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Feedback In The Flipped High School Stem Classroom, Trisha Michele Gilbreath
Feedback In The Flipped High School Stem Classroom, Trisha Michele Gilbreath
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This study examined how much feedback students received in the flipped high school science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) classroom. The flipped classroom is a pedagogical technique where students watch video instruction at home and complete collaborative activities in class. This technique has gained popularity in recent years, especially in STEM classrooms. The literature on the flipped classroom is inconclusive, with studies mainly conducted in higher education. Student and instructor perceptions were often studied, and those perceptions are generally positive about the flipped classroom, though there are concerns to consider. Student performance shows that the flipped classroom is at least …
Developing Food Quality Standards For Distiller’S Dried Grains – Evaluating Composition Quality And Safety, Tanvee Deshpande
Developing Food Quality Standards For Distiller’S Dried Grains – Evaluating Composition Quality And Safety, Tanvee Deshpande
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: Distillers Grains represent a major co-product of corn ethanol production. At the production rate of 44 million tons/year and a price of $95/ton, this co-product has potential as a food ingredient (solvent-treated dried products) owing to its high protein content (38%) and high fiber content (40%TDF). The aim of the research was to determine the composition, quality and safety of several initial moisture types of distiller’s grains – distiller’s grains without solubles (DG) and distiller’s grains with solubles (DGS) in wet and freeze-dried form (FrD) from 2017 and 2018.
Method: Processing methods were optimized for raw DG & DGS …
Undoing Gender: An Analysis Of How Women Communicate Within The Agricultural Industry, Shala R. Larson
Undoing Gender: An Analysis Of How Women Communicate Within The Agricultural Industry, Shala R. Larson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In recent history, women have entered more business-like positions in the agricultural industry. This thesis seeks to understand how women in agriculture describe their workplace communication and whether they feel they are part of a muted group. Twelve women were interviewed regarding their experiences as women in agriculture and were asked whether they feel valued in their positions and how they communicate with their male co-workers. Specifically, interviewees were asked if they ever felt the need to alter their communication to complement, emulate, or otherwise adjust to masculine communication styles. The majority of women interviewed reported having to strategically choose …
Advanced Analysis Of Compounds Of Toxicological Importance By Ice Concentration Linked With Extractive Stirrer (Icecles) Gc-Ms And Rp-Hplc-Esi-Ms-Ms, Joseph K. Dzisam
Advanced Analysis Of Compounds Of Toxicological Importance By Ice Concentration Linked With Extractive Stirrer (Icecles) Gc-Ms And Rp-Hplc-Esi-Ms-Ms, Joseph K. Dzisam
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cyanide and nitrosoamines (NAs) are ubiquitous compounds, found in our food and water, either by natural process or through man-made activities. The toxicity of cyanide is exerted by its ability to inhibit metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, causing concomitant cascades of biochemical effects such as lactic acidosis, inhibition of ATP production, respiratory seizure, and potential death. Nitrosoamines, on the other hand, undergo biotransformation (metabolic activation in cytochrome P450) in the body to produce unstable intermediates that alkylate DNA, causing mutations, and leading to carcinogenesis. In order to further the advancement of a promising cyanide, cobinamide (Cbi), an LC-MS-MS method …
Changes In Vertical Jump Components Utilizing The Myvert Device In Female Collegiate D-1 Volleyball Players, Samantha Modrick
Changes In Vertical Jump Components Utilizing The Myvert Device In Female Collegiate D-1 Volleyball Players, Samantha Modrick
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to determine daily and weekly variations in vertical jump (VJ) volume and VJ height over the course of a season for female collegiate division 1 volleyball players using Vert® technology. Sixteen volleyball player’s external load was monitored through jump count, average VJ height, number of VJs completed over 20-inches, and the ratio of VJ height relative to maximum tested VJ height. The VJ parameters were compared between practices and games, and between the various position groups (outside hitters, middle blockers, libero/defensive specialist, setters). A large increase in jump count observed during pre-season, peaked at …
Diversifying Cornfields By Interseeding Cover Crops: Practical Implications And The Response Of Invertebrate Communities, Michael Bredeson
