized thiyl radicals. This dissertation explores reversible carbon-sulfur bond formation between metal-stabilized thiyl radicals and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Oxidation of the metal thiolate precursors [Ru(DPPBT)3]- Ru-l, and Re(DPPBT)3, Re-l, (DPPBT = diphenylphosphino-benzenethiolato), generates reactive species add with alkenes, alkynes, and dienes to yield …
Emotional Distress In Older Adults With Cancer : A Multilevel Longitudinal Study., Tara J. Schapmire
Emotional Distress In Older Adults With Cancer : A Multilevel Longitudinal Study., Tara J. Schapmire
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used to examine factors that influence emotional distress in older adults with cancer, arid to learn whether these distress trajectories are different from older adults without cancer. The model investigated the influence of life course factors, internal, external and health-related resources on distress over eight years among a nationally representative sample of older adults ages 50-91. Methods: This longitudinal panel study tested a multilevel random intercept multinomial ordered categorical model with a two-nested-Ievel structure using empirical Bayes Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. The model examined individual differences in distress over …
Driving Microfluidic Flows With Three Dimensional Electrodes., Yehya Mohamed Senousy 1982-
Driving Microfluidic Flows With Three Dimensional Electrodes., Yehya Mohamed Senousy 1982-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Most of the structures in submillimeter-scale engineering are created from thin films, making them essentially two-dimensional (2D). Significant work has been done to fabricate 3D structures using self-folding, a deterministic form of self-assembly, and three dimensional lithographic and non-lithographic patterning. The objective of this work is to propose different fabrication and patterning strategies of 3D structures used as pumping electrodes for micro fluidic applications. 3D electrodes drive flows over the whole channel height while 2D electrodes stay near one wall. The first application of the 3D electrodes is mixing chemical or biological samples with reagents for chemical analysis which is …
Genetic Polymorphisms In The Folate Metabolizing Pathway And Breast Cancer Survival., Nandita Das
Genetic Polymorphisms In The Folate Metabolizing Pathway And Breast Cancer Survival., Nandita Das
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Genes in folate metabolizing pathway are responsible for modulating key enzymes in folate metabolisms necessary for DNA synthesis and repair and influence DNA methylation. Irregularity in DNA methylation may modify tumor phenotype response to chemotherapy and abnormal DNA synthesis, and repair may lead to carcinogenesis. This dissertation project tested the hypothesis that the key genes in the folate metabolizing pathway, namely Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) , betaine-homocysteinemethyltransferase (BHMT) , 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine (MTR), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) , and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1) and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) influences all- cause and breast cancer-specific mortality and the association between the genes in the folate …
Applications Of Solid State Nmr To Cardiolipin And Elastin., Tatiana Victorovna Krivokhizhina 1981-
Applications Of Solid State Nmr To Cardiolipin And Elastin., Tatiana Victorovna Krivokhizhina 1981-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation has five chapters. Following an introduction, chapter two describes an investigation of the hypothesis that cardiolipin has a proton storage function in mitochondrial membranes. Chapters three and four present a novel NMR study of the elastic mechanism in elastin. Directions for the future research are given in the last chapter. To investigate the hypothesis that cardiolipin has a proton storage function, we have used 31p, 1H and 13C NMR. A single axially symmetric 31p pattern with reversed anisotropy compared to the static pattern is observed from pH 4 to 9 for tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL). This confirms that (a) …
Development Of A Hydrogel/Polypyrrole Interpenetrating Network For A Potential Application As An Artificial Cardiac Muscle., James J. Lee 1978-
Development Of A Hydrogel/Polypyrrole Interpenetrating Network For A Potential Application As An Artificial Cardiac Muscle., James J. Lee 1978-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Hydrophilic and conductive characteristics in polymers are mutually exclusive of each other. Hydrophilic polymer properties allow absorption of water up to several magnitudes above their dry weight. However, due to their molecular structure, they are not inherently conductive without the aid of a conductive element. Conductive polymers have molecular structures which permit current transfer via a series of delocalized electrons along the polymer backbone. Conversely, due to their organic nature, they are very hydrophobic and will not readily interact with hydrophilic elements. The motivation of this dissertation was to develop a biocompatible material that could potentially support the muscle like …
Co-Option And Adaptation Of Novel Gene Duplications For Pheromone Activity In A Dusky Salamander., Kari Anne Leichty 1987-
Co-Option And Adaptation Of Novel Gene Duplications For Pheromone Activity In A Dusky Salamander., Kari Anne Leichty 1987-
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
For more than a hundred million years, male plethodontid salamanders have utilized non-volatile, proteinaceous courtship pheromones to regulate female mating receptivity and promote mating success. These pheromones - which are delivered after courtship has commenced and do not act as chemical attractants - are delivered from a male's submandibular (mental) gland to the female salamander either by an olfactory mode or transdermally. For approximately 20 years, research on plethodontid courtship pheromones has focused on those involved in olfaction, using the red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani) as a model. However, the olfactory system is a relatively recent adaptation (~20 million years ago) …
Learning From Graphically Integrated 2d And 3d Representations Improves Retention Of Neuroanatomy., Farah Naaz
Learning From Graphically Integrated 2d And 3d Representations Improves Retention Of Neuroanatomy., Farah Naaz
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Visualizations in the form of computer-based learning environments are highly encouraged in science education, especially for teaching spatial material. Some spatial material, such as sectional neuroanatomy, is very challenging to learn. It involves learning the two dimensional (2D) representations that are sampled from the three dimensional (3D) object. In this study, a computer-based learning environment was used to explore the hypothesis that learning sectional neuroanatomy from a graphically integrated 2D and 3D representation will lead to better learning outcomes than learning from a sequential presentation. The integrated representation explicitly demonstrates the 2D-3D transformation and should lead to effective learning. This …