Diversifying Cornfields By Interseeding Cover Crops: Practical Implications And The Response Of Invertebrate Communities, Michael Bredeson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The lack of suitable habitat conditions for beneficial organisms in simplified agroecosystems leads to unstable invertebrate communities and overreliance on chemical control of herbivores. It is possible to manage pest populations without agrichemicals by manipulating farmland so that herbivores are impaired by plant-driven bottom-up and enemy-driven top-down antagonisms. Interseeding cover crops between established crop rows is a method used by farmers to improve habitat suitability for natural enemies and hinder host-finding, feeding and movement by herbivores. Here I address three important research gaps related to interseeding cover crops. A calcium carbonate seed coating, used to improve seed-broadcasting efficiency, was tested …
Effects Of Energy Development On Movements, Home Ranges, And Resource Selection Of White-Tailed Deer In The Western Dakotas, Bailey S. Gullikson
Effects Of Energy Development On Movements, Home Ranges, And Resource Selection Of White-Tailed Deer In The Western Dakotas, Bailey S. Gullikson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Oil and natural gas development has increased in recent years and research is needed to assess potential impacts on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. Our objectives were to document movements, home ranges, and resource selection of female white-tailed deer in response to energy development in the western Dakotas. Our study areas included Dunn County, North Dakota, an area with current oil and gas development, and Grant County, North Dakota, and Perkins County, South Dakota, areas without current oil and gas development. We captured and fitted 150 female deer with Very High Frequency (VHF) collars across study sites, and …
Stoichiometric Homeostasis In Two Native And Two Invasive South Dakotan Grasses, Joshua Thonas Harvey
Stoichiometric Homeostasis In Two Native And Two Invasive South Dakotan Grasses, Joshua Thonas Harvey
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Increased nutrient availability has been widely linked to the success of invasive plants, however a general mechanism explaining these observations is lacking. Stoichiometric homeostasis (H), which is the regulation of internal nutrient concentrations, has been used to explain changes in plant community diversity under alterations in nutrient availability. One hypothesis holds that plants with high regulation (larger H) decrease in abundance in nutrient enriched conditions but are stable in nutrient deficient and drought conditions, likely due to extensive root systems. Additionally, plants with low regulation (lower H) increase in abundance under nutrient enriched conditions but are sensitive to drought …
Species Of Fusarium Causing Root Rot Of Soybean In South Dakota: Characterization, Pathogenicity, And Interaction With Heterodera Glycines, Paul Nyawanda Okello
Species Of Fusarium Causing Root Rot Of Soybean In South Dakota: Characterization, Pathogenicity, And Interaction With Heterodera Glycines, Paul Nyawanda Okello
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In South Dakota, Fusarium-associated diseases (e.g. seedling diseases, root rot and sudden death syndrome) are emerging threats to soybean production. Several species of Fusarium have been reported to cause these diseases in the soybean producing regions of the United States and in the world. However, little information is available on the species of Fusarium causing soybean root rot in South Dakota and their pathogenicity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the species of Fusarium causing soybean root rot in South Dakota; (2) evaluate the cross-pathogenicity of species of Fusarium causing root rot of soybean and corn; …
Development Of Tissue-Derived Biomaterial ‘Cornea-Ecmix’: Its Utility In The Management Of Corneal Diseases, Somshuvra Bhattacharya
Development Of Tissue-Derived Biomaterial ‘Cornea-Ecmix’: Its Utility In The Management Of Corneal Diseases, Somshuvra Bhattacharya
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Transparent cornea, at the front of the eye, mediates vision by refracting incoming light. Due to its anatomical position, cornea is susceptible to a variety of physical and chemical insults. Severe damage caused to cornea due to trauma or disease conditions can impair vision. While the cornea’s inherent repair mechanism restores partial vision loss, transplantation is the only viable treatment option if its transparency is completely lost. A global shortage of transplantable donor tissues necessitates the need for the development of functional corneal prosthetics. As cornea mostly is made up of extracellular matrix (ECM), several studies have explored the utility …
Impacts Of Small Intestinal Enzyme Activity And Varying Corn Grain Processing Types On Feeding Behavior, And Growth Performance Of Finishing Beef Steers, Wyatt Smith
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in activity of jejunal maltase and isomaltase between 2 groups of steers with average dry matter intake (DMI) and differing average daily gain (ADG). Dry matter intake and ADG were measured in crossbred steers (n = 69). Jejunal mucosal samples were collected from 8 steers with the greatest (high) or least (low) ADG and average DMI (± 0.55 standard deviation). Homogenates of jejunal mucosa were incubated with increasing amounts of maltose and isomaltose to determine the disaccharidase kinetics. Neither the Km of isomaltase (P = 0.15) or maltase (P = …
Physical Activity Environments In Rural Communities: Exploring The Relationship Between Community Perceptions And The Environment, Elizabeth M. Bye
Physical Activity Environments In Rural Communities: Exploring The Relationship Between Community Perceptions And The Environment, Elizabeth M. Bye
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: To assess the physical activity environment, community perceptions of the physical activity environment, and the relationship between these variables in rural and/or underserved communities with high obesity prevalence.
Methods: The Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) was used to assess the programs and policies (PPA), town-wide amenities (TWA), and street segments (SSA) of the physical activity environment and the Rural Active Living Perceived Environmental Support Scale (RALPESS) was used to assess community perception of the physical activity environment within eleven rural and/or underserved communities. Each section of the RALA and RALPESS are further broken down into additional subsections in order …
Effects Of Weight Loss On Gut Microbiota, Samitinjaya Dhakal
Effects Of Weight Loss On Gut Microbiota, Samitinjaya Dhakal
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Incidence of obesity continues to rise for several decades now. Despite the availability of the multiple weight loss programs, losing or maintaining weight remains a universal challenge. A comprehensive lifestyle modification is usually the cornerstone for achieving weight loss. A wealth of new information on gut microbial responses to diet to impact human health has introduced a new frontier in nutrition science that may help better understand inter-individual response variations to weight-loss interventions. This observational study examined the microbiota changes after weight-loss in relation to age, sex, and body-composition features in adults. A 10% reduction in body weight resulted in …
Food Assistance Programs In The Us And Their Impact On Childhood Obesity, Jannatul Kawsar
Food Assistance Programs In The Us And Their Impact On Childhood Obesity, Jannatul Kawsar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Numerous food assistance programs (FAP) aim to ensure food security among low income American households. However, the literature suggests that participation in food assistance programs may be associated with the US childhood obesity epidemic. The goal of this study is to analyze the association between the number of major food assistance programs children participate in and childhood obesity. The major food assistance programs considered are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), and the School Breakfast Programs (SBP). This is the first study to …
Efficiency Of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Utilization For Whole Body Protein Deposition In Pregnant Gilts And Sows During Early, Mid And Late Gestation, Christian Daniel Ramirez-Camba
Efficiency Of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Utilization For Whole Body Protein Deposition In Pregnant Gilts And Sows During Early, Mid And Late Gestation, Christian Daniel Ramirez-Camba
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The total daily amino acid (AA) requirements for pregnant sows are based of Lys which is the first-limiting AA in swine diets. The SID Lys requirements are estimated by the NRC (2012) gestating sow model as the sum of those required for maintenance and protein retention divided by the efficiency of SID Lys utilization. The NRC (2012) gestating sow model assumed AA efficiency is constant across stages of gestation and parities; however, this does not reflect the change in metabolic demand of various age sows at different stages of gestation. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of …
Novel Approaches To Evaluate And Enhance Neonatal Calf Gastrointestinal Health And Development, Fernanda Trindade Da Rosa
Novel Approaches To Evaluate And Enhance Neonatal Calf Gastrointestinal Health And Development, Fernanda Trindade Da Rosa
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Physiological adaptations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) epithelial cells as well as methods to manipulate early life GIT microbiota colonization during the neonatal stage, is of great importance to the dairy industry. The first objective of this research was to optimize a method based on evaluation of bovine transcripts in fecal RNA via RTqPCR using L-selectin (SELL) as a marker for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), keratin 8 (KRT8) and fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) for GIT enterocytes, and tight junctions in fecal RNA and GIT sections in dairy calves. To test the reliability of the fecal RNA method, fecal and …
Wellness Policy Awareness Among School Leaders And The Impact On Written Policy Scores, Mariah Reil
Wellness Policy Awareness Among School Leaders And The Impact On Written Policy Scores, Mariah Reil
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: All schools participating in the National School Lunch Program must possess a written School Wellness Policy (SWP) as mandated by the Healthy, Hunger- Free Kids Act of 2010.1 School officials and leaders play a major role in SWP implementation. It is essential to written SWP implementation that school level officials and leaders in the district are aware of the SWP. However, the association between school leader awareness of SWP and policy quality has not yet been studied.
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to determine if school leader awareness of a SWP impacts the written SWP quality. …
Diet, Prebiotics And Probiotics: Effects On Gut Microbiota In Obesity And Metabolic Disorders, Thamer Aljutaily
Diet, Prebiotics And Probiotics: Effects On Gut Microbiota In Obesity And Metabolic Disorders, Thamer Aljutaily
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Targeting gut microbiota with diet, prebiotics, and probiotics are emerging as a promising intervention in the comprehensive nutritional approach to reducing obesity and metabolic disorders. Recent human and animal studies suggest that such intervention can promote health benefits by influencing the aspects of metabolism and immunity. However, study of the multi-role association between the diet, the host and the microbiota remains to be clarified. My dissertation attempts to clarify the problem of how gut microbiota (taxonomic composition and predicted functional capacities) affects obesity and metabolic disorders.
In chapter 2, I conducted a placebo-controlled intervention clinical trial to evaluate effects of …
Phytochemical Investigation And Drug Interaction Potential Of Cyanotis Vaga, Ibrahim Almarabi
Phytochemical Investigation And Drug Interaction Potential Of Cyanotis Vaga, Ibrahim Almarabi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Cyanotis. vaga (Lour.) Schult, & Schult. f. (C. vaga) previously called Tradescantia vaga and Cyanotis barbata, is a perennial herb. It is native to Eastern Asia and Tropical Africa. It has been reported that its decoction reduces fever and enhances well-being. Recently, C. vaga has been used widely for its anabolic effects, due to its richness of ecdysteroids. Even though C. vaga is a commedicinal plant (dietary supplement), there are no reports about its effect on the drug metabolizing enzyme Cytochromes P450 to predict its interaction with concomitantly used medications. In this study, eight ecdysteroids were isolated …
Effects Of Commercial Feed Additives On The Gut Microbiota Of Food Animals, Prakash Poudel
Effects Of Commercial Feed Additives On The Gut Microbiota Of Food Animals, Prakash Poudel
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Weaning is a stressful event of newborn animals which can lead to dysbiosis in the GIT causing invasion of pathogens, retarded growth, high incidence of diarrhea, and increased neonatal mortality. Since antibiotics use in livestock production have been regulated, various feed additives have been designed as antibiotic alternatives to use in newborn animal during weaning. This thesis investigated the dynamics of bacterial composition of GIT in weaned animals fed commercial feed additives by analysis of high throughput sequencing data generated from PCR-amplified DNA targeting V1-V3 region of 16S rRNA gene. Experiment 1 investigated the rumen environment of neonatal calves fed …
Consumer Perceptions And Demand For Locally-Grown Vegetables In South Dakota, Richard Mulder
Consumer Perceptions And Demand For Locally-Grown Vegetables In South Dakota, Richard Mulder
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
An increasingly popular topic in the food labeling field over the last 15 years has been the increasing body of research for food that is locally produced. Consumers’ definition of, attitudes toward, and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for local food have been areas of interest for researchers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that contributes to the current body of local foods’ research for vegetables by providing information on these areas of interest for the state of South Dakota. This study acquires data through a consumer-intercept survey conducted in grocery stores throughout South Dakota with a sample …
Optimization Of Canola Co-Product Utilization In Swine, Jung Wook Lee
Optimization Of Canola Co-Product Utilization In Swine, Jung Wook Lee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Canola co-products have a high content of fiber and glucosinolates. Fiber reduces nutrient utilization in pigs, whereas glucosinolates are degraded to toxic products, which interfere with liver, kidney and thyroid functions. Negative effects of fiber can potentially be alleviated by fiber-degrading enzymes, whereas negative effects of glucosinolates in pigs can potentially be alleviated through reduction in hindgut pH. However, there is a lack of information on effects of supplemental fiberdegrading enzymes on digestion and fermentation characteristics of canola coproducts for pigs. Also, there is limited information on effects of reducing hindgut pH on toxicity of glucosinolates in pigs. Four experiments …
Growth Performance, Metabolic And Rumen Profile, Nutrient Utilization, And Health Of Calves Fed Condensed Whey Solubles With Starter Pellets, Michaela Joy Della
Growth Performance, Metabolic And Rumen Profile, Nutrient Utilization, And Health Of Calves Fed Condensed Whey Solubles With Starter Pellets, Michaela Joy Della
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
A study was conducted for this thesis to evaluate the effectiveness of a new product’s ability to improve calf health and growth performance. In addition to the results from the study, this thesis also includes a literature review of immune and rumen maturation in calves and a discussion of ways to protect and encourage those fundamental progressions. For the main research project 48 dairy calves were used in a randomized complete block design study to evaluate the growth performance, rumen fermentation and metabolic profiles, nutrient utilization, and health scores when calves were supplemented Condensed Whey Solubles (CWS) with their starter …
Eat Smart, Play Hard The Oyate Way: Impact Of A Culturally Tailored Nutrition And Physical Activity Curriculum On Elementary Youth, Abbey Hillestad
Eat Smart, Play Hard The Oyate Way: Impact Of A Culturally Tailored Nutrition And Physical Activity Curriculum On Elementary Youth, Abbey Hillestad
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Objective: To assess changes in nutrition and physical activity (PA) knowledge and behavior in elementary-age participants from school districts with high American Indian enrollment after completion of a culturally tailored education curriculum.
Design: Pre-post intervention study assessing knowledge and behavior using quantitative methods. Participants: A total of 248 participants (Kindergarten through 5th grade, n=248) throughout 13 elementary classrooms in tribal communities participated in Eat Smart. Play Hard.: The Oyate Way. Intervention(s): Baseline and post intervention data from a culturally tailored nutrition and PA knowledge and behavior curriculum.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Dependent variables were nutrition and PA knowledge, and nutrition and …
Diagnosis And Rehabilitation Of Multiple Hip Pathologies In A Division I Football Player: A Case Study, Kelsey E. Sanders
Diagnosis And Rehabilitation Of Multiple Hip Pathologies In A Division I Football Player: A Case Study, Kelsey E. Sanders
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Objective: To present a diagnosis and rehabilitation plan for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), labral tear, and sports hernia in a Division I college football player. Background: A 21-year-old NCAA Division I college football player experienced a rare combination diagnosis of hip FAI, labral tear and sports hernia. Overlapping signs and symptoms proved difficult to conclude a diagnosis. The patient underwent three months of conservative treatment with no relief before electing to undergo surgery. Differential Diagnosis: Hip flexor strain, osteitis pubis. Treatment: A combination of conservative treatment such as activity modification, anti-inflammatories, therapeutic modalities, injections, and rehabilitation were unsuccessful in relieving symptoms …
Analysis Of Factors Influencing College Choice Decisions Of Mid-Major Ncaa Division I Swimmers, Kaden Huntrods
Analysis Of Factors Influencing College Choice Decisions Of Mid-Major Ncaa Division I Swimmers, Kaden Huntrods
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Student-athletes face an ever-increasing challenge of selecting a higher education institution that meets their desired criteria academically and athletically. Coaches and recruiters have sought to discover how to best recruit student-athletes over the history of college athletics. Understanding these factors can assist coaches and athletes to create athletic programs to best fit the desired student-athletes. This study examined the factors that influence the college selection process of mid-major NCAA Division I, male and female swimmers. The instrument utilized in this study was the Student Athlete College Choice Profile Survey (SACCPS). The participants included 141 student-athletes from seven mid-major NCAA Division …
Receiving And Backgrounding Phase Management: The Effects Of Receiving Diet Roughage Source And Backgrounding Phase Rate Of Gain On Performance Of Feedlot Cattle, Ethan J. Blom
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Management of cattle during the receiving and backgrounding phases can influence the performance of feedlot cattle. The receiving phase is a stressful time for cattle entering the feedlot and quickly adapting cattle to milled feed can impact their productivity. Silages are often viewed as less desirable feedstuffs in receiving diets for newly-weaned calves. The objective of this 2-yr study was to evaluate effects of roughage source in receiving diets on cattle performance, diet mixing, and diet integrity. Steer calves (yr 1, n = 180; yr 2, n = 210) were weaned and immediately transported 580 km. Calves were allotted to …
Brassica Carinata Growth And Yield Response To Nitrogen And Sulfur Fertilizers And Impacts On Selected Soil Parameters And Ghg Fluxes, Dwarika Bhattarai
Brassica Carinata Growth And Yield Response To Nitrogen And Sulfur Fertilizers And Impacts On Selected Soil Parameters And Ghg Fluxes, Dwarika Bhattarai
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun), a non-food oilseed crop and an alternative bio-jet fuel feedstock, has received attention for its potential as a low-input option for production in the semi-arid regions of the Northern Great Plains of USA. The crop has a lower N fertilizer requirement as compared to the other oilseeds, suggesting less negative impact on soils and GHGs emissions. Carinata is a new crop to South Dakota (SD), thus, the best management practices have yet to be developed. In addition, no sufficient research to address the impact of growing carinata on soils and GHG emissions has been …
Mean Nutrition And Physical Activity Knowledge Score Of Children Ages 3-5 Years In The Igrow Readers Intervention, Mollie Loes
Mean Nutrition And Physical Activity Knowledge Score Of Children Ages 3-5 Years In The Igrow Readers Intervention, Mollie Loes
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The prevalence of childhood obesity remains high within the United States, which can lead to long-term harmful effects. During the first five years of children’s lives, healthy eating habits and physical activity patterns are formed, so the preschool years are a critical time to begin obesity prevention (4). Because the preschool years are crucial for providing healthy eating habits and physical activity patterns, there is the need for childhood obesity interventions. iGrow Readers is a cluster-randomized control study concentrated on children 3-5 years of age recruited from childcare centers from South Dakota, Nebraska, and Minnesota. Fourteen child care centers with …
Interactions Of Arbuscular Mychorrhizal Fungi And Bacterial Endophytes On Disease Resistance Of Common Root Pathogens In Wheat, Janice L. Eibensteiner
Interactions Of Arbuscular Mychorrhizal Fungi And Bacterial Endophytes On Disease Resistance Of Common Root Pathogens In Wheat, Janice L. Eibensteiner
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, a symbiosis between plants and fungi, help plants to capture nutrients such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and other micronutrients from the aggre in exchange for up to 20% of the fixed carbon (C) from the plant. In addition, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve the resistance against abiotic (drought, salinity), and also biotic (pathogen) stresses. Bacterial endophytes promote plant growth and yield by fixing N2 from the atmosphere, assimilating N and transfer it to the plant. Bacterial endophytes can also solubilize phosphate and stimulate plant defense responses, suppressing pathogens. The host plant provides sucrose and a favorable